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PubMed1984

Distribution of fallout cesium-137 in Hawaii.

The concentration of 137Cs was determined by gamma spectrometry in soils and surface-deposited volcanic sublimates from various climatic locations on the islands of Hawaii, Oahu and Maui. A distinct pattern of higher concentrations on the wetter windward sides of the islands and a correlation between 137Cs concentration and amount of rainfall were observed, which confirm the source of the 137Cs as atmospheric fallout. In the soils, the concentrations measured (to 1.93 pCi/g) are within the range reported for the continental United States and other mid-latitude locations in the northern hemisphere. In the basaltic lavas, the concentration of 137Cs was found to be variable but was overall very low, and is apparently controlled by the porosity and permeability of the lavas in addition to rainfall.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1987

Cesium-137 body burdens in Norwegian Lapps, 1965-1983.

Results of measurements of the whole-body contents of 137Cs during the period 1965-1983 in Lapps from the Kautokeino area in Norway are reported with measurements of 137Cs in reindeer meat during the period 1966-1983. By using available data on 137Cs in precipitation for the period 1950-1980, transfer coefficients from 137Cs in precipitation to reindeer meat have been assessed. A correlation between the 137Cs content in reindeer meat and the 137Cs content in Lapp reindeer breeders has been established. The average whole-body committed dose equivalent, H50, to the reindeer breeders from internally deposited 137Cs from intakes up to year 2000 was assessed to 13 mSv with a peak value of 30 mSv. In comparison, the corresponding committed dose equivalent to the Norwegian population from internally deposited 137Cs has been estimated to be about 1 mSv. The higher intake of 137Cs by reindeer breeders is due to the lichen-reindeer-man exposure pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Cesium-137, 134Cs and 110mAg in lambs grazing pasture in NE Scotland contaminated by Chernobyl fallout.

The decline in Cs radioisotope levels has been studied in tissues from lambs grazing lowland pasture. The lambs were slaughtered 18 and 115 d after contamination with Chernobyl fallout. During this time the Cs activity decreased to 13% of the initial amount in animals that had continued to graze contaminated pasture and to 3.5% in animals consuming uncontaminated feed. The 137Cs concentration in grass from the field grazed by the lambs decreased with a half-time of 22 d over the period 11-100 d after contamination. The amounts of Cs radionuclides removed from the pasture by the grazing animals amounted to only 0.01% of the total, the rest remaining in the soil, with over 40% in the upper 10 mm. Small amounts of 110mAg, found in grass, declined with a half-time of 8.9 d, and the radionuclide was found to accumulate in liver tissue.

Accidents↗
PubMed1989

Cesium-137 urinary excretion by northeastern (Pordenone) Italian people following the Chernobyl nuclear accident.

To estimate the radiological consequences in humans due to the Chernobyl nuclear accident (5 May 1986), we have determined both the 137Cs concentration in food and the 137Cs daily urinary excretion on 198 residents of the Pordenone area. The resulting experimental data have been compared with those estimated from the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 10A model (ICRP 1971) using a suitable dietary intake, and they were found to be in reasonable agreement.

Accidents↗
PubMed1989

Cesium-137 in Montana soils.

Fallout 137Cs levels in soil were measured at 11 diverse sites throughout Montana. Concentrations in near-surface samples ranged from 20-200 mBq g-1 (0.51-5.41 pCi g-1). Most of the 137Cs was in the top 10 cm of soil. Deeper occurrences were attributed to disturbances by animals and to interstitial flow of small sediment particles within saturated soils. The areal concentrations ranged from 130-748 mBq cm-2 (3.6-20.2 pCi cm-2) and were highly correlated with annual precipitation.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1997

Long-term effective decrease of cesium concentration in foodstuffs after nuclear fallout.

The long-term decrease in activity concentrations in various foodstuffs relevant for the long-term ingestion dose after a nuclear fallout is reviewed. The effective decrease observed in various countries of Central Europe after the Chernobyl accident are compared to the effective decrease observed after the atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. The presentation also includes the short-term decline immediately after fallout and the time course in the first year, which are relevant to the first year ingestion dose. The initial effective decrease is dominantly controlled by plant growth and follows an approximate half-life of 4.2 d in lettuce and spinach, and 10.5 d in grass during the growing season, resulting in an effective half-life of 33 d in milk. In order to avoid artifacts due to local fallout or plant variations or differences in the metabolism of single animals, the sampling of each foodstuff was spread over very large areas of production and a large number of samples including investigations in several individual provinces. The long-term decrease over the following years, which is vital for the long-term internal exposure, is slower but still follows an effective half-life for different foodstuffs: milk = 1.4-2.2 y, vegetables = 1.4-2.7 y, potatoes = 2.0-2.6 y, cereals = 3.0-3.4 y, and fruit = 1.2-1.6 y. Differences observed between the different products and areas are discussed. Half-lives in milk vary between three central-European countries from 708 d (Austria), to 663 d (Germany), to 538 d (Czechia). The observed effective half-life is much shorter than observed after nuclear weapons testing where a half-life of approximately 4.5-4.9 y was observed, which is explained by the weapons tests' fallout lasting for several years compared to the single short-term fallout after the Chernobyl accident.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Radioactive cesium in Swedish hunters.

The whole-body content of radiocesium has been measured in Swedish men and women from households where at least one member is a hunter. Measurements were performed at 5 locations in Sweden where the ground deposition levels ranged from 7 to 80 kBq m(-2). The average whole body content of 137Cs varied between 0.3 and 1.9 kBq for women and 0.6 and 4.7 kBq for men, depending on the deposition level. The transfer factor for 137Cs, relating ground deposition to activity concentration in humans, was less dependent on deposition level for the hunter families than for previously studied populations. The transfer factor varied between 0.4 and 1.1 Bq kg(-1)/kBq m(-2), and was dependent on ground deposition and sex.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of intracoronary cromakalim, pinacidil, or diltiazem on cesium chloride-induced arrhythmias in anesthetized dogs under conditions of controlled coronary blood flow.

The effects of intracoronary (i.c.) cromakalim (1 microgram/kg/min) or pinacidil (3 micrograms/kg/min) were evaluated to assess the effects of blood flow on arrhythmogenesis in a canine model of CsCl-induced triggered activity. CsCl (1 M) was administered i.c. through the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) at volumes of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 2.0 ml. In the vehicle group, CsCl produced significant increases in percentage of ectopy from control (ED50 = 0.56 mM). Under conditions of uncontrolled LAD flow, pretreatment with either cromakalim or pinacidil significantly reduced ectopy as compared with vehicle (ED50 = 1.12 and 1.55 mM, respectively). Both cromakalim and pinacidil produced a three-fold increase in blood flow. Under conditions of controlled flow, cromakalim and pinacidil failed to reduce ectopy (ED50 = 0.54 and 0.66 mM, respectively). Doses of cromakalim that elicited a modest (10%) increase in coronary flow also failed to suppress ectopy (ED50 = 0.56 mM). Ectopy was reduced when flow was increased threefold from control using a carotid-LAD shunt without drug. In contrast, diltiazem (3 micrograms/kg/min), a calcium channel antagonist, reduced ectopy even though flow was held constant (ED50 > 2 mM). Cromakalim, pinacidil, and diltiazem significantly decreased mean blood pressure (BP) 20, 19, and 10%, respectively. These studies suggest that the antiarrhythmic activity of both cromakalim and pinacidil in this model is not directly mediated, but instead is indirectly mediated through an increase in coronary blood flow. In contrast, diltiazem was shown to have direct antiarrhythmic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dose rate constant of a cesium-131 interstitial brachytherapy seed measured by thermoluminescent dosimetry and gamma-ray spectrometry.

The aim of this work was to conduct an independent determination of the dose rate constant of the newly introduced Model CS-1 131Cs seed. A total of eight 131Cs seeds were obtained from the seed manufacturer. The air-kerma strength of each seed was measured by the manufacturer whose calibration is traceable to the air-kerma strength standard established for the 131Cs seeds at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (1 sigma uncertainty < 1%). The dose rate constant of each seed was measured by two independent methods: One based on the actual photon energy spectrum emitted by the seed using gamma-ray spectrometry and the other based on the dose-rate measured by thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) in a Solid Water phantom. The dose rate constant in water determined by the gamma-ray spectrometry technique and by the TLD dosimetry are 1.066 +/- 0.064 cGyh(-1)U(-1) and 1.058 +/- 0.106 cGyh(-1)U(-1), respectively, showing excellent agreement with each other. These values, however, are approximately 15% greater than a previously reported value of 0.915 cGyh(-1)U(-1) [Med. Phys. 31, 1529-1538 (2004)]. Although low-energy fluorescent x rays at 16.6 and 18.7 keV, originating from niobium present in the seed construction, were measured in the energy spectrum of the 131Cs seeds, their yields were not sufficient to lower the dose rate constant to the value of 0.915 cGyh(-1)U(-1). Additional determinations of the dose rate constant may be needed to establish an AAPM recommended consensus value for routine clinical use of the 131Cs seed.

Brachytherapy↗