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PubMedDate not supplied

[The modulation of postural asymmetry in recipient animals under the influence of the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with manic-depressive psychosis].

Suboccipital administration of cerebrospinal fluid of patients with affective disorders elicits a pose asymmetry in rats-recipients; the character of the pose asymmetry depends on the phase of donor's disease: cerebrospinal fluid of manic patients elicits a relative flexion of the right posterior limb, of depressive patients--a relative flexion of the left posterior limb. High-molecular and low-molecular fractions of the cerebrospinal fluid were active, trypsin treatment led to disappearance of the effect. The results suggest a significant role of protein components of the cerebrospinal fluid in the organization of the symptom of functional asymmetry of the central nervous system under affective disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Cerebrospinal fluid lysozyme in bacterial and viral meningitis.

The concentration of lysozyme (LZM) in cerebrospinal fluid was determined in 25 patients with bacterial meningitis, in 18 patients with viral meningitis and in 25 control patients who had other fibrile illnesses. The concentration of LZM was less than 1.5 microgram/ml in all control patients, and slightly to markedly raised in 10 patients with viral meningitis and in 11 out of 13 patients with untreated bacterial meningitis. The concentration of LZM was significantly different in the viral and bacterial meningitis patients (p less than 0.001). Most raised concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid LZM persisted for at least one week after the start of antibiotic treatment. The concentrations of LZM correlated well with concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase. These results show that the determination of cerebrospinal fluid LZM is a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of meningitis, particularly when the prehospital treatment with antibiotics may be responsible for a diagnostically misleading negative bacterial culture of the cerebrospinal fluid and altered cerebrospinal fluid cytology.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1962

Blood clotting factors in cerebrospinal fluid.

The activity of blood clotting factors has been investigated in cerebrospinal fluid. No cephalin-like activity was found in cerebrospinal fluid but prothrombin activity averaged about 0.5% of normal plasma activity. The activity of factor VII was negligible in almost all cases. The activity of antihaemophilic factors showed great variation but in the majority of cases it did not exceed 1% of normal plasma activity. High activity for factor V was found in almost all samples of cerebrospinal fluid.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1993

Chromogranin A immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid: properties, relationship to noradrenergic neuronal activity, and variation in neurologic disease.

Although measurement of chromogranin A in the bloodstream is of value in sympathoadrenal investigations, little is systematically known about chromogranin A in cerebrospinal fluid, despite substantial knowledge about its occurrence and distribution in brain. We therefore applied a homologous human chromogranin A radioimmunoassay to cerebrospinal fluid, in order to evaluate the properties and stability of cerebrospinal fluid chomogranin A, as well as its relationship to central noradrenergic neuronal activity, to peripheral (plasma) chromogranin A, and to disease states such as hypertension, renal failure and Parkinsonism. Authentic, physically stable chromogranin A immunoreactivity was found in cerebrospinal fluid (at 37-146 ng/ml; mean, 87.0 +/- 6.0 ng/ml in healthy subjects), and several lines of evidence (including 3.39 +/- 0.27-fold higher chromogranin A in cerebrospinal fluid than in plasma) indicated that it originated from a local central nervous system source, rather than the periphery. Cerebrospinal fluid chromogranin A values were not influenced by administration of effective antihypertensive doses of clonidine or propranolol, and were not related to the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of norepinephrine, methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol, or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase; thus, cerebrospinal fluid chromogranin A was not closely linked to biochemical or pharmacologic indices of central noradrenergic neuronal activity. Cerebrospinal fluid chromogranin A was not changed (P > 0.1) in essential hypertension (84.2 +/- 14.0 ng/ml) or renal failure (72.2 +/- 13.4 ng/ml), despite a marked (7.1-fold; P < 0.001) increase in plasma chromogranin A in renal failure, and a modest (1.5-fold; P = 0.004) increase in plasma chromogranin A in essential hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1992

Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in human cerebrospinal fluid: reduced level in patients with multiple sclerosis and evidence of direct synthesis in the brain.

Several studies suggest that apolipoproteins and the low-density lipoprotein receptor are implicated in lipid transport in the brain. Given that cerebrospinal fluid has been reported to contain cholesteryl esterifying enzyme, and that lipid metabolism in the brain is abnormal in subjects with multiple sclerosis, we examined the cerebrospinal fluid from eight control subjects with a normal cerebrospinal fluid IgG index, and without active demyelinating disease, and from eight subjects (6 were diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis) with an increased IgG index and the presence of oligoclonal banding in the cerebrospinal fluid, for the presence of the enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and apolipoprotein(a). None of the subjects demonstrated impairment of their blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as estimated by the cerebrospinal fluid/serum quotient of albumin. Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of all control subjects, being 0.12 +/- 0.06 microgram/ml (mean +/- SD) or about 2.2% of that in serum (5.4 +/- 1.4 micrograms/ml). The cerebrospinal fluid lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase index was 5.2 +/- 2.5, very similar to the cerebrospinal fluid index of apolipoprotein E, a protein known to be synthesized in the brain. Since lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase mRNA is also expressed in the brain, we can conclude that the protein is synthesized and secreted in the brain. The cerebrospinal fluid concentration of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in the subjects with active demyelinating disease or multiple sclerosis was only about one-half of that found in control subjects (0.06 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Use of the Advia 120 hematology analyzer in the differential cytologic analysis of biological fluids (cerebrospinal, peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, synovial, and others).

The centralization of our laboratories and the demand for new parameters to measure have led to an increase in the number of biological fluid samples, which are generally sent for urgent analysis. Due to this they cannot be processed by manual methods. Meeting this increased demand for assistance is a challenge for the laboratory, and the challenge has been met by the automated hematology area. A study of the reliability of the Advia 120 hematology analyzer has been carried out through leukocyte and red blood cell counting of 179 biological fluids: cerebrospinal, peritoneal or ascitic, pleural, pericardial, synovial, and others. The automated leukocyte counts of cerebrospinal fluid samples containing up to 0.150 x 10(9) leukocytes/L are correlated with counts obtained with the manual reference method in a Neubauer counting chamber (r = 0.958; P = .0001). Applying Passing-Bablok regression analysis to these results indicates a slope p of 1.155 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.915-1.347) and an ordinate intercept b of 0.0076 (95% CI, 0.012-0.034), showing the results to be perfectly interchangeable. In the comparison of the manual analysis of the leukocyte differential using the May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining method with the analysis using the automated method, the percentage of polymorphonuclear granulocytes of the Advia 120 basophil/lobularity method is significantly correlated (r = 0.844; P = .0001) with that obtained with the manual count. The results of Passing-Bablok regression analysis (p = 0.859 [95% CI, 0.58-1.190]; b = 8.8 [95% CI, -12.09-24.2]) indicate that these two counting methods are also perfectly interchangeable. Automated leukocyte and differential counts of peritoneal or ascitic fluids also show good correlations with the manual method, and the results are not statistically different. Pretreating synovial fluid samples with hyaluronidase enzyme allows their processing on the Advia 120; no significant differences were found between manual and automated methods with respect to leukocyte counts and differentials. Finally, results with pleural fluid samples indicated that leukocyte and differential counts obtained with the Advia 120 showed significant differences from results obtained with manual methods because of the high incidence of mesothelial, lymphoid, and other tumoral cells in this kind of fluid sample. This result shows that use of hematology analyzers is questionable for these kinds of samples, especially from oncology patients with tumors. A procedure is proposed for the processing of these pleural fluids.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed2002

Automated counting of cells in cerebrospinal fluid using the CellDyn-4000 haematology analyser.

Counting of cells in cerebrospinal fluid is currently performed manually. Because of the inherent analytical and economical disadvantages, we attempted to introduce a fully automated method. Therefore, we validated the Abbott CellDyn-4000 haematology analyser for counting cells in cerebrospinal fluid. The analyser was used in its standard configuration with the simple precaution of a preceding blank sample. As for leukocyte counting the analyser yielded high precision (CV approximately 5% above the upper reference limit), good linearity, low limit of detection (2/microl) and excellent correlation (r > 0.99) with the counting chamber method. The differential leukocyte count was equally accurate and precise, even in the low concentration range. Performance of the erythrocyte count was impaired by its high limit of detection (6/nl) and it appeared satisfactory only for detecting blood admixture due to traumatic puncture. The specificity of the analyser is excellent, since it correctly classified non-viable leukocytes and excluded yeast cells from the leukocyte count in a patient with cryptococcal meningitis. We conclude that the CellDyn-4000 is well suited for quickly and reliably counting leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid. Developing some software modifications might make the analyser useful also for performing erythrocyte counting in cerebrospinal fluid.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1976

The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on the size of drainage pathways.

The cerebrospinal fluid drainage pathways were studied using labeled molecules of different sizes. Following determination of the limiting size, the cerebrospinal fluid pressure was raised above the normal range and changes in transfer were measured. These data show that molecules smaller than the limiting size will transfer at an increased rate in response to elevated pressures. Larger molecules did not demonstrate an increased transfer with raised cerebrospinal fluid pressures, suggesting that the pathways did not enlarge.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of calcium and magnesium ions in cerebrospinal fluid in alcoholic-traumatic coma].

The goal of investigation was to determine the role of calcium and magnesium ions in the cerebrospinal fluid in ethylic-traumatic coma. We measured the level of calcium in the cerebrospinal fluid within simple photometric test and the magnesium level within xylidyl blue photometric test. We found a high mortality in patients with high level of calcium in cerebrospinal fluid and low level of magnesium in cerebrospinal fluid. At patients with ethylic-traumatic coma high levels of calcium in cerebrospinal fluid are caused by the excitatory amino acids cascade and increased of hematoencephalic barrier permeability. Decreased levels of magnesium in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with convulsions and a poor prognosis of the patients. These analyses are very important for establishment of prognosis in patients with ethylic-traumatic coma.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Kinins in cerebrospinal fluid: reduced concentration in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Rat cerebrospinal fluid contains peptides which displace radiolabeled bradykinin from its specific antibodies. Two peptides which showed the same retention time as kallidin and bradykinin in a reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography system were detected in cerebrospinal fluid of rats. The concentration of radioimmunologically detected kinins in the cerebrospinal fluid of spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Okamoto strain was lower than that of the Wistar Kyoto control rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma vasopressin during short-time induced intracranial hypertension.

The response of plasma and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin concentration to short-time induced intracranial hypertension was studied in 8 patients with hydrocephalus, defined as ventricular enlargement on computerized tomography. In connection with measurement of conductance to cerebrospinal fluid outflow, the concentration of vasopressin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid was measured during perfusion at a low (less than 10 mmHg) and at a high (greater than 20 mmHg) intraventricular pressure level. Mean plasma vasopressin concentration was increased from 2.4 +/- 0.4 pg/ml (SEM) during perfusion at the low pressure level to 4.2 +/- 0.8 pg/ml (p less than 0.01) at the high pressure level. The cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of vasopressin at the low and high intraventricular pressure were 1.2 +/- 0.1 pg/ml and 1.7 +/- 0.2 pg/ml (p less than 0.05), respectively. However, only half of the patients responded to the increase in intraventricular pressure with an increase in cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin concentration exceeding 50%. The results of the present study suggest that an increase in the intracranial pressure might be a stimulus for vasopressin release in both the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Citrulline as a diagnostic parameter and a major amino acid constituent of cerebrospinal fluid in hepatic coma.

Free amino acids of cerebrospinal fluid and serum in hepatic coma have been studied. Citrulline was found to form about 80% of the total free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid, whereas serum contained slightly higher levels of tyrosine, methionine, phenylalanine and glutamine. The higher level of citrulline in cerebrospinal fluid may be attributed to the inhibition of argininosuccinic acid synthetase in this disease.

Argininosuccinate Synthase↗
PubMed1988

Agents of equine viral encephalomyelitis: correlation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies.

A survey was conducted by testing 115 paired equine serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples by hemagglutination-inhibition for antibodies to Powassan and snowshoe hare viruses, and by virus neutralization for antibodies to equine herpesvirus type 1. Twenty-five samples were from horses with spontaneous neurological disease and the remainder from horses euthanized because of various nonneurological disorders. All sera and cerebrospinal fluids were negative for antibodies to Powassan virus. Fifty-one sera (44.3%) and 15 cerebrospinal fluids (13.0%) had antibodies to snowshoe hare virus. Ninety-eight sera (85.2%) and four cerebrospinal fluids (3.5%) were positive for antibodies to equine herpesvirus type 1. Powassan virus was inoculated intracerebrally into one, and intravenously into four ponies. Neurological signs associated with a nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis occurred in three ponies. Antibodies to Powassan virus were detected in sera of all animals but in cerebrospinal fluids of only two. Powassan virus was isolated from brain and spinal cord of only the intracerebrally inoculated animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea due to sinus surgery: a case report].

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is an uncommon but dangerous disease. Many lethal complications, such as bacterial meningitis and pneumoencephalus, may be the result of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Otolaryngologist, neurosurgeons and radiologists must know how to diagnose, how to localize the site of leakage and how to choose the best method of treatment. A case of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and meningitis due to improper sinus surgery is presented. Satisfactory result, such as avoidance of unnecessary brain tissue damage, can be obtained by extracranial endonasal repairing of the fistula with a composite septal flap.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The immunosuppressive activity of azathioprine in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.

Azathioprine and its active metabolites can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (after i.v. injection). At a single dose of azathioprine maximum immunosuppressive activity occurs in the serum after 1 h and in the cerebrospinal fluid after about 4 h. Maximum immunosuppressive activity in human cerebrospinal fluid is about 12.5% of the equivalent serum level. A certain amount of time is needed for azathioprine and its metabolites to reach the cerebrospinal fluid where they remain for some time before passing into the serum, from where they are broken down. The findings are clinically important for the treatment of inflammatory nervous diseases, for example, multiple sclerosis, which are assumed to be of immunopathological origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid angiotensin II by sodium intake in patients with essential hypertension.

1. Angiotensin (ANG) levels were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of 15 patients with essential hypertension on a high sodium diet for 1 week and on a low sodium diet for a further week. ANGs were determined using a system of extraction by Sep-Pak cartridges followed by h.p.l.c. combined with radioimmunoassay. 2. Sodium depletion resulted in increases of ANG II in the cerebrospinal fluid from 1.16 +/- 0.38 (SEM) to 1.83 +/- 0.43 fmol/ml (P less than 0.01) and of ANG III from 0.65 +/- 0.11 to 0.86 +/- 0.15 fmol/ml (P less than 0.01). 3. The ANG II level in the cerebrospinal fluid was found to be unchanged and recovery of added ANG II was approximately 90%, even after incubation for 3 h, on both diets. Thus, it is unlikely that ANG II is produced or degraded in the cerebrospinal fluid in vitro. 4. There was no significant correlation between the cerebrospinal fluid and the plasma ANG II concentration on the low sodium diet. 5. These results suggest that the cerebrospinal fluid ANG II level increases with sodium depletion, and that the effect of the level of ANG II on the activity of the angiotensin-forming system in the central nervous system may be assessed by determination of ANG II in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with essential hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Lactate production by aerobic bacteria grown in cerebrospinal fluid.

The source of the abnormally high concentration of lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with bacterial meningitis is not known. It may represent a bacterial metabolite. To determine whether cerebrospinal fluid possesses appropriate substrates to support the growth of pathogenic aerobic bacteria, three Gram-positive and nine Gram-negative bacteria were separately inoculated in pooled normal cerebrospinal fluid. After incubation for 24 h, all Gram-positive bacteria increased lactate, eight Gram-negative bacteria decreased lactate, and one Gram-negative bacteria failed to significantly change the lactate concentration. We conclude that lactate produced in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with aerobic bacterial meningitis is not necessarily a bacterial metabolite.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed1999

Protein markers in cerebrospinal fluid in experimental nerve root injury. A study of slow-onset chronic compression effects or the biochemical effects of nucleus pulposus on sacral nerve roots.

STUDY DESIGN: Measurement of changes in cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of nerve tissue markers, total proteins, and immunoglobulin after compression of nerve root or application of nucleus pulposus in a pig model. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether compression or application of nucleus pulposus to spinal nerve roots may cause increased levels of cerebrospinal fluid markers of nerve tissue damage and total proteins, and whether synthesis of immunoglobulins may be induced in cerebrospinal fluid. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Previous studies have reported that there seems to be a relationship between elevated cerebrospinal fluid total protein concentrations, nerve tissue markers, clinical findings, and compression of the nerve root evaluated by radiologic changes in patients with sciatica. METHODS: Subjects included 41 pigs, including 5 control animals. In two groups of experimental animals (n = 7; n = 5), an ameroid constrictor was slid onto the S1 nerve root. In two other groups (n = 7; n = 5), nucleus pulposus harvested from the L2-L3 disc was applied to the S1 nerve root. Two sham animal groups (n = 7; n = 5) underwent the same laminectomy. Twenty-one pigs underwent reoperation after 1 week, and 15 pigs after 4 weeks. A syringe was used to remove 3 mL of cerebrospinal fluid at L4-L5. Concentrations of total proteins, the light subunit of the neurofilament protein, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein were measured, and the presence of oligoclonal bands (immunoglobulins) were assayed in cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS: The pigs with compressed S1 nerve root had considerably higher neurofilament protein and total protein concentrations in their cerebrospinal fluid than the-control animals (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) or the sham animals (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05) in the 1-week experiment. Nucleus pulposus did not induce a significant increase in concentrations of the different protein markers. The presence of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid in the experimental groups did not differ between the control and sham animals. CONCLUSIONS: The neurofilament protein and total protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid may have diagnostic importance in cases wherein clinical findings are not clearly related to the radiologic changes and vice versa. These protein markers also may be useful tools in different experimental models.

Animals↗