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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Viability of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in yellow fat spreads as affected by storage temperature.

A study was conducted to characterize the survival and inactivation kinetics of a five-serotype mixture of Salmonella (6.23 to 6.55 log10 CFU per 3.5-ml or 4-g sample), a five-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (5.36 to 6.14 log10 CFU per 3.5-ml or 4-g sample), and a six-strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes (5.91 to 6.18 log10 CFU per 3.5-ml or 4-g sample) inoculated into seven yellow fat spreads (one margarine, one butter-margarine blend, and five dairy and nondairy spreads and toppings) after formulation and processing and stored at 4.4, 10, and 21 degrees C for up to 94 days. Neither Salmonella nor E. coil O157:H7 grew in any of the test products. The time required for the elimination of each pathogen depended on the product and the storage temperature. Death was more rapid at 21 degrees C than at 4.4 or 10 degrees C. Depending on the product, the time required for the elimination of viable cells at 21 degrees C ranged from 5 to 7 days to >94 days for Salmonella, from 3 to 5 days to 28 to 42 days for E. coli O157:H7, and from 10 to 14 days to >94 days for L. monocytogenes. Death was most rapid in a water-continuous spray product (pH 3.66, 4.12% salt) and least rapid in a butter-margarine blend (pH 6.66, 1.88% salt). E. coli O157:H7 died more rapidly than did Salmonella or L. monocytogenes regardless of storage temperature. Salmonella survived longer in high-fat (> or = 61%) products than in products with lower fat contents. The inhibition of growth is attributed to factors such as acidic pH, salt content, the presence of preservatives, emulsion characteristics, and nutrient deprivation. L. monocytogenes did not grow in six of the test products, but its population increased between 42 and 63 days in a butter-margarine blend stored at 10 degrees C and between 3 and 7 days when the blend was stored at 21 degrees C. On the basis of the experimental parameters examined in this study, traditional margarine and spreads not containing butter are not "potentially hazardous foods" in that they do not support the growth of Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, or L. monocytogenes.

Butter↗
PubMed1988

Reversible alterations in fatty acid composition of heart muscle membrane phospholipids induced by epinephrine in rats fed different fats.

The effect of epinephrine on the fatty acid composition of heart muscle phospholipids was examined in rats fed diets containing 10% by weight of butter, corn oil, or cod liver oil. Repeated administration of epinephrine caused elevation of docosahexaenoic acid in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and a corresponding decrease in linoleic acid content. Arachidonic acid was increased in phosphatidylcholine and decreased or unaltered in phosphatidylethanolamine. These alterations were qualitatively similar despite different initial levels of fatty acids due to different dietary fats. The initial level of arachidonic acid in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was more than 50% lower in the rats fed cod liver oil than in rats fed butter and was partially replaced by the (n-3) fatty acids docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid. Dietary corn oil produced less changes in fatty acid composition than cod liver oil compared to the reference diet, 10% butter. The results demonstrate that repeated administration of epinephrine caused significant alterations in fatty acid composition of major phospholipids in heart muscle of rats fed diets enriched with either butter, corn oil, or cod liver oil.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of the degree of saturation of dietary fat on the hepatic production of lipoproteins in the African green monkey.

The cholesteryl ester content of plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) in monkeys has previously been shown to be related to the rate of hepatic cholesterol secretion and cholesteryl ester content of newly secreted lipoproteins in the isolated perfused liver. In the present studies, African green monkeys were fed diets containing cholesterol and 40% of calories as either butter or safflower oil in order to determine the effects of saturated versus polyunsaturated dietary fat on hepatic lipoprotein secretion. The rate of cholesterol accumulation in liver perfusates was correlated with the size of the donor's plasma LDL, but for any rate, a smaller plasma LDL was found in donor animals of the safflower oil group than in those of the butter group. Hepatic very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were smaller in the safflower oil group but contained more cholesteryl ester and fewer triglyceride molecules per particle than those from the butter group. Livers from the safflower oil group contained more cholesteryl ester and less triglyceride than those from the butter group. The cholesteryl ester percentage composition of hepatic VLDL resembled that of the liver in each group. The data show that dietary polyunsaturated fat decreased plasma LDL size even though it increased the cholesteryl ester content of lipoproteins secreted by the liver. Therefore, intravascular formation of plasma LDL from hepatic precursor lipoproteins appears to include the removal of relatively greater amounts of cholesteryl esters from the precursor lipoproteins in polyunsaturated fat-fed animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Activation of Hageman factor and initiation of hepatic vein thrombosis in the hyperlipemic rat.

Hepatic vein thrombosis initiated by an intravenous injection of endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa, 0.3 mg/kg) resulted in an incidence of 78% in rats fed a butter-rich diet (group 1). On the other hand, no lesion could be produced in control animals fed corn oil (group 2) or standard chow (group 3). In regard to the respective thrombotic tendencies, the rats fed butter showed higher circulating levels of factor XII (175% vs 140% in group 2 and 100% in group 3) and a far more severe decrease in this factor (41% vs 15% in group 2 and 7% in group 3) and in platelets (48% vs 25% in group 2 and 19% in group 3) 2 hours after the injection of endotoxin. The triggering effect of endotoxin could be reproduced by ellagic acid, a known activator of factor XII. Given by slow infusion (1 mg/kg/min) this chemical induced hepatic vein thrombosis in 52% of the rats fed the butter-rich diet. Furthermore, inhibition of factor XII activation by lysozyme (20 mg/kg/min) completely prevented hepatic vein thrombosis initiated by endotoxin in butter-fed animals. It is concluded that, in addition to the potent hypercoagulability induced by the fat-rich diets, activation of Hageman factor consecutive to endotoxin injection is essential for production of the phenomenon of hepatic vein thrombosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Tupaias (tree shrews)--a new animal model for gallstone research. II. Influence of fat, sugar, and cholesterol on bile composition.

The lipid composition of bile obtained from the gallbladder and from the liver of tupaias was determined. Compared to the gallbladder bile of man, the gallbladder bile of tupaias contains the same percentage of phospholipids (PL), one third of the cholesterol (CH), and 50% more total bile acids (TBA). The lithogenic index (LI) of the bile is about 0.2--0.3. No significant sex differences or diurnal variations are found in the composition of bile. The concentration of PL, CH, and TBA is found 5 to 8 times higher in the gallbladder bile than in the liver bile. The bile acid spectrum in tupaias equals that in man qualitatively and is similar quantitatively. In a feeding experiment, the influences of butter, cholesterol, butter plus cholesterol and sucrose on bile composition, clinicochemical serum values, and liver and gallbladder histology were studied. Groups of six animals each were fed the different diets over a 10-week period. In group A: 20% butter added to the standard diet, PL content was higher, the LI was unchanged. In group B: 2% cholesterol added to the standard diet, the CH value and the LI were elevated, CH crystals but no stones were found. In group C: 2% cholesterol and 20% butter in the standard diet, stone formation was observed. PL and CH values were higher than in group A and B, TBA values were lower. In group D: 50% sucrose added to the standard diet very low PL and TBA values were determined in the liver bile, resulting in elevated LIs. It is concluded that all three components of a diet, which had proven lithogenic in a preceding experiment (Schwaier, 1979a), contribute to gallstone formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Reduction of myocardial necrosis in male albino rats by manipulation of dietary fatty acid levels.

A comprehensive statistical analysis had shown a significant correlation between the incidence of myocardial lesions in male albino rats and the concentration of certain dietary fatty acids. To test this result under controlled conditions, male rats were fed for 16 weeks diets containing 20% by weight soybean oil or a low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil. Both dietary oils contained substantial amounts of linolenic acid, and both groups developed a high incidence of myocardial necrosis. The addition of dietary saturated fatty acids to the oil in the form of cocoa butter significantly lowered the incidence of heart lesions in both groups. The addition of cocoa butter resulted in increased absorption of saturates and increased growth. Replacement of the cocoa butter by at least an equal amount of synthetic triolein resulted in no significant changes in the cardiopathogenic response compared to the original oils, thus ensuring that the reduction in heart lesions associated with the addition of cocoa butter was not due to dilution of cardiopathogenic compounds in the original vegetable oils. These results support the hypothesis that myocardial lesions in male rats are related to the balance of dietary fatty acids and not to cardiotoxic contaminants in the oils. Changes in the dietary fatty acids did not appear to influence the proportion of the cardiac phospholipids, but their fatty acid composition was markedly influenced. Dietary linolenic acid affected the C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and dietary saturates increased the level of saturates in cardiac phospholipids. The level of arachidonic acid and total C22 PUFA did not appear to be affected by diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of dietary fats on prostanoid production and aortic and plasma fatty acid composition in rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets with 10%, 30%, or 50% of energy derived from fat for two weeks. The fats used were beef tallow, olive oil, peanut oil and butter. Aortic prostacyclin (PGI2) production, platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production and plasma and aortic phospholipid (PL) content were measured. Butter- and beef tallow-feeding reduced aortic PGI2 production and collagen-induced TXA2 production in a dose-dependent manner as the level of fat in the diet increased. Neither olive oil nor peanut oil had any effect on aortic PGI2 production or collagen-induced TXA2 production. Butter-feeding also resulted in a decrease in collagen-induced platelet aggregation; however, none of the other fats had any effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The observed decreases in aortic PGI2 and collagen-induced TXA2 production were paralleled by similar decreases in aortic and plasma PL arachidonic acid content and an increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Only the most saturated fats, butter and beef tallow, had significant inhibitory effects on prostanoid production and platelet aggregation.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Influence of dietary fats on the fluidity of the lipid domains of rabbit plasma lipoproteins.

The effects of dietary stearic and other saturated fatty acids on the fluidity of the plasma lipoproteins were assessed with fluorescence polarization techniques. Rabbits were maintained on diets containing either cocoa butter, milkfat, coconut oil, or corn oil as the only source of fat. Microviscosities eta, of the lipid regions of plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL) were determined by measuring the anisotropy of fluorescence from the probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The microviscosity values followed the sequence eta HDL greater than eta LDL greater than eta VLDL when the lipoproteins were isolated from the plasma of rabbits fed cocoa butter, milkfat, or corn oil, HDL and LDL consist of an invariant phase in the temperature range 0--50 degrees C regardless of diet. VLDL from rabbits fed milkfat, corn oil, or cocoa butter displayed monophasic behavior in the same range, while VLDL, from rabbits fed coconut oil showed a phase transition at 31.9 +/- 3.7 degrees C. Lipoproteins were less fluid in fasted than in non-fasted rabbits and VLDL and LDL from fasted milkfat-fed rabbits showed phase transitions. Despite the fatty acid compositions of the dietary fats, VLDL and LDL were more fluid from rabbits fed cocoa butter than from rabbits fed corn oil; apparently metabolism influences microviscosity.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Comparative beneficial effects on platelet functions and atherosclerosis of dietary linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids in the rabbit.

Male rabbits (10 weeks old) were fed, for 20 weeks, purified diets rich in fat (45% of calories) containing saturated fats (butter), polyunsaturated fats (evening primrose oil + butter or sunflower oil + butter) for 20 weeks. Linoleic acid represented respectively 3.6, 33 and 34% of the dietary fatty acids, while gamma-linolenic acid was present (4.4%) solely in the second group. A significant increase in di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid in plasma, platelets and aorta was noted only in the animals fed evening primrose oil. Despite this, the results of the platelet aggregation to thrombin and ADP, the recalcification plasma-clotting time (platelet-rich plasma) and the severity of atherosclerosis were not significantly different from those observed in the group fed sunflower oil. In contrast, in comparison to the butter-fed animals, the two groups fed the polyunsaturated fats showed remarkable improvements in the clotting time (P less than 0.01) and in the severity of atherosclerotic lesions (evening primrose oil P less than 0.001; sunflower oil P less than 0.05). However, the response to thrombin-induced aggregation was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) only in the evening primrose oil-fed animals. In these long-term studies in young rabbits, dietary gamma-linolenic acid did not seem to have marked beneficial effects, additional to those induced by linoleic acid, on platelet functions or on atherosclerosis.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1982

Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol-free diets.

Rabbits were fed a semipurified, cholesterol-free atherogenic diet containing 40% sucrose, 25% casein, 14% fat, 15% fiber, 5% salt mix and 1% vitamin mix. The fats were corn oil (CO), palm kernel oil (PO), cocoa butter (CB), and coconut oil (CNO). The rabbits were bled at 3, 6, and 9 months and killed at 9 months. Serum lipids of rabbits fed CO were unaffected. Serum cholesterol levels (mg/dl) at 9 months were: CO -- 64; PO -- 436; CB -- 220; and CNO -- 474. HDL-cholesterol (%) was: CO -- 37; PO -- 8.6; CB -- 25.1; and CNO -- 7.0. Average atherosclerosis (arch + thoracic/2) was: CO -- 0.15; PO -- 1.28; CB -- 0.53; and CNO -- 1.60. Cocoa butter (iodine value 33) is significantly less cholesterolemic and atherogenic than palm oil (iodine value 17) or coconut oil (iodine value 6). The difference between the atherogenic effects of cocoa butter and palm oil may lie in the fact that about half of the fatty acids of palm oil are C 16 or shorter, whereas 76% of the fatty acids of cocoa butter are C 18 or longer.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of feeding lipids of different fatty acid compositions upon rat lymphocyte proliferation.

Weanling Wistar rats were fed for 8 weeks on a low fat (3% by weight) diet (LF) or on diets containing 15% by weight hydrogenated coconut oil (coconut oil), cocoa butter, cashew kernel oil (cashew oil), canola oil or soya bean oil (soya oil). Each of the high fat diets resulted in inhibition of spleen lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A (Con A), a T-cell mitogen. Feeding the soya oil diet caused more than 95% inhibition of proliferation, compared with feeding the LF diet. Amongst the high fat diets, feeding the cashew, canola or soya oil diets resulted in inhibition of proliferation compared with feeding the coconut oil diet while feeding the soya oil diet resulted in inhibition of proliferation compared with feeding the cocoa butter or canola oil diets. Proliferation of lymphocytes in response to Con A was also investigated using whole blood culture. Once again, feeding the soya oil diet resulted in a dramatic decrease in proliferation (80%) compared with feeding the LF diet. Feeding the soya oil diet also inhibited proliferation compared with feeding the coconut oil, cocoa butter or cashew oil diets. Feeding the canola oil diet resulted in inhibition of proliferation compared with feeding the LF or cocoa butter diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Trans unsaturated fatty acids in natural products and processed foods.

Various representatives of trans unsaturated fatty acids have been detected in plants. The main trans monoenoic acids in ruminants, elaidic acid and vaccenic acid are not found in plants. Most oil seeds used for production of edible fats do not contain any trans fatty acids. Trans fatty acids in non-ruminant animals are derived from food. In adult ruminants, however, trans fatty acids are produced by microbial hydrogenation of linoleic acid and linolenic acid in the rumen; in consequence, a variety of positional and stereoisomers of both cis and trans fatty acids appear in both meat and milk. The total trans content of 5-10% in beef fat is largely trans monoene, mainly 9-trans (elaidic acid), 10-trans and 11-trans (vaccenic acid). The trans fatty acid content of human fat is dependent on the uptake of trans fatty acid from food. The usual content is about 2%, though up to 15% has been recorded. The isomer distribution is similar to that of the trans isomers of butter and margarine. The trans fatty acid content in ruminant products such as milk, butter, cheese, curds and tallow is 5-10%. These products contain nearly all possible stereo- and positional isomers of oleic and linoleic acid. The trans fatty acid content of margarines fluctuates widely according to raw material and process conditions. According to one investigation, an average of 16% of all unsaturated fatty acids in margarines consists of geometrical and positional isomers of the "natural" acids, a similar percentage to that in butter. Diet and health margarines have much lower contents of trans fatty acids. The total trans content of margarines is largely due to trans-18:1 monoenes. The positional isomers of the trans-monoenes are more evenly distributed in margarine than in butter. Hardened oils do not contain trans fatty acid isomers other than those produced by the microflora of ruminants. Therefore, claims that trans fatty acid isomers are "synthetic", "nonphysiological" or "unnatural" are unjustified if these words are used to imply "not produced by the living organism".

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effects of dietary alpha linolenic acid on cholesterol metabolism in male and female hamsters of the LPN strain.

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and estrogens are recognized as protective factors of atherosclerosis, however their interactions on cholesterol metabolism remain unclear. Male and female hamsters were fed for 9 weeks diets containing 12.5% lipids and rich in either alpha-linolenic acid ("linseed" diet) or saturated fatty acids ("butter" diet). Hamsters fed the "linseed" diet exhibited lower plasma concentrations of cholesterol (-29%), total LDL (-35%) and HDL (-17%), glucose (-20%), insulin (-40%) and of the LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (-27%) than those fed the "butter" diet. In the liver, cholesterol content was 2.7-fold lower in response to the "linseed" diet, whereas the concentration of HDL receptor (SR-BI) and the activities of HMGCoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase were 30 to 50% higher than with the "butter" diet. By contrast, the LDL receptor concentration did not vary with the diet. Females exhibited higher concentration of LDL (+24%), lower concentration of plasma triglycerides (-34%), total VLDL (-46%) and VLDL-cholesterol (-37%) and of biliary phospholipids (-19%). Besides, there was also an interaction between gender and diet: in males fed the "butter" diet, plasma triglycerides and VLDL concentration, were 2 to 4 fold higher than in the other groups. These data suggest that gene and/or metabolic regulations by fatty acids could interact with that of sex hormones and explain why males are more sensitive to dietary fatty acids.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Dietary fatty acids differentially modulate messenger RNA abundance of low-density lipoprotein receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in Golden-Syrian hamsters.

Dietary fatty acids modulate plasma and intracellular cholesterol concentrations. Circulating non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (nHDL-C) concentration is determined by rates of hepatic very low-density lipoprotein assembly and secretion, and clearance of subsequent metabolic products. The effect of dietary fat (butter, traditional margarine, soybean oil, and canola oil) was assessed with respect to plasma lipids, hepatic lipid composition, and messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 2, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) in the Golden-Syrian hamster (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA). Hamsters were fed with a nonpurified diet (6.25 fat g/100 g) with 0.1 g cholesterol/100 g (control diet) or control diet with an additional 10 g experimental fat/100 g for 12 weeks. Hamsters fed with the control diet, unsaturated fats (canola and soybean oils), and margarine, relative to butter, had significantly lower total cholesterol and nHDL-C and triglyceride concentrations. Additional dietary fat, regardless of fatty acid profile, resulted in higher hepatic cholesterol concentrations. In contrast, relative to the control diet-, butter-, or margarine-fed hamsters, these changes were associated with a 4- and 8-fold higher LDL receptor and 5- and 9-fold higher SREBP mRNA abundance, in hamsters fed with canola and soybean oils, respectively. MTP mRNA, a marker of very low-density lipoprotein particle formation, was higher in canola- and soybean oil-fed hamsters relative to the control diet-fed hamsters, although differences were modest. These results suggest that the substitution of canola and soybean oils for butter results in lower nHDL-C concentrations that may be related to increased mRNA abundance of the LDL receptor, SREBP-2, and MTP genes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Response of plasma glicentin to fat ingestion in piglets.

In order to elucidate the response of plasma glicentin to fat ingestion, butter, glycerol or palmitate was administered into the duodenum of piglets in a fully conscious state and plasma glicentin and glucagon were determined. Butter instillation did not change blood glucose. Plasma triglyceride rose gradually 120 min after butter loading. Plasma insulin and glucagon measured by antiserum specific to the C-terminal slightly increased following butter administration and plasma total glucagon and glicentin increased gradually and significantly. The increments of total glucagon and glicentin were 179 and 158%, respectively. However, chromatography of porcine plasma obtained during fat loading revealed heterogeneity of glicentin-related peptides. Glycerol ingestion induced a slight rise of plasma total glucagon. Administration of palmitate revealed an increase in plasma total glucagon and glicentin. The present study clearly demonstrates the secretion of glicentin following fat ingestion, which might be caused by the hydrolysates of triglyceride, as suggested in previous dog experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effect of aerial parts of Echinacea on the circulating white cell levels and selected immune functions of the aging male Sprague-Dawley rat.

Echinacea is one of the most widely used over-the-counter herbal preparations that purport to "improve immune system function", especially when taken as a short course of therapy (6-8 weeks). Since many purchasers are older individuals, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to investigate whether Echinacea could affect total and differential white cell counts, phagocytic activity and interleukin (IL-2) levels in 12-month-old, healthy, male Sprague-Dawley rats when administered over an 8-week period. Echinacea (50 mg/kg of aerial parts) mixed with peanut butter or peanut butter alone was fed to 16 rats, which were receiving regular food and water ad libitum. Cell counts and immune functions were determined on rat tail vein blood on a weekly basis. Echinacea significantly increased circulating total white cell counts during the first 2 weeks of administration, and IL-2 levels during the final 5 weeks of the study period (p<0.05). Differential counts were altered during the entire 8-week study, with mononuclear cells significantly increased to the detriment of granulocytes (p<0.05). No such changes were observed in animals given peanut butter alone. No difference was observed in phagocytic function between animals given Echinacea or peanut butter alone. These studies suggest that aerial components of Echinacea affect both mononuclear cell levels and circulating IL-2 levels in older animals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Dietary fat and cecal microbial activity in the rat.

Weanling rats were fed low-fat (1% w/w safflower oil) or high-fat (1% w/w safflower oil plus 35% w/w beef fat or cocoa butter) diets for 30 days, and the activities of five cecal microbial enzymes were determined. When compared with the low-fat diet, beef fat significantly increased total cecal beta-glucuronidase activity, but cocoa butter, with a similar fatty acid composition, did not. Both high-fat diets significantly decreased total cecal azoreductase, beta-glucosidase, and nitrate reductase activities, but neither significantly affected urease activity. When expressed as specific activities (per 10(11) bacteria), cocoa butter decreased azoreductase, and beef fat caused increases of beta-glucuronidase and urease. Beef fat, but not cocoa butter, significantly reduced cecal bacterial numbers when compared to the low-fat diet. Both high-fat diets led to equivalent reductions in the proportion of aerobic bacteria.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1994

Chocolate: a flavor and texture unlike any other.

Cocoa butter is unique. The tree and flower from which it grows, the pod and its seed, as well as its postharvest handling are all different from those for any other food ingredient. Cocoa butter is the most critical raw material for chocolate, a foodstuff recognized long ago as having exceptional value. The triglyceride structure of cocoa butter gives cocoa butter unique solidification and liquefying properties, which give the chocolate manufacturer the opportunity to work with chocolate in ways that no other foods permit.

Cacao↗