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PubMedDate not supplied

Awareness and use of hepatitis B vaccine among homosexual male clients of a Boston community health center.

Factors associated with awareness and acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine were identified among 150 homosexual male clients of a Boston community health center. Five percent of the subjects were unaware of hepatitis B and 25 percent had a history of hepatitis. Among the remaining 106 men, 68 percent were aware of the vaccine, and 25 percent of these had been vaccinated. Awareness of vaccine was associated with education beyond the baccalaureate level. Factors associated with vaccination included at least one prior visit to the health center, having health insurance, and extent of knowledge of the effects of hepatitis B. Among those not vaccinated, 68 percent would like to be but were deterred by the perceived high cost of the vaccine. The predominant reason given by the 31 percent who have decided not to be vaccinated was the perception that they were not at risk because of monogamous sexual relationships, or "safer" sexual practices. Strategies for maximizing vaccine use among homosexually active men should focus on increasing both awareness of the vaccine and appropriate perceptions of risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Does awareness of being video recorded affect doctors' consultation behaviour?

Four general practitioners, two of whom had no previous experience of video recording in the consultation, took part in a study to assess the effect of awareness of video recording on their consultation behaviour. A video camera was sited unobtrusively in each consulting room for a month during which five randomly selected surgeries were recorded with the doctors being informed at the time, and five without their being informed. The video recorded consultations were analysed using TIMER, a tool designed to measure objectively behaviour in terms of physical, verbal and secondary activities in consultations. The proportions of time spent on the 27 consultation parameters were compared when doctors were aware and unaware of the recording, using analysis of variance. This demonstrated only one significant difference, in the low frequency parameter of the doctor's exploration of the patients' concepts (P less than 0.05). In a secondary analysis of the first four consultations in each surgery, where any effect of the presence of the video camera would be expected to be most marked, there was again only one significant difference in the 27 parameters (in patient preparation; P = 0.01). No significant difference owing to awareness of video recording was found in consultation length, the number of problems dealt with, or previous inexperience of video recording. When surgeries at the start of the month were compared with those at the end, four significant differences (P less than 0.05) out of 108 areas were demonstrated both when the doctor was aware and unaware of video recording, and there was no consistency in the direction of the differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Awareness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The validity of self-reported hypertension and correlates of hypertension awareness among blacks and whites within the stroke belt.

Hypertension surveillance activities increasingly are relying on information obtained by self-report. However, limited information is available concerning the validity of such data, especially among populations residing within the stroke belt. We used interview information and blood pressure measurements from the South Carolina Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Project to determine the validity of self-reported hypertension and the correlates of hypertension awareness among 2,210 whites and 704 blacks who participated in the program in 1987. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of self-reported hypertension were 79%, 91%, 76%, and 93% among white women; 82%, 88%, 79%, and 89% among black women; 62%, 91%, 75%, and 85% among white men; and 72%, 89%, 78%, and 85% among black men, respectively. Groups with highest sensitivity included women, persons older than age 39 years, and those who had seen a physician for preventive care within the last year. Correlates of hypertension awareness included an older age, visit to a physician for preventive care, and a family history of high blood pressure. Among hypertensive blacks, overweight persons were substantially more likely than nonoverweight persons to be aware of their hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 4.6, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.9, 10.7 in black women and OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.0, 17.9 in black men). The validity of self-reported hypertension was relatively high in all race-sex groups. There is a need to increase hypertension awareness among hypertensive blacks who are not overweight.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Effects of instructional set and self-awareness on task performance of retarded female adults.

The effects of success, failure, and neutral instructional sets on the task performance of retarded female adults were studied under varying conditions of self-awareness. A significant Set X Self-Awareness interaction was found where subjects in the neutral-set condition under high-awareness assembled more pens than subjects under the medium- or low-awareness conditions. The results were discussed in light of the expectancy of failure hypothesis.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

[Social factors related to awareness of public health care services among elderly adults].

This article presents findings on the association between social ties and the awareness in elderly of seven services. A total of 1,200 persons aged 60 and over were subjects of an interview survey of when 856 subjects provided necessary data for analysis. Subjects lived in two separate communities, Nerima-Ward (a metropolitan area) and Kashimadai-Cho (a rural area). Social ties were classified into six types: living with a person, contact with child (ren) living separately, contact with friend, contact with neighbor, and participation in a community group. The elderly metropolitan residents were significantly less likely to be aware of a greater number of services. Contacts with neighbor and participation in community group predicted service awareness. There were no regional differences in the effect of those ties on service awareness.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Awareness of the illness, and positive/negative syndrome in schizophrenia].

In recent years evidence has accumulated to implicate a poor awareness of illness in schizophrenia. This study employed two clinical scales to assess both the psychopathology of 41 schizophrenic patients and the intensity of their awareness of illness. The results show the existence of a close relationship between these two clinical dimensions. Nevertheless, awareness of illness did not appear as a constant and isolated factor. In the authors' opinion, the findings derivated from the study support the idea that a poor awareness of illness could be a nuclear symptom of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Awareness of language in children who have reading difficulties: historical comparisons in a longitudinal study.

We look at the awareness of grammatical distinctions in children with reading difficulties, and at their ability to use this awareness in order to learn about the conventional spellings for morphemes like "ed" at the end of past verbs. Using longitudinal methods we show that, initially, children who are to become poor readers are actually better in this aspect of spelling and also in grammatical awareness tasks than younger children of the same reading level: but they are worse than these other children in tasks that tax their knowledge of phonologically based letter-sound correspondences. Later on, however, the poor readers lose their initial advantages in the conventional spelling of morphemes. We conclude that poor readers are initially held back by a failure to learn about letter-sound correspondences, and that this deprives them of successful reading experience, which in turn hampers the growth of their grammatical awareness and their learning how to spell morphemes.

Awareness↗
PubMed1998

Characteristics of impaired awareness after traumatic brain injury.

Impaired awareness of the effects of brain injury is a commonly observed and poorly understood finding in traumatic brain injury survivors. Nonetheless, impaired awareness has been identified as a major factor in determining outcome for traumatic brain injury survivors. Review of previous studies of impaired awareness in this patient population revealed a number of preliminary findings regarding the nature of this phenomenon. The present paper presents the results of 2 new studies with a total of 111 traumatic brain injury patients conducted to bring further clarity to this area. Findings confirmed and extended many results of previous investigations. Specific findings included patient overestimation of functioning as compared to family member ratings, patient report of greater physical than nonphysical impairment, greater patient-family agreement on specific ratings of patient functioning than on general ratings, greater agreement of family and clinician ratings of patient functioning with each other than with patient self-ratings, and partial disagreement of different methods of measuring impaired awareness.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Awareness during general anesthesia: new technology for an old problem.

The possibility of awareness during general anesthesia causes apprehension for the patient and the Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA). The goals of general anesthesia are to prevent the sensation of pain and produce a state of sedation, hypnosis, and unconsciousness so the patient will not remember the surgical procedure. An inadequate level of anesthesia can result in patient awareness during surgery. The current practice of anesthesia relies on indirect hemodynamic measurements such as blood pressure and heart rate to monitor the sedative hypnotic state of the patient's brain during general anesthesia. Hemodynamic responses are not reliable for predicting awareness just as blood pressure and heart rate are not indicative of consciousness. Electroencephalogram (EEG) waveforms are known to be affected by anesthetics. Characteristic EEG waveforms are a direct indication of the patient's level of consciousness. Unprocessed and computer-processed EEG recordings have been used in an attempt to monitor the patient's level of consciousness during general anesthesia. A raw or unprocessed EEG recording to monitor the level of consciousness during general anesthesia is problematic. The EEG signal is complex, affected by artifact, and it requires a dedicated interpreter. Conventional processed EEG monitoring systems are problematic because of the complexity of the equipment and technical difficulty of reading the EEG recording. The purpose of this article is to describe the history of awareness during anesthesia and introduce a new processed EEG monitor, the Bispectral Index (BIS) (Aspect Medical Systems, Inc., Natick, MA) with implications for future clinical use and research.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1998

Inner-city adolescents' awareness of emergency contraception.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the awareness of emergency contraception (EC) among inner-city adolescents attending a general primary health care clinic. METHOD: 197 patients filled out an anonymous 28-item survey on sexual activity, experience with contraceptives, attitude toward pregnancy, experience with pregnancy, awareness of and intent to use EC. RESULTS: 71% of the sample was sexually experienced; 90% had been active within six months of the clinic visit. While 81% of the sexually experienced segment of the sample had ever used contraceptives, 53% reported having had sex at least once during the past six months without using contraception. Fifty-seven percent "worried" following unprotected intercourse about a potential pregnancy; 32% of the sample had been involved in a pregnancy. Only 30% of the sexually experienced had heard of EC, but more than 87% stated they would use it if the need arose in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Urban adolescents are at high risk for unintended pregnancy due to inconsistent contraceptive use and/or method failure. Level of awareness of EC was low in our sample, particularly as compared to adult women in the United States, and to women of all ages (including teenagers) in European countries. Intent to use EC was high, however, indicating a strong desire to avoid unintended pregnancy. Attention should be focused on increasing both adolescent awareness of and access to EC.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical practice guidelines on depression: awareness, attitudes, and content knowledge among family physicians in New York.

BACKGROUND: In 1989, the federal government mandated that the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) appoint expert panels to develop clinical practice guidelines to define standards for the provision and quality of health care. There is uncertainty about physicians' awareness and attitudes concerning guidelines. METHODS: We surveyed 992 members of the New York State Academy of Family Physicians. In addition to demographic data, respondents were questioned about awareness of AHCPR guidelines for depression in primary care, urinary incontinence, and pressure ulcers in adults; knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of depression; and general attitudes about guidelines. RESULTS: Three mailings produced a response rate of 53.2%. While 90.5% of respondents treat depression in their primary care practices, only 33.6% are aware of the existence of the guidelines on depression 1 year after publication. Only 13.1% of respondents have a copy of the guidelines. Physicians are slightly less aware of the guidelines on urinary incontinence and pressure ulcers (30.0%). Respondents are generally knowledgeable about the diagnosis and treatment of depression, and board certification is correlated with increased knowledge about the treatment of recurrent depression. Logistic regression analyses demonstrate that female family physicians, those living in larger communities, and physicians with 3 or more years of training are most likely to have positive attitudes toward guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The AHCPR guidelines failed to reach their targeted audience. Specific strategies derived from survey data can identify physicians who may most benefit from educational interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Dieting awareness and low self-worth: related issues in 8-year-old girls.

OBJECTIVES: Since weight concerns and dieting are apparent before adolescence, this study examined the factors predictive of early dieting awareness. It was hypothesized that early dieting awareness would be negatively associated with perceived self-worth, particularly in girls. METHODS: One hundred seventy six 8-year-old children (86 girls, 90 boys) completed assessments of body shape preference, body and self-esteem, dieting awareness, and body weight and height. RESULTS: Children were more likely to advise a fictitious character, "Mary-Jane," to diet than they were to report dieting themselves. However, self-endorsed dieting was more strongly correlated with negative self-perception, especially in girls. Significant predictors of dieting awareness in girls included global self-worth (negatively), body mass index (BMI), and frequency of mother dieting (positively). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the view that young girls are drawn to weight control to improve their self-worth, and that mothers are influential in this regard. This early pattern of association is of questionable acceptability.

Body Image↗
PubMed2005

AANCART best practices: cancer awareness activities for Seattle's Combodian community.

Census data indicate that Cambodian Americans are economically disadvantaged and linguistically isolated. In addition, cancer registry data show that Southeast Asians experience several cancer-related health disparities (e.g., markedly elevated risks of cervical and liver cancer). The Seattle regional Asian American Network for Cancer, Awareness, Research, and Training (AANCART) site has implemented a community-based cancer awareness program for Cambodian immigrants in collaboration with a Cambodian community coalition. Our cancer awareness program has the following goals: to assist individuals and organizations in advocating for a healthy community, to provide information within a cultural context, and to deliver information in ways that are useful and meaningful to the community. The program was guided by a community assessment that included the use of published data as well as information from qualitative interviews, focus groups, and quantitative surveys. Examples of community awareness activities include group presentations at community-based organizations (e.g., during English as a second language classes), health fair participation (including at nontraditional venues such as a farmers' market serving Cambodians), and educational displays in neighborhood locations (e.g., at Cambodian video stores). In addition, the Seattle AANCART site has both inventoried and developed culturally appropriate Khmer language cancer education materials and disseminated materials through the ETHNO-MED website. Our approach recognizes that limited English language proficiency may preclude many Cambodians from understanding publicly disseminated information, and Cambodian immigrants are often isolated and tend to stay close to their own neighborhoods.

Asian↗
PubMed1998

Weigh(t)ing for awareness.

We wished to learn if weight perception can be extinguished by studying two patients with right hemisphere brain damage. When lifting weights simultaneously, a patient with right frontal damage was not biased in her judgments of which weight was heavier. By contrast, a patient with right parietal damage reported left-sided weights as being lighter than those on the right. Psychophysical power functions revealed that her awareness of increasing weights on the left was dampened compared to the right when lifting weights individually on each side. Strikingly, her awareness of weight changes on the left was completely abolished when she lifted weights in both hands simultaneously. She demonstrated an unusual split in awareness, being motorically aware of and actively engaged with left-sided weights while being unaware of their incremental changes.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Evaluative conditioning is pavlovian conditioning: issues of definition, measurement, and the theoretical importance of contingency awareness

In her commentary of Field (1999), Hammerl (1999) has drawn attention to several interesting points concerning the issue of contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning. First, she comments on several contentious issues arising from Field's review of the evaluative conditioning literature, second she critiques the data from his pilot study and finally she argues the case that EC is a distinct form of conditioning that can occur in the absence of contingency awareness. With reference to these criticisms, this reply attempts to address Hammerl's comments by exploring the issues of how awareness is defined, how it is best measured, and whether it is reasonable to believe that EC uniformly occurs in the absence of contingency awareness. The article concludes that the available evidence supports Field's proposition that EC is, in fact, Pavlovian learning. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence, treatment, control, and awareness of high blood pressure and the risk of stroke in Northwest England.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence, treatment, control, and awareness of hypertension in patients with first-ever stroke and in controls sampled from the same primary care physician's population register. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was conducted in East Lancashire, England, using cases identified from the stroke register in 1994-1995. Information on blood pressure (BP) and other predefined factors was extracted from the practice medical records. Postal questionnaires were used for information on patients' awareness of hypertension. RESULTS: A total of 267 stroke cases and 534 controls were included. Sixty-one percent of cases and 43% of controls had BP >= 160/95 mm Hg on >= 2 occasions within 3 months or received antihypertensives. High proportions of cases (82%) and controls (85%) were on treatment. There was a continuous relationship between the risk of stroke and levels of BP control. Of 73 cases and 135 controls who were hypertensive and responded to the postal questionnaire, 56 and 83%, respectively, were aware of hypertension (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypertension was high among stroke patients. In those treated, <30% of patients had their BP adequately controlled to <140/90 mm Hg. Patient awareness of previous hypertension or high BP was very poor and attention needs to be paid to patient education.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1995

Encoding, remembering and awareness in lorazepam-induced amnesia.

The effects of lorazepam (1,2 mg) and placebo on encoding, remembering and awareness were assessed in a study with 54 healthy volunteers. All subjects studied stimulus materials in a levels of processing (L-o-p) task. Half the subjects were assessed on an explicit memory task of word recognition and the other half were given an implicit memory task of word-stem completion. Following the implicit task, awareness of retrieval was further investigated by questions and by subjects' recollective experience in recognising the actual words they had completed from stems. L-o-p effects and marked lorazepam-induced impairments were found in the implicit task of word-stem completion although the interaction between L-o-p and drug effects emerged only as a trend in the data. Lorazepam-induced impairments on stem-completion may then be explained at least in part as being due to contamination by explicit retrieval processes, but we cannot rule out the possible role of drug effects on perceptual processes at encoding. Results from responses to "awareness" questions and from analysis of subsequent recollective experience indicated that subjects were not aware of using explicit retrieval during the implicit task. Results also replicated previous findings showing that both lorazepam and L-o-p independently affect performance in an explicit memory task of word recognition. Thus drug-induced deficits at encoding persist regardless of the level at which information is initially processed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A prospective evaluation of the awareness, knowledge, risk factors and current treatment of osteoporosis in a cohort of elderly subjects.

This was a prospective cohort study of 145 seniors attending a senior's clinic and social day program using a self-administered questionnaire. Its objective was to evaluate the awareness, knowledge, risk factors and current treatment of osteoporosis in our two patient groups. A secondary objective was to determine differences between the two cohorts, and between men and women. Participants included 39 men and 106 women, with an average age of 76 years. Of these, 89% were aware of osteoporosis and 61% gave the correct definition. Awareness and accurate definition were less in men compared with women (p < 0.01, and p < 0.05) and clinic compared to day program groups (p < 0.01). Only 54% of men knew osteoporosis could affect them. Television, newspapers and friends were identified as the main source of information. Physicians ranked as fifth as a source of information. In all, 84% knew diet was important. Prevalence of risk factors other than age were < 20%, except for senescence (38%) and alcohol use (40%). Utilization of specific therapies for osteoporosis was only 18% overall with a rate of 3% in men (p < 0.01). In women, 50% and were taking calcium supplements compared with 15% men (p < 0.001) and for multivitamins the figures were 57% and 33% respectively (p < 0.05). These results show a high level of awareness and correct definition of osteoporosis in this cohort of patients. Specific therapy for prevention or treatment of osteoporosis was inappropriately low in the face of high risk. This study highlights the care gap in osteoporosis in seniors and the need for increased physician involvement in patient education and treatment. Proactive treatment requests from patients need to be encouraged, especially with the future demographic shift.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗