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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Dexfenfluramine and appetite in humans.

Dexfenfluramine has been demonstrated to produce decreases in daily energy intake varying between 13 and 25% depending on the time for which the drug has been administered. This reduction in energy intake is achieved by a decrease in the size of meals (11-40% depending on the dose) and by a decrease in the frequency of snacks consumed between meals. These objective adjustments are accompanied by a decrease in the level of perceived hunger, particularly apparent in the postprandial period. Taken together these changes can be interpreted as an action of dexfenfluramine to intensify the satiating power of food. This effect is consistent with the proposed role of serotonin systems in the mediation of satiety. The effect of dexfenfluramine on eating parameters leads to an overall modulation of the pattern of eating and the profile of motivation to eat. The reduction in energy intake achieved by this modulation is consistent with the weight losses recorded following several months of treatment. This restraint over the expression of appetite exerted by dexfenfluramine appears to be present even after 12 months of continuous treatment. These demonstrated actions should help overweight people to achieve a better management of their appetite in order to assist weight loss and to prevent weight regain.

Appetite↗
PubMed1992

Effects of amino acid dialysate on appetite in CAPD patients.

The use of amino acid (AA) dialysate in CAPD patients may have theoretical disadvantages, since protein ingestion is known to suppress food intake in humans disproportionately to its energy value. Therefore we measured subjective appetite and food intake of CAPD patients in a cross-over study of 16 subjects (age 22-75 years, BMI 19-31, > 3 months on CAPD, non-diabetic and not protein malnourished). They received, in random order, either 4 weeks of dextrose only (their usual treatment), or one AA (1%) exchange replacing the first dextrose exchange each day. Subjective measurements of food intake (3 day food record) and quantitative measurements of lunch time food intake were obtained during a morning dextrose exchange after 28 days of each regimen. Except for a reduction in feelings of fullness during the AA treatment, there were no effects on feelings of hunger/satiety, food appeal, lunch-time food intake, or on 3-day food intake. We conclude that the use of a daily AA (1%) dialysate for 4 weeks does not affect subjective appetite or food intake of CAPD patients. There may even be a beneficial effect as the feeling of fullness decreased with the AA treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Administering the "AHSP Questionnaire" (appetite, hunger, sensory perception) in a geriatric rehabilitation care.

BACKGROUND: Frail elderly people, living in nursing homes, usually show a malnutrition state caused by an increased need of energy or an inadequate food intake. Among the causes leading to reduction of food intake in elderly people and consequently to malnutrition, is the loss of appetite, often marker of depression and alterations of taste and smell perception. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research is to verify the application of the AHSP Questionnaire and relate its score to nutritional state of a frail elderly population hospitalized in a geriatric rehabilitation care. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: All patients of the "3rd Rehabilitation Department" of the Istituto Geriatrico "Villa delle Querce" Nemi (Rome-Italy). METHODS: Informations, number and type of medical conditions, prescribed drugs, other parameters that can affect taste, smell, hunger and nutritional status, mood, cognitive and nutritional status have been collected from the clinical folders. To assess appetite, hunger smell and taste perception had been submitted the AHSP Questionnaire. RESULTS: The AHSP Questionnaire had been administered only to 44 of the 103 patients present at the survey because of the high prevalence of cognitive impairment. AHSP score is lower in presence of malnutrition assessed with MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment). MNA, expressed as proportional score, seems to present a clear correlation with AHSP's (r=0.59; p=0.000). CONCLUSION: The results achieved show the scarce adaptability of the AHSP Questionnaire to frail elderly people living in geriatric rehabilitation care. MNA is at the moment the most reliable tool to single out dietary deficiency on geriatrics population.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

The role of neuropeptides in the disturbed control of appetite and hormone secretion in eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that neuropeptides may play a role in the control of appetite and in the mechanism of hormone release. Neuropeptides such as beta-endorphin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin and leptin may affect hormones release, on the other hand the hormonal status may modulate neuropeptide activity. METHODS: The material consisted of 90 obese women, 30 women with Anorexia Nervosa, and 30 healthy, lean women of control group. Plasma beta-endorphin, NPY, leptin, somatostatin and serum pituitary and gonadal hormones concentrations were measured with RIA methods. RESULTS: We observed the highest plasma NPY levels in obese hypertensive and diabetic patients. After carbohydrate administration (OGTT) a marked increase of insulin, beta-endorphin and NPY was found. The blunted response of GH to GH-RH may be connected with increased somatostatin activity and hyperinsulinemia. The abnormal response of LH to opioid blockade may be a result of disturbed opioid and NPY activities in obese patients. However in patients with anorexia nervosa, plasma leptin and NPY concentrations were low. The disturbances in beta-endorphin release are also observed. CONCLUSIONS: The neuroendocrine disturbances in obesity and in anorexia nervosa are opposite. The feedback mechanism between leptin and NPY is disturbed in both in obesity and in anorexia nervosa. An abnormal activity of neuropeptides may lead to disturbed control of appetite and hormonal dysregulation in eating disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Novel therapeutic targets for appetite regulation.

Obesity is currently the major cause of premature death in the UK, killing almost 1000 individuals per week, and worldwide, its prevalence is accelerating. Many peptides are synthesized and released from the gastrointestinal tract and, while their roles in the regulation of gastrointestinal function have been known for some time, it is now evident that they also physiologically influence eating behavior. Therefore, manipulation of gastrointestinal hormones provides the prospect of an effective and well-tolerated treatment for obesity. Whereas drugs targeting appetite-signaling neuropeptides in the brain may also affect other aspects of the central nervous system, agents based on gut hormones themselves have the advantage of targeting specific appetite circuits within the brain without producing any unacceptable side effects.

Appetite Regulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sugar triggers our reward-system. Sweets release opiates which stimulates the appetite for sucrose--insulin can depress it].

The consumption of sweet food has increased in Sweden, as in other Western countries. The type of food item has changed. The sweet is dominated by soft drinks. Appetite regulation for sucrose has been described in experimental animal models. It has been found that opioids stimulate appetite for sucrose. At the same time sucrose releases endogenous opioids so that a triggering of sucrose consumption occurs. Insulin has been shown to decrease sucrose intake by blocking the opioid response. Sucrose addiction has been described in rat model. With a concentrated sucrose solution to drink an opioid dependence developed with 1) increased consumption of sucrose 2) abstinence symptoms with no sucrose and 3) anxiety with an opiate blocker. Sucrose addiction in man has not been described in the scientific literature. There is an increased liking of sweets with alcoholic persons, which may be significant to support a strongly rewarding effect of sucrose, also in man. We should limit the access to sweet foods, in particular the sweet drinks. Insulin and insulin sensitivity may be an important factor to restrict the intake of sweet food.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Effect of monosodium glutamate given orally on appetite control (a new theory for the obesity epidemic)].

Monosodium glutamate is a substance widely used as flavouring agent in the whole world. It is considered to be innocuos by the health agencies of North America and Europe. The effects of the oral administration of two dosages of MSG during the second half of pregnancy and all The developmental process of pups on appetite control and various hormones has been analysed in rats. Effects have been compared with the neonatal parenteral administration of the same compound. The structure of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus has been investigated as well as plasma levels of GH, IGF-1 and leptin and its influence on food consumption. Measurements were performed at 30 and 90 days of life. A nearly total destruction of the arcuate nucleus can be observed with the parenteral administration of MSG but also with the highest oral dose. Significant reductions can be seen in plasma GH and IGF 1 levels at 30 days of life, that are partially recovered at 90 days. Plasma leptin levels are significantly reduced at 90 days of life with the two oral doses together with a significant increase in food intake. In conclussion, oral administration of MSG during pregnancy and development in rats is able to significantly affect hypothalamic control of various hormones and increases appetite.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on the loss of appetite in pediatric patients with pneumonia].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) administered during the acute phase of pneumonia in infants, on appetite, cytokines and leptin concentrations. METHODS: Seventeen children between three months and 12 years of age were followed from hospitalization to discharge. Children were randomly assigned to receive DHA or placebo. The effect of treatment was evaluated on energy intake, cytokines, and leptin concentrations. RESULTS: Cytokine concentrations tended to decrease earlier in DHA children. By day 4, concentrations of IL-1beta and TNFalpha had decreased by 12%, while such concentrations increased by 12% and 250% in placebo children. Energy intake recovered in DHA children at discharge, but placebo children were still consuming only 60% of their requirements. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that DHA administered in the acute phase of infection could modulate IL-1 and TNF production, and secondarily, decrease the effect of infection on appetite.

Appetite↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of the appetite suppressant P57 in Hoodia gordonii plant extracts and dietary supplements by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MSD-TOF) and LC-UV methods.

Hoodia gordonii is traditionally used in South Africa for its appetite suppressant properties. P57AS3 (P57), an oxypregnane steroidal glycoside, is the only reported active constituent from this plant as an appetite suppressant. Effective quality control of these extracts or products requires rapid methods to determine P57 content. New methods of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and LC-UV for analysis of P57 from H. gordonii have been developed. The quantitative determination of P57 was achieved with a Phenomenex Gemini (Torrance, CA) reversed-phase column using gradient mobile phase of water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% acetic acid. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, and limits of detection and quantification. Good results were obtained in terms of repeatability (relative standard deviation <5.0%) and recovery (98.5-103.5%). The developed methods were applied to the determination of P57 for H. gordonii plant samples, one related genus (Opuntia ficus-indica), and dietary supplements that claim to contain H. gordonii.

Appetite Depressants↗
PubMed1990

[The role of serotonin in normal appetite regulation and in the pathogenesis of anorexia/bulimia].

Evidence accumulated over the past two decades indicates the existence of several neurochemical systems that influence feeding behavior. The central region regulating appetite is thought to be in the hypothalamus, where different monoaminergic systems are localized. It has been suggested that altered function in these systems is taking part in the pathogenesis of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. According to these theoretical principles and to the development of specific monoaminergic and anti-monoaminergic drugs, the pharmacological treatment of eating disorders can become more successful in the future. This article discusses the role of serotonin in appetite regulation and presents new evidence that a dysfunction in hypothalamic serotonergic pathways can be an important part of the pathogenesis of anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1989

[The salt appetite of rats with spontaneous arterial hypertension].

In two-bottle free-choice experiment, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats developed an enhanced sodium, potassium and calcium appetite in comparison with normotensive WKY rats. The revealed peculiarities of the salt appetite seem to depend on the mechanisms of the blood pressure rise and have various adaptive values for the development of arterial hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ventral tegmental area lesions do not enhance appetitive classically conditioned responses in the rat.

An autoshaping procedure, in which presentation of a retractable lever signalled food delivery, was used to assess the effects of ventral tegmental area lesions on appetitive classically conditioned responses in 28 rats. Rats with ventral tegmental area lesions did not differ from sham-lesioned rats in acquiring classically conditioned lever press responses, or in learning to withold these responses when an omission contingency was in effect. This lack of effect in an appetitive setting stands in contrast to our previous finding that aversive classically conditioned responses are facilitated by this lesion, and suggests that the ventral tegmental area lesion selectively enhances aversively motivated behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sodium appetite and 24-hour variations in fluid balance, mean arterial pressure and heart rate in SHR and WKY on various sodium diets.

Young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were compared with respect to firstly, sodium (Na) appetite during 'rest', mild social stress and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) injections and secondly, diurnal patterns of water intake, urine output, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) while on various Na diets: 0.5 mmol Na (LNa), 5 or 12-13 mmol Na (CNa), 50 (HNa) or 120 mmol Na (vHNa) per 100 g food. Sodium appetite and water intake, being 50% higher in SHR than in WKY (4-4.5 versus 2.5-3 mmol Na/100 g body weight per day), was modestly increased by both social stress and ACTH, more so in WKY. With regard to influences of the various Na diets, daytime resting MAP was modestly lowered in LNaSHR and slightly increased in vHNaSHR compared with CNaSHR, but about equal in all WKY groups. Food and water consumption was concentrated to the active night period, but even high Na water intakes caused no signs of sustained hypervolaemia, as intake bouts were eliminated by urine within 30-40 min in both SHR and WKY. However, the vHNa diet in particular in SHR increased drinking frequency; each drinking bout induced such rapid, 5-10 min long neurogenic MAP and HR increases that they could not be ascribed to blood volume expansion per se. The diurnal MAP-HR patterns in SHR therefore varied markedly with the Na diets, with a considerably raised average MAP in the vHNa group, even though resting daytime MAP was nearly the same as in CNaSHR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regulation of appetite during total parenteral nutrition.

To study effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on appetite, in an effort to obtain an objective assessment of hunger separated from underlying pathology, caloric intake and levels of TPN were measured in two male rhesus monkeys. TPN was found to affect appetite by reducing voluntary food intake. One monkey showed precise regulation of daily oral caloric intake and maintained stable body weight during this period. The other monkey did not show such precise regulation. When TPN was stopped, both continued suppression of oral intake for a time. Implications are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A field survey of fat mobilization and liver function of dairy cows during early lactation. Relationship to energy balance, appetite and ketosis.

NEFA, total lipids, bilirubin, GOT, acetoacetate and glucose in blood plasma of cows were measured during early lactation. Feeding and yield were also recorded. NEFA and bilirubin values showed a gradual decrease with advancing lactation, while total lipids rose gradually during the first months of lactation. GOT showed no definite trend during early lactation. Acetoacetate values were at maximum 21--30 days post partum and glucose values were high at partus and low during the first weeks of lactation. NEFA were negatively correlated to energy balance during the first month of lactation. Total lipids, bilirubin and GOT seemed not to be dependent on energy balance in cows with normal appetite. NEFA, bilirubin and GOT were significantly elevated in cows with reduced appetite. NEFA were positively correlated to bilirubin, GOT and acetoacetate and negatively correlated to glucose. The correlation coefficients were higher during the first month of lactation than during the second and third month. Cows contracting clinical ketosis showed high values of NEFA a long time before any clinical symptoms appeared. Significantly increased values of acetoacetate occurred only the last days before treatment when plasma glucose had reached low values.

Acetoacetates↗
PubMed1981

Vagal mechanisms in appetite regulation.

Though the importance of the vagal nerve for appetitive behavior has been known for a decade, with extensive studies of vagal physiology being performed since the end of the last century, it has not been until recently that major progress has been made in elucidating some of the vagal mechanisms involved in food intake. This short review summarizes methods for studying vagal function, vagal transmission and physiological vagal effects important for appetite regulation normally and in relation to hypothalamic function. Particular emphasis is placed on effects of vagotomy on body weight.

Appetite Regulation↗
PubMed1995

Appetitive as well as consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior in quail are activated by androgens and estrogens.

Appetitive male sexual behavior was measured in male quail with the use of a learned social proximity procedure that quantified the time spent by a male in front of a window providing a view of a female that was subsequently released into the cage, providing an opportunity for copulation. The learned response is not acquired by castrated males but can be acquired when castrates are treated with testosterone (T) or with the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol or with the endogenous estrogen 17 beta-estradiol. Only birds that become sexually active acquire the response. Conversely, birds in which the consummatory copulatory behavior is disrupted by treatment with the antiestrogen tamoxifen lose the anticipatory response. These results demonstrate that appetitive sexual behavior is, like copulation, activated by T and by estrogens. This suggests that intracerebral aromatization of T also plays a critical role in the activation of this behavior.

Androgens↗
PubMed1993

[Essential obesity: an unresolved clinical problem. Considerations on central appetite stimulants and inhibitors].

The recent theories on the etiology of obesity have attributed more importance to the mechanisms of feeding control. The amount of calories taken daily seems to be under the control of a group of substances which stimulate or inhibit the appetite at the hypothalamic level. The hypothalamus is particularly rich in neurotransmitters or neurohormones which are biologically active and represent the connexion between the cells of the upper centers and the hypothalamus and they interfere in the regulation of feeding. The authors pass in review the more recent literature data regarding the main appetite stimulators as well as their site and their mechanism of action.

Adipose Tissue↗