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PubMed2006

Aggressiveness, anger and eating disorders: a review.

Anger and aggressive behaviours, especially those self-directed, are frequent in subjects suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. They increase the complexity of the clinical features, change the prognosis and cause a more difficult management of these disorders. In order to elucidate the complex relationships between eating disorders, anger and aggressiveness, the history of traumatic experiences, the prevalence of dissociative, obsessive, impulsive and compulsive symptoms, as well as the role of severe personality disorders in subjects suffering from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and self-injurious behaviours are considered. In the final section of this paper, a model exploring such a relationship in the light of the undefined sense of self is described.

Anger↗
PubMed2007

Anger, depression and personality dimensions in patients with migraine without aura.

BACKGROUND: Migraine without aura causes acute and chronic pain and partially compromises patients' social functioning and work performance. Over the past years, psychiatric comorbidities were frequently observed in these patients, together with coping difficulties and typical personality traits. The aim of this study was to identify whether migraine patients and controls share distinctive personality traits. METHODS: 105 consecutive patients suffering from migraine without aura referred to the Headache Center of Turin University were enrolled in the study and compared to a control group of 79 healthy subjects. Patients and controls completed several psychometric questionnaires, including the Temperament and Character Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. RESULTS: Patients suffering from migraine show more depressive symptoms, difficult anger management with a tendency to hypercontrol, and a distinctive personality profile with high harm avoidance, high persistence and low self-directedness. When a logistic regression was performed, the only significant predictors of migraine were temperament variables. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the personality traits and psychosomatic mechanisms of migraine patients may make them vulnerable to stress and less skilled in coping with pain. These traits correlate with dysregulated neurotransmitter systems which may also be part of the psychobiological components of personality, depressive disorders and migraine itself.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Vital exhaustion, anger expression, and pituitary and adrenocortical hormones. Implications for the insulin resistance syndrome.

This study was undertaken to examine whether there are psychological factors that can incline an individual toward coronary heart disease and that can in turn identify a pattern of pituitary and adrenocortical responses that is associated with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (IRS). The study was performed with 69 normotensive and 21 unmedicated borderline hypertensive men (age range, 30 to 55 years). Type A behavior, hostility (defined as cynicism, pessimism, and paranoia), vital exhaustion, and anger expressions were the behavioral variables studied. Among these, only the vital exhaustion-anger-out factor identified the neuroendocrine pattern that predicted the IRS. This neuroendocrine pattern consisted primarily of an adrenal responsiveness to ACTH and secondarily of a high mean basal cortisol-to-mean basal ACTH ratio. The contribution of this last variable was, however, slightly questionable. Instead of the traditional coronary-prone factors, ie, type A behavior and hostility, the findings emphasize the significance of vital exhaustion and emotional distress. The findings have been discussed in terms of defeat reaction, hypocortisolemia, and visceral obesity.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2005

Fluoxetine treatment in poststroke depression, emotional incontinence, and anger proneness: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The efficacy and safety of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine have rarely been studied in the treatment of poststroke emotional disturbances. METHODS: Stroke patients (152) who had poststroke depression (PSD), emotional incontinence (PSEI), or anger proneness (PSAP) were studied. PSD was evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, PSEI by Kim's criteria, and PSAP was assessed by Spielberger Trait Anger Scale. Subjects were randomly given either fluoxetine 20 mg/day (n=76) or placebo (n=76) for 3 months. Follow-up evaluations were done 1, 3, and 6 months after the beginning of the treatment. The primary outcome measurement was the scores of emotional disturbances at each follow-up assessment. The secondary outcome measurements were the percentage changes of the scores and the subjective responses of the patients. RESULTS: Although patients in the fluoxetine group more often dropped out because of adverse effects, fluoxetine administration was generally safe. Fluoxetine significantly improved PSEI and PSAP, whereas no definitive improvement of PSD was found. Improvement of PSAP was noted even at 3 months after the discontinuation of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoxetine is efficacious in the treatment of PSEI and PSAP. Its effect on PSD is not solidly confirmed.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

"Anger attacks": possible variants of panic and major depressive disorders.

The authors report a series of illustrative cases in which patients presented with sudden "spells" of anger with physical features that resembled panic attacks but lacked the affects of fear and anxiety. These spells or "attacks" of anger were experienced as uncharacteristic and were inappropriate to the situations in which they occurred. Since treatment of these attacks with antidepressants produced in each case marked improvements in behavior, the authors also formulate some hypotheses as to the nature of these episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Clinical dimensions of anger management.

This paper provides a theoretical model of anger arousal based on Leventhal's Perceptual-Motor Theory of Emotion and elucidates a number of dimensions of anger that must be considered from a therapeutic viewpoint. Means of assessing these dimensions and specific treatment approaches are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Dealing with anger in a patient or relative: a flow diagram.

Anger from any cause can block effective interaction between the patient and the carer. It has many possible causes, which may be rational, irrational (i.e. inappropriate or misdirected) or pathological. This flow diagram suggests strategies for handling anger in patients with advanced disease.

Anger↗
PubMed2005

Observing anger and aggression among preadolescent girls and boys: ethical dilemmas and practical solutions.

To understand how children manage anger and engage in various forms of aggression, it is important to observe children responding to peer provocation. Observing children's anger and aggression poses serious ethical and practical challenges, especially with samples of older children and adolescents. This article describes 2 laboratory methods for observing children's responses to peer provocation: 1 involves participants playing a game with a provoking child actor, and the other involves a pair of close friends responding to an actor posing as a difficult play partner. Both methods are described in detail, ethical safeguards are discussed, and evidence is presented to show that children understand their research rights in these types of investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Assessment of violence potential using measures of anger, hostility, and social desirability.

The assessment of violence potential was studied using the following scales: The Novaco Anger Inventory, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the MMPI Hostility Control Scale (Hc), the MMPI Overt Hostility Scale (Ho), and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The five measures were evaluated for their ability to discriminate between violent and nonviolent criminals, and between criminal and normal population samples. Normative data was collected for 204 adult male felons. A correlation matrix presents interrelationships among the five scales. A comparison of mean scale scores between violent and nonviolent groups resulted in a significant discrimination in the expected direction for all but the Hc scale. A discriminant analysis procedure applied to individual items from the Novaco Anger Inventory resulted in the selection of 25 variables which identified violence prone individuals with 90% accuracy. Clinical implications are noted and recommendations for future research are made.

Anger↗
PubMed2002

Inability to control anger or aggression after stroke.

Using the 10-item Spielberger Trait Anger Scale, the authors interviewed 145 patients with stroke regarding inability to control anger or aggression (ICAA). Poststroke depression and emotional incontinence were also assessed. ICAA was present in 47 patients (32%) and was closely related to motor dysfunction, dysarthria, emotional incontinence, and lesions affecting frontal-lenticulocapsular-pontine base areas. ICAA seems to be one of the major behavioral symptoms in patients with stroke.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Differentiation of fear, anger, and joy.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the physiological characteristics corresponding to three affects (fear, anger, and joy), which were elicited through real situations in a laboratory. The subjects were asked to rate their psychological responses using the Affect Rating Scales for each affective situation. Physiological indices (diastolic and systolic blood pressures, heart rate, respiration rate and frequency of galvanic skin response) were measured. The subjects' affects can be characterized by two functions obtained through discriminant analysis. One discriminant function separated positive from negative affects; the other set apart anger from the remaining affects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sex differences in behavioral reactions to provocation of anger.

The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in behavioral reactions to provocation of anger. In a field study, 72 subjects recorded all anger-arousing incidents for a 2-wk. period. Physical and Verbal Antagonism were found in more reports by men while Passive Consent was noted in more reports by women. For a laboratory study, 101 subjects responded to self-report scales of behavioral responses after exposure to an insulting letter. No sex differences were noted in subjects' self-reports of behavioral reactions. Variations in design are brought to bear in interpreting the findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Beliefs about how to reduce anger.

To learn more about people's beliefs about how to reduce anger, 416 college students were asked what they thought would be the effects of various responses to feeling angry. In general, they thought that behaving aggressively would make them feel worse and that distracting themselves and doing something nice for another would make them feel better. However, males, younger subjects, and those who had behaved more aggressively in the past were more likely to feel that behaving aggressively would elevate their mood. These observations are consistent with theories emphasizing the importance of cognitive variables in the experiences of anger and aggression.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

The role of just world belief and anger issues in self-defeating personality.

Persons who scored higher on a measure of self-defeating personality did not believe in a just world as implied in the writings of such theorists as Reik (1941); however, they had a greater awareness of anger and feelings of mistrust and suspiciousness of others, held anger in, and were self-critical. These latter findings are consistent with conclusions regarding masochism proposed in 1991 by Glickauf-Hughes and Wells.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The relationship of coping style to dysphoria, anxiety, and anger.

This study examines Problem-focused Coping and Emotion-focused Coping, as measured by the Revised Ways of Coping Checklist, in relation to Dysphoria, Anxiety, Anger, Social Support, and course grades in psychology. Women university students (N = 245) were assessed two times six weeks apart. Problem-focused Coping was significantly negatively correlated with scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale and with scores on the Self-rating Anxiety Scale at both time periods. Emotion-focused Coping was significantly positively correlated with scores on these scales and with scores on the State-Trait Anger scale at both times. Emotion-focused Coping was significantly negatively correlated with scores on the Social Support Questionnaire at both times and significantly negatively correlated with grades.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Factor structure of the Spielberger Anger Expression scales when used with Australian prisoners.

The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory administered to prison inmates has supported the factor structure of the three anger expression scales although this structure has not been verified with Australian participants. Data collected from 397 Western Australian male prisoners produced a factor structure consistent with the scale structure outlined in the 1991 manual. Scale means and standard deviations were similar to those reported for U.S. and Canadian prisoners. It is therefore appropriate to use the standard scoring procedures with Australian male prisoners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Exposure to media violence and bullying at school: mediating influences of anger and contact with delinquent friends.

This study assessed a model of mediating influences of anger and contact with delinquent friends in the relationship between exposure to media violence and bullying at school. Data came from 560 Korean junior high school students who were living with their parents. Analysis indicated that, as hypothesized, exposure to media-portrayed violence was directly associated with bullying at school. Anger and contact with delinquent friends mediated this relationship. In addition, two alternative models were estimated, neither supported by the data, further sustaining the validity of the hypothesized model. Implications and directions for research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Substance use and anger in mid-life women.

The purpose of this research was to examine individual and social network variables that relate to drinking alcohol and utilizing over-the-counter (OTC) medications. The present study sought to expand on the literature by adding modes of anger expression and social network variables as potential explanations of alcohol and OTC use in mid-life women. Secondary analyses were conducted on data from 87 mid-life women who were participating in a longitudinal study of health. Both alcohol and OTC users reported higher anger symptomatology than nonusers and had different profiles in terms of education and age. Social network variables were unrelated to substance use. Implications for intervention strategies and future research were discussed.

Adult↗