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PubMed1990

Victor Horsley, John Marshall, nerve stretching, and the nervi nervorum.

In his early professional life, Victor Horsley was registrar and assistant to Mr. John Marshall, anatomist, surgeon, and president of the Royal College of Surgeons. In helping with the research for the Bradshaw Lecture on Nerve Stretching given by Marshall in 1883, Horsley demonstrated changes in nerve fibers due to mechanical stretching of the sciatic nerve, and he also demonstrated small nerve fibers in the sheaths of peripheral nerves--the so-called nervi nervorum. Marshall attributed the benefits of nerve stretching in sciatica to the interference with these nervi nervorum hitherto considered to exist only in the sheath of the optic nerve.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1984

Marcello Mapighi--a tribute.

Marcello Malpighi was probably the best known member of the faculty at the Medical School of Bologna. He was an anatomist, physiologist, botanist , and an entomologist . It was not until his appearance that the real value of the microscope was appreciated. He studied the embryologic form of the kidney and depicted in drawings how it was modified into the adult. He demonstrated the capillary anastomosis between the arteries and veins which was implicit in William Harvey's writings. He was a physician to Pope Innocent XII. Most historians call him one of the most charming personalities in the history of medicine.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1985

A simple hidden line removal algorithm for serial section reconstruction.

A simple and efficient program for removing the hidden lines from the computer graphics display of a three-dimensional structure has been developed. The algorithm is optimized for serial section reconstruction, that is, for three-dimensional structures composed of a series of stacked planar outlines. Using the algorithm, an anatomist can generate a realistic static picture of a reasonably complex reconstruction in about 20 s on a small laboratory computer.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1996

A reliable method for Golgi staining of retina and brain slices.

Although the classical Golgi method is a powerful means for structural analysis of the brain, it is generally considered to be an unpredictable technique making anatomists wary of using it. Often, even when successful staining has occurred, deposits of silver chromate crystals on the surface of the tissue obscure examination. This paper describes a simple procedure for Golgi impregnation of retina and brain slices so that good, even staining is obtained and crystal formation is avoided. The most outstanding feature of the method is the consistency of results. This consistency is due to two factors: (1) the accurate determination of the optimal chromation by measuring the rise of pH in the solutions and (2) the uniform penetration of dichromate and silver nitrate to the specimen by using a freely hanging, sandwiching technique. We suggest that the method described here can be applied to other parts of the nervous system and will be a reliable way to identify and better classify new cell types.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Lodewijk Bolk and the comparative anatomy of the cerebellum.

The cerebellum of mammals is histologically uniform, but it varies greatly in the relative size of its different parts. The Dutch anatomist Lodewijk Bolk studied a large series of mammalian cerebella, and put forward a general scheme of organization that can be applied to all mammals. Bolk also speculated about the functional role of different regions of the cerebellum, based on the idea that there might be a single somatotopically organized representation of the body surface on the cerebellar cortex. Although his idea of a single map is wrong, Bolk's anatomical descriptions are thorough, and his insights are profound. These descriptions formed the basis for much subsequent thinking about the structure of the cerebellum.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1984

The surgical significance of the atrial branches of the coronary arteries.

The great number of open heart operations now performed via the right atrium, makes knowledge of the arrangement of the atrial arteries, particularly the sinus node artery, every important for the surgeon. Although studied by anatomists, little attention has been paid to the surgical significance of these arteries. We have therefore examined the distribution of the right atrial arteries and the course of the sinus node artery in 50 normal adult hearts by classic dissection following, in 30 cases, postmortem angiographic studies. Two major arteries of the right atrium were found to be nearly constant. The anterior artery was present in 96% of the cases and supplied the sinus node artery in 32 cases. Of most surgical significance was the lateral artery found in 90% of the cases. This lateral artery was the principal artery to the free atrial wall and in one case gave rise to the sinus node artery. The well-established preponderance of origin of the sinus node artery from the right coronary system (66%) as opposed to the left (30%) was confirmed. Infrequently, a double supply (4%) was seen. Variability was found in the course of the nodal artery relative to the cavoatrial junction - precaval (58%), retrocaval (36%) or encircling (6%).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Valsalva's contribution to otology.

Valsalva's life as anatomist, physician, and surgeon of the late XVIIth century is surveyed. The second edition of the "Morgagni" version of Valsalva's Treatise on the Human Ear, published in 1741, is considered in relation to the work of his predecessors, the scientific milieu of his time, and his influence on the development of modern otology.

History, 17th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new method for representing the human anatomy.

In current practice, anatomical atlases are based on a collection of planar images presented in a book or, recently, stored on digital media. We present a new method for generating interactive true three-dimensional (3D) anatomical atlases based on a volume model derived from MRI and CT. The model has a two layer structure. The lower level is a volume model with a set of semantic attributes connected to each voxel. The semantic attributes are assigned by an anatomist using a volume editor. The upper level is a set of relations between these attributes. Interactive visualization tools such as multiple surface display, transparent rendering, and cutting are provided. It is shown that the combination of this data structure with advanced volume visualization tools provides the "look and feel" of real dissection. First tests show that the atlas system cannot only be used successfully for anatomy teaching, but also as a reference for radiologists or surgeons. As a replacement of classical atlases, however, the spatial resolution has still to be improved.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2005

Attic perfection in anatomy: Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697-1770) and Samuel Thomas Soemmerring (1755-1830).

In Albrecht von Haller's history of anatomy (1777), the period of "Anatomes perfectio" starts with Bernhard Siegfried Albinus. This great anatomist from Leyden was convinced of his concept of a "homo perfectus", an ideal which was rooted in philosophy and which he attempted to bring to life in anatomical illustration through a synthesis of objectivity, symmetry and vitality. Over a generation later, this pursuit of perfection stood as a model for Samuel Thomas Soemmerring who strove to emulate Albinus in his own illustrations and text books. Rejecting the naturalistic alternative, he followed Albinus in attempting to visualize the ideal and invariable norm in anatomy--which in his eyes corresponded to ideal beauty--in such a way that all parts of the body were depicted as though they were alive. This classical approach to what Soemmerring called attic perfection in anatomy aimed at a unity stemming from both science and art. While he admired it in Albinus' atlases and writings, the term may be applied to his own works as well. In my article, these aspects are discussed against the background of the alternative naturalistic style in anatomy as championed by Govard Bidloo, Albrecht von Haller and William Hunter.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

Teaching methods in anatomy courses in North American medical schools the role of radiology.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the current and anticipated future status of anatomy education in medical schools in North America, with particular emphasis on the role of radiologists and imaging in the curriculum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Web-based survey was sent to all schools identified using the AAMC Web site to find e-mail addresses for deans and course directors. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from approximately 50% of schools. Most courses are taught over a semester, and most are directed by anatomists. Only one is directed by a radiologist. Dissection is still the major teaching method, with radiologic anatomy averaging about 5% of total teaching time. Most directors anticipate a decrease in teaching time over the next 5 years and an increase in use of digital methods and teaching of radiologic anatomy. CONCLUSION: The role of radiologists will probably increase in future teaching of anatomy.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

Eisler and his pocket.

PURPOSE: To identify the original description of the anatomical structure referred to as "Eisler's pocket." DESIGN: Historical review. METHODS: Review of published reports. RESULTS: Contemporary reports cite a 1963 textbook by an American author as the source of the term "Eisler's pocket." The original description by Eisler appears in a multivolume manual of ophthalmology published in Germany in 1930. CONCLUSION: Paul Eisler was a skilled anatomist who contributed to the extensive body of scholarly work originating in Germany in the early 20th century.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2005

Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 4: the professionalization of orthodontics (concluded).

Angle's legacy was assured when his disciples, both in the United States and abroad, boarded the joiners' bandwagon. The first 2 cornerstones of the professional pyramid were laid (education and organization), and the specialty began to pour the third cornerstone: orthodontic literature. Anthropologists, anatomists, histologists, and health professionals laid the foundation for the study of craniofacial growth.

Europe↗
PubMed2006

Human fetal growth and organ development: 50 years of discoveries.

Knowledge about human fetal growth and organ development has greatly developed in the last 50 years. Anatomists and physiologists had already described some crucial aspects, for example, the circulation of blood during intrauterine life through the fetal heart, the liver as well as the placenta. However, only in the last century physiologic studies were performed in animal models. In the human fetus, the introduction of ultrasound and Doppler velocimetry has provided data about the growth and development of the fetus and of the circulation through the different fetal districts. Moreover, in the last 2 decades we have learned about fetal oxygenation and fetal nutrient supply caused by the availability of fetal blood samples obtained under relatively steady state conditions. These studies, together with studies using stable isotope methodologies, have clarified some aspects of the supply of the major nutrients for the fetus such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. At the same time, the relevance of placental function has been recognized as a major determinant of fetal diseases leading to intrauterine growth restriction. More recently, the availability of new tools such as 3-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, have made possible the evaluation of the growth and development of fetal organs. This knowledge in the healthy fetus will improve the ability of clinicians to recognize abnormal phenotypes of the different fetal organs, thus allowing to stage fetal diseases.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Diaphragm needle placement techniques evaluated in cadaveric specimens.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safest and most accurate method of diaphragm needle placement for electromyography. DESIGN: Single blinded study. SETTING: University anatomy laboratory. CADAVERS: Five cadavers. INTERVENTIONS: Needle placement in the diaphragm by an American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine physician, blinded dissection by a doctoral candidate anatomist. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Accurate needle placement in the diaphragm, proximity or penetration of organs, vessels, or nerves, defined as cautions (proximity) and dangers (penetration). RESULTS: The anterior axillary approach was most accurate at the above-the-seventh and eighth-rib locations. The risk of dangers of needle placement in the diaphragm was greater on the right than left side. CONCLUSIONS: Needle placement in the diaphragm is safe and most accurate at the anterior axillary line superior to the eighth rib. If the side of needle placement does not matter for the study being done, the left side should be chosen because it leads to a lower risk of danger to the patient.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2004

Elucidating the functional anatomy of secondary lymphoid organs.

Functional anatomy offers an attempt to exploit anatomical information as a platform from which to decipher mechanistic details of complex or multistep immunological processes. Immune function depends on structural organization, therefore this approach contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the immune system. Major advances in functional anatomy require progress in both experimental techniques and analytical equipment - largely synonymous to refinement of the anatomist's favorite tool, the microscope. Here, we describe how currently available techniques co-operate to gain new insights into the biology of secondary lymphoid organs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Wilhelm His Jr. (1863-1934)--the man behind the bundle.

Wilhelm His Jr. (1863-1934) was a Swiss-born cardiologist and anatomist. In 1893, he discovered the bundle of His-the specialized tissue in the heart that transmits the electrical impulses and helps synchronize contraction. He pioneered studies in cardiac conduction and coined the term "heart block," which he identified as the cause of Adams-Stokes disease. He was a professor of medicine at the University of Berlin, became the dean of medicine in 1918 and in 1928 was elected rector of the University of Berlin. Through his long clinical and teaching career he became better known for his work on gout and diseases of the joints. "Trench fever," or Werner-His disease, was also named after him. This report presents the life and work of Wilhelm His Jr., who was described by his colleagues as "a master of his profession, a great physician, investigator, and a well cultured gentleman."

Bundle of His↗
PubMed2005

Evolution of the theory of circulation.

The first known descriptions regarding the basic aspects of circulation was probably in 500 B.C., by the Greek thinker Alcmaeon of Croton who observed arteries and veins to be dissimilar in animal dissection, and this was followed by the description of the human heart as a three chambered organ by Aristotle in 350 B.C. Herophilus of Chalcedon, a Greek anatomist, confirmed the findings of dissimilarity between arteries and veins in human cadaver dissections in 300 B.C., and determines that arteries were thicker than veins and contained blood. The advancement by far in the learning of human circulation was made possible first by significant contribution of Galen followed by observations of Ibn al-Nafis, Servetus, Colombo, Cesalpino, Vesalius and Fabricius. In 17th century William Harvey, an English physician, made important advancements into the understanding of this important area of medicine, advancements that continued with the observations of Malpighi.

Blood Circulation↗
PubMed2003

OQAFMA Querying agent for the Foundational Model of Anatomy: a prototype for providing flexible and efficient access to large semantic networks.

The development of large semantic networks, such as the UMLS, which are intended to support a variety of applications, requires a flexible and efficient query interface for the extraction of information. Using one of the source vocabularies of UMLS as a test bed, we have developed such a prototype query interface. We first identify common classes of queries needed by applications that access these semantic networks. Next, we survey StruQL, an existing query language that we adopted, which supports all of these classes of queries. We then describe the OQAFMA Querying Agent for the Foundational Model of Anatomy (OQAFMA), which provides an efficient implementation of a subset of StruQL by pre-computing a variety of indices. We describe how OQAFMA leverages database optimization by converting StruQL queries to SQL. We evaluate the flexibility and efficiency of our implementation using English queries written by anatomists. This evaluation verifies that OQAFMA provides flexible, efficient access to one such large semantic network, the Foundational Model of Anatomy, and suggests that OQAFMA could be an efficient query interface to other large biomedical knowledge bases, such as the Unified Medical Language System.

Abstracting and Indexing↗