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PubMed1999

Increased levels of soluble CD14 in sera of periodontitis patients.

Soluble CD14 (sCD14) mediates the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cells lacking membrane-bound CD14. We determined sCD14 concentrations in the sera of 38 periodontitis patients and 25 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The sCD14 levels in the sera of patients with periodontitis were significantly higher than those of healthy subjects and decreased after treatment. Enhanced levels of sCD14 in serum may contribute to the host response to LPS in periodontitis. Furthermore, we showed in vitro that addition of LPS enhanced the release of sCD14 by monoblastic U937 cells treated with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Thus, increased sCD14 levels in periodontitis patients may be due to chronic exposure to LPS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

External resorption associated with tooth eruption.

A case is presented with severe resorption on the mesial root of the mandibular first permanent molar in a patient with Juvenile Periodontitis. The follicle of the bicuspid is seen in contact with mesial root of the molar.

Aggressive Periodontitis↗
PubMed1983

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal disease. Prevalence in patient groups and distribution of biotypes and serotypes within families.

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative oral bacterium which has been implicated in the etiology of localized juvenile periodontitis. In this study, 403 subjects from four study groups were examined for A actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival dental plaque. Samples pooled from at least six periodontal sites were included from each subject. A actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 28 of 29 localized juvenile periodontitis patients but in only 15% of the other subjects including 28 of 134 adult periodontitis patients, 24 of 142 periodontally healthy subjects and 5 of 98 insulin dependent juvenile diabetics with varying degrees of gingivitis. A actinomycetemcomitans isolates from members of five families with localized juvenile periodontitis patients were biotyped on the basis of variable fermentation of dextrin, maltose, mannitol and xylose and serotyped by indirect immunofluorescence using serotype specific rabbit antisera. Individuals within a family all harbored A actinomycetemcomitans of the same biotype and serotype. However, even in families with individuals heavily infected with A actinomycetemcomitans, some family members did not appear to be infected with the organism. The apparent poor transmissibility of A actinomycetemcomitans between individuals may, in part, explain the overall low prevalence of localized juvenile periodontitis and the familial pattern of the disease. The high prevalence of A actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival plaque of localized juvenile periodontitis patients, compared to the much lower prevalence in other patient groups, supports the hypothesis that A actinomycetemcomitans is an etiologic agent in this periodontal disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1985

Reaction of human sera from juvenile periodontitis, rapidly progressive periodontitis, and adult periodontitis patients with selected periodontopathogens.

The levels of serum antibody reactive to selected periodontopathogens were determined in 182 clinically characterized patients: 35 healthy control, 50 juvenile periodontitis, 42 adult periodontitis and 55 rapidly progressive periodontitis. Reactive antibody levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with whole cell preparations of Bacteroides gingivalis, Capnocytophaga (Bacteroides) ochraceus, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Y-4) serving as antigens. Increased reactivity to B. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was observed in all three disease groups studied while antibody reactive to A. actinomycetemcomitans was increased in juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis. Antibody levels reactive to C. ochraceus in healthy subjects did not differ from those observed in any disease patient groups. Possible implications in the etiology and progression of the diseases coupled with environmental changes which occur in the econiche of the periodontal pocket are described.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1987

Relationship of serum antibody to attachment level patterns in young adults with juvenile periodontitis or generalized severe periodontitis.

The goal of this study was to relate attachment loss patterns in early onset periodontitis subjects (juvenile periodontitis n = 47 and severe (generalized) periodontitis n = 52) with antibody reactivities to 25 bacterial strains which were suspected periodontal pathogens. The 25 antibody reactivities were screened by correlation analysis. Eleven strains were found to be significantly related to attachment loss. Using these 11 reactivities, stepwise multiple linear regression with plaque and age as covariates was used to further relate the reactivities within each subject group. Plaque was significantly related to the number of teeth with slight, moderate, or severe attachment loss. A significant inverse relationship was found between antibody reactivity with Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 and the number of teeth having slight or moderate attachment loss. Similarly a significant inverse relationship between antibody reactivity with Bacteroides gingivalis and the number of teeth having moderate or severe attachment loss was found. The inverse relationship between the two antibody reactivities and attachment loss patterns were independent of the positive relationship of plaque. These relationships suggest that the failure to mount a substantial antibody response to these organisms leads to greater and more widespread periodontal disease in early onset periodontitis subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

One-stage full-mouth disinfection. Long-term microbiological results analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies reported significant, additional clinical and microbiological improvements when severe adult periodontitis was treated via the one-stage full-mouth (OSFM) disinfection approach, instead of a standard treatment scheme with staged instrumentation per quadrant. The OSFM disinfection involves dealing with the remaining oropharyngeal niches such as tonsils, saliva, tongue, and mucosa. The OSFM disinfection procedure involves scaling and root planing of all pockets within 24 hours in combination with chlorhexidine application to all oropharyngeal niches (chairside and at home for 2 months). This study aimed to compare the microbiological shifts with the OSFM approach versus standard therapy. METHODS: Nineteen patients with advanced chronic periodontitis (AP) and 12 patients with early-onset periodontitis (EOP) were randomly assigned to the test and control groups. The control group (9 AP patients, 6 EOP patients) was scaled and root planed, per quadrant, with 2-week intervals. The test group (10 AP patients and 6 EOP patients) underwent OSFM disinfection treatment. At baseline and after 2, 4, and 8 months, pooled subgingival plaque samples were taken from single- and multi-rooted teeth. The presence and levels of 30 subgingival taxa were determined using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS: Both treatments resulted in important reductions of the pathogenic species up to 8 months after therapy, both for their detection level and frequency. The OSFM disinfection resulted in an additional improvement, especially in the AP group. P. gingivalis and B. forsythus were reduced below detection level. The number of beneficial species remained nearly unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The OSFM disinfection results in supplementary reductions of periodontal pathogens even after 8 months in the treatment of patients with advanced or early-onset periodontitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Eikenella corrodens in subgingival plaque: relationship to age and periodontal condition.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of Eikenella corrodens (E. corrodens) in subgingival plaque in different age and periodontitis groups and to examine whether its presence is related to periodontal diseases. METHODS: A total of 273 subgingival plaque samples from 213 periodontitis patients and 60 healthy subjects were assessed. Smears from each plaque sample were made and E. corrodens was detected by means of indirect immunofluorescent technique. Mean percentage of E. corrodens per total bacteria (distribution) was calculated in each sample. The prevalence (% of positive samples) and distribution of E. corrodens were statistically analyzed based on age or diagnosis by means of Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Prevalence of E. corrodens decreased by age in the healthy control group; however, prevalence did not change in periodontitis groups. Distribution of E. corrodens was highest in juvenile periodontitis (JP) (2.3 +/- 1.5%) followed by post-JP (1.7 +/- 2.1%), prepubertal periodontitis (1.4 +/- 1.1%), rapidly progressive periodontitis (0.8 +/- 0.7%), adult periodontitis (0.7 +/- 0.6%), and healthy subjects (0.3 +/- 0.3%) (ANOVA, P<0.0001). The <20-year-old age group with periodontitis showed the highest distribution of E. corrodens (2.2 +/- 1.6%) compared to the older age groups who were either healthy or had periodontitis (ANOVA, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Since the distribution of E. corrodens is significantly higher in JP, post-JP, and PP, E. corrodens might play an important role in the occurrence or progression of periodontitis in young patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Role of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human infection].

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (AA), is a cocobacillus thin and small, non motile, uncapsulate and capnophilic. AA, is: one of the species encountered in the mouth's comensal flora being able to be isolated in gingival crevices culture and oral mucosa in a 20% of the healthy population. An important number of pathogenic factors make it well equipped, to protect itself from host's defense mechanisms, and to destroy the periodontal tissue. Between the most important we find lipopolisacarides and leucotoxines which promote tisular invasion and destructive qualities of this microorganism. Since 1912, there are numerous reports of infectious process associated to it, between which we find: endocarditis in native and prothesic valve, soft tissues abscess, pneumonia, brain's abscess, urethritis, vertebral osteomielitis, thyroid's abscess, pericarditis and periodontal juvenile illness, being this one in which its isolation is more frequent. In vitro, AA is very susceptible to tetracicline. This antibiotic reaches high concentrations in gingival crevices, has significant affinity to the alveolar bone and contributes to protect the collagen. These special feature make them the election drug in periodontal disease produced by this microorganism.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1988

Antimicrobial agents in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.

It has been estimated that there are more than 400 diseases affecting the oral cavity. In terms of prevalence, however, the major public health problems are caries and periodontal disease. Although these two destructive entities are completely different in many respects, they share a common denominator: the initial lesions are brought about by an aggregate of bacteria known as plaque. This article discusses chemical control of plaque in the treatment of gingivitis and antimicrobial control of subgingival plaque in the treatment of periodontitis. The authors address the use of antibiotics in the treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis, the ideal properties of antiplaque agents, and adjunctive subgingival application of antimicrobial agents.

Aggressive Periodontitis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Localized juvenile periodontitis of the primary dentition.

A case report of an 8-year-old Caucasian boy with localized juvenile periodontitis affecting the primary dentition is described. A method of culturing for A. actinomycetemcomitans, frequently associated with localized juvenile periodontitis, was used to support the diagnosis.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1994

Lack of evidence for hypophosphatasia as a factor in the pathogenesis of early-onset periodontitis.

Hypophosphatasia, an inheritable metabolic disorder affecting calcification, has been shown to have various oral manifestations. Recently, it was suggested that it may serve as a predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of early-onset periodontitis. The present study was designed to examine the frequency of hypophosphatasia among patients with juvenile periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis. Eighteen patients, nine females and nine males (age 19-37 years, mean 23.2 years), were included in this study. Venous blood and urinary samples were collected and assayed for alkaline phosphatase and urinary phosphoethanolamine. Mean alkaline phosphatase levels (109 +/- 35 IU/L) were within the normal limits for all patients except one who exhibited slightly lower than normal values. Urinary phosphoethanolamine, a typical marker of hypophosphatasia, was absent from all specimens, which rules out the possible diagnosis of such disorder in these patients. Until more information is available, the role of hypophosphatasia as a predisposing factor in early-onset periodontitis is yet to be established.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The effects of periodontal therapy on serum antibody levels to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis (part II).

Levels of IgG and IgM antibodies were estimated against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 17 patients with juvenile periodontitis, 15 with adult periodontitis and 24 healthy controls at the beginning of treatment and 3 to 8 months after periodontal therapy. After treatment, antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans and P.gingivalis had decreased in patients, but the levels were still significantly higher than in healthy controls. Whether or not an of antibody level against a specific bacteria changes after periodontal treatment is however, still debatable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Phenotypic analyses of mononuclear cells recovered from healthy and diseased human periodontal tissues.

Mononuclear cells were recovered from the gingival tissues of normal individuals and from patients with periodontal disease. Lymphocyte phenotypic markers were identified by immunofluorescence after reaction with monoclonal antibodies to T-cell subset markers. The normal tissues exhibited T4/T8 ratios almost identical to those in the peripheral blood. The diseased tissue cell ratios were significantly reduced, in both the adult periodontitis and the juvenile periodontitis groups (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively), indicating alterations in the T-cell subset distribution in these tissues. Each diseased patient showed a much decreased T4/T8 ratio in the gingival lymphocytes when these were compared with the peripheral blood ratio from the same patient. The T4/T8 ratios of the more severe sites were significantly lower than those of the less severe sites in the same disease category. The decreases in subset ratios could be attributed to statistically significant reductions in T4+-lymphocyte recoveries relative to peripheral blood and also to slight relative increases in T8+ lymphocytes. A highly significant (P less than 0.001) correlation between the average probeable periodontal pocket depth and the T4/T8 ratio of each disease category was demonstrated. The relative recoveries of B cells from the various tissues did not differ between diseased and normal tissues. It is suggested that T-cell regulatory expression in gingival tissues is distinct from peripheral blood regulatory expression and that there is a local immunoregulatory imbalance in periodontal disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte 15-lipoxygenase activity in juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis.

15-lipoxygenase activity was investigated in sonicated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) from patients with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis and adult periodontitis. The group with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis had 17 patients (6 male, 11 female, mean age 27.4 years), and the age matched control group had 18 normal individuals (11 male, 7 female, mean age 26.3 years). The group with adult periodontitis had 14 patients with 9 male, 5 female, mean age 45.2 years and the age-matched control group had 6 normal subjects with 5 male, 1 female, mean age 43.7 years. 15-hydroxyeicosa-tetraenoic acid (15-HETE) synthesized in the group with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis was 0.219 +/- 0.102 ng/mg protein (mean +/- S.D.), while it was 0.410 +/- 0.138 ng/mg protein in the age-matched control group. There was a significant difference between the two groups. The group with adult periodontitis produced 0.358 +/- 0.124 ng/mg protein and the age matched control group produced 0.448 +/- 0.176 ng/mg protein (no significant difference). These results are relevant to reports that PMNLs of patients with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis have abnormal functions, while those of patients with adult periodontitis are normal.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗
PubMed1992

Enterococci in human periodontitis.

Enterococci are potential pathogens in many human body sites. This study determined the subgingival occurrence and the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci in 100 persons with early-onset periodontitis and 545 persons with advanced adult periodontitis. Subgingival microbial samples were collected with paper points, transported in VMGA III and plated onto anaerobic enriched brucella blood agar or selective Enterococcosel agar (BBL Microbiology Systems). Enterococcal speciation was performed using commercial micromethod kit systems. In vitro sensitivity was determined using a commercial kit system and an agar dilution assay. Subgingival enterococci occurred in 1% of early-onset periodontitis patients and in approximately 5% of adult periodontitis patients. Enterococcus faecalis was the only enterococcal species recovered, and all but one isolate belonged to the same biotype. In vitro antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed subgingival enterococci resistant to therapeutic levels of penicillin G, tetracycline, clindamycin and metronidazole, but relatively sensitive to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate (Augmentin). Enterococci may populate periodontal pockets as superinfecting organisms and, in heavily infected patients, may contribute to periodontal breakdown.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Rapid evaluation of serum and gingival crevicular fluid immunoglobulin G subclass antibody levels in patients with early-onset periodontitis using checkerboard immunoblotting.

A method was developed to evaluate the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass (1-4) antibody to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, serotype b (strain Y4) in patients with early-onset periodontitis on a single nitrocellulose membrane. Sera from 30 early-onset periodontitis patients and gingival crevicular fluid samples from 2 patients were collected and tested with four different preparations of A. actinomycetemcomitans (Y4). The principle steps of the assay are: a) binding of the bacterial antigen (Y4) and the anti-human IgG antibody (capture antibody) in parallel lanes on nitrocellulose membranes; b) incubation of known concentrations of the IgG subclasses 1, 2, 3 and 4, as well as a dilution of serum and/or gingival crevicular fluid from patients in lanes perpendicular to the antigen lanes; c) incubation of the membranes with the corresponding peroxidase conjugated anti-human IgG subclass secondary antibody; d) detection of positive signals by enhanced chemiluminescence. The blots were evaluated by visual comparison to a series of blots containing known concentrations of IgG subclasses. The method was used to rapidly screen a relatively large number of patient sera and gingival crevicular fluid samples for IgG subclasses in a cost-effective assay. The predominant IgG subclass found in early-onset periodontitis was IgG2.

Adolescent↗