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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Oxidation of the meso-methylmesoheme regioisomers by heme oxygenase. Electronic control of the reaction regiospecificity.

The oxidation of heme by heme oxygenase (HO-1) results in highly regiospecific extrusion of the alpha-meso-carbon as CO and the formation of biliverdin IXalpha. The first step in the accepted mechanism for this process is alpha-meso-hydroxylation of the heme. To define further the reaction mechanism, the oxidations of the four isomers of meso-methylmesoheme by human truncated HO-1 supported by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, H2O2, or ascorbate have been examined. Surprisingly, the results establish that (a) HO-1 can oxidize an alpha-meso-methyl-substituted heme to biliverdin IXalpha without proceeding via the alpha-meso-hydroxy intermediate; (b) the normal HO-1 alpha-regiospecificity is inverted in favor of the substituted gamma-position by introduction of a gamma-meso methyl group; and (c) the beta- and delta-meso-methylmesohemes are oxidized less regiospecifically to mixtures of methyl-substituted and -unsubstituted mesobiliverdins. The results indicate that electronic rather than steric effects primarily control the regiospecificity of heme cleavage by HO-1.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1996

A survey of heparin monitoring in Australasia.

Full dose heparin therapy is monitored by a variety of laboratory methods, of which the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is the most popular. A large number of APTT reagents are currently available, with different sensitivities to heparin evident in many. Within the literature it is apparent that there is a lack of consensus, and indeed some confusion, regarding the therapeutic ranges for the APTT for standard heparin therapy in the treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. Accordingly we conducted an Australasian survey to evaluate current laboratory and clinical practices in monitoring heparin therapy, to determine the extent of variation in the approach and to stimulate the process of standardisation of acceptable procedures and methodology. Results of the survey demonstrate that currently there is no uniform practice used to establish therapeutic ranges for monitoring standard heparin therapy. Furthermore, results suggest that current practice may lead to subtherapeutic anticoagulation in many laboratories.

Australia↗
PubMed2000

Pesticide residue variability--implications for Codex MRLs and world trade.

A number of developments have taken place in addressing consumer risk to pesticide residues. Progress is being made to harmonize an international database to allow short exposure assessments to be carried out on a routine basis and a number of initiatives have been arranged to support this process. Since Codex Alimentarius Commission has adopted these proposals, they will become an integral part of the process for assessing and accepting Codex MRLs in the future.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed1987

Professions, families, and control in the management of the cadaver organ donor.

In times of medical crisis, control over the treatment process is vested with the patient's attending physician. The role of the other members of the treatment team is clearly supporting of the physician while the patient's family exercises little or no influence over the treatment process. In certain "rare" events, the traditional roles are suspended and control of the process is, at lest temporarily, shifted to an outside group of health professionals. The process of cadaver organ donor donation is presented as an example of the suspension of traditional role responsibilities and the delegation of control to an external agent. Through direct observation of role interaction, in-depth interviews with medical personnel and a survey of critical care nurses, this process of shift in control is examined. Although the issues of time and the locus of control serve to constrain this process, the decision to accept or decline the request for organ donation ultimately lies with the patient's family. Under these rare circumstances, the family is asked to suspend their beliefs regarding life and death in favor of a new set of norms introduced by this external agent.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed1957

Entrance of water into human red cells under an osmotic pressure gradient.

A new technique to determine the rate of water passage through the membrane of the human erythrocyte under an osmotic gradient has been developed. It utilizes a rapid mixing apparatus of the Hartridge-Roughton type which permits measurements at short intervals after the reaction has begun. This is coupled with a light-scattering device of new design which permits the determination of very small changes in volume of the cells without disturbing them. With this technique it was possible to measure the change in volume of freshly drawn human erythrocytes after about 50, 100, 155, and 215 msec. of exposure to anisotonic media. The experimental curves were compared with theoretical curves derived from accepted equations for the process and a permeability coefficient of 0.23 +/- 0.03 (cm.(4)/osm., sec.) was obtained.

Aquaporins↗
PubMed2003

A women's scientific society in the west. The late eighteenth-century assimilation of science.

The Natuurkundig Genootschap der Dames (Women's Society for Natural Knowledge), formally established by and for women, met regularly from 1785 to 1881 and sporadically until 1887. It challenges our stereotypes both of women and the physical sciences during the eighteenth century and of the intellectual interests open to women in the early European republics. This essay aims not simply to identify the society and its members but to describe their pursuits and consider what their story adds to the history of Western science. What does this society's existence tell us about the relationship between women and early science in general and about science and society in the Dutch setting in particular? Science and gender look rather different when observed through the activities of the immensely prosperous women of Middelburg, citizens of one of the most highly literate Western countries. The elite lives of the first-generation members of the women's society also offer us a glimpse into the early domestication of science, a process vital to its acceptance and assimilation.

Female↗
PubMed2005

The three-dimensional scintillation dosimetry method: test for a 106Ru eye plaque applicator.

The need for fast, accurate and high resolution dosimetric quality assurance in radiation therapy has been outpacing the development of new and improved 2D and 3D dosimetry techniques. This paper summarizes the efforts to create a novel and potentially very fast, 3D dosimetry method based on the observation of scintillation light from an irradiated liquid scintillator volume serving simultaneously as a phantom material and as a dose detector medium. The method, named three-dimensional scintillation dosimetry (3DSD), uses visible light images of the liquid scintillator volume at multiple angles and applies a tomographic algorithm to a series of these images to reconstruct the scintillation light emission density in each voxel of the volume. It is based on the hypothesis that with careful design and data processing, one can achieve acceptable proportionality between the local light emission density and the locally absorbed dose. The method is applied to a Ru-106 eye plaque immersed in a 16.4 cm3 liquid scintillator volume and the reconstructed 3D dose map is compared along selected profiles and planes with radiochromic film and diode measurements. The comparison indicates that the 3DSD method agrees, within 25% for most points or within approximately 2 mm distance to agreement, with the relative radiochromic film and diode dose distributions in a small (approximately 4.5 mm high and approximately 12 mm diameter) volume in the unobstructed, high gradient dose region outside the edge of the plaque. For a comparison, the reproducibility of the radiochromic film results for our measurements ranges from 10 to 15% within this volume. At present, the 3DSD method is not accurate close to the edge of the plaque, and further than approximately 10 mm (<10% central axis depth dose) from the plaque surface. Improvement strategies, considered important to provide a more accurate quick check of the dose profiles in 3D for brachytherapy applicators, are discussed.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed1999

Methylation profiling of CpG islands in human breast cancer cells.

CpG island hypermethylation is known to be associated with gene silencing in cancer. This epigenetic event is generally accepted as a stochastic process in tumor cells resulting from aberrant DNA methyltransferase (DNA-MTase) activities. Specific patterns of CpG island methylation could result from clonal selection of cells having growth advantages due to silencing of associated tumor suppressor genes. Alternatively, methylation patterns may be determined by other, as yet unidentified factors. To explore further the underlying mechanisms, we developed a novel array-based method, called differential methylation hybridization (DMH), which allows a genome-wide screening of hypermethylated CpG islands in tumor cells. DMH was used to determine the methylation status of >276 CpG island loci in a group of breast cancer cell lines. Between 5 and 14% of these loci were hypermethylated extensively in these cells relative to a normal control. Pattern analysis of 30 positive loci by Southern hybridization indicated that CpG islands might differ in their susceptibility to hypermethylation. Loci exhibiting pre-existing methylation in normal controls were more susceptible to de novo methylation in these cancer cells than loci without this condition. In addition, these cell lines exhibited different intrinsic abilities to methylate CpG islands not directly associated with methyltransferase activities. Our study provides evidence that, aside from random DNA-MTase action, additional cellular factors exist that govern aberrant methylation in breast cancer cells.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Statistical analysis of DNA sequencing data (1): accuracy test of DNA data by partial re-sequencing.

To qualify DNA data, we have developed a statistical method of deciding whether the DNA data has an acceptable accuracy in sequencing process. The method is to test the probability of sequencing errors, based on partial re-sequencing. The method was successfully applied to a yeast mitochondrial DNA which is previously sequenced (1). The analysis indicates that the entire sequence is very accurate although we found one base change error on the ND1 gene sequence data by a partial re-sampling. This method is applicable to any DNA data.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1992

The crisis in osteopathic medicine.

During the last 30 years the osteopathic profession has undergone a remarkable transformation from osteopathy, characterized by manipulative therapy, to osteopathic medicine, characterized by full-service health care, and in the process it has won acceptance from the government, the military, and physicians. These changes in status have resulted in new problems for the profession, because D.O. graduates are turning increasingly toward M.D. programs for residency training, and osteopathic medicine's primary care orientation is being replaced by an emphasis on specialty training. The authors advocate that osteopathic medicine return to its original mission of primary care, abandon specialty training or restrict it to those who have completed primary care residencies, abolish its separate-but-equal posture, and establish lines of communication with allopathic medicine and the American Medical Association to facilitate the development of a rational national policy for primary care that considers the potential osteopathy has to offer in meeting the nation's primary care needs.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1993

An overview of the uses of standardized patients for teaching and evaluating clinical skills. AAMC.

The author defines the term standardized patient (SP), the umbrella term for both a simulated patient (a well person trained to simulate a patient's illness in a standardized way) and an actual patient (who is trained to present his or her own illness in a standardized way). He first discusses the many values of simulated patients over actual patients as teaching and assessment tools in the classroom and refutes a few myths about the use of SPs. Then he recounts the origin and development of SPs over a three-decade period, beginning with his work as a neurologist at the Los Angeles County Hospital, where he trained a model from the art department to simulate a neurological patient and assist in the assessment of clinical clerks. He then describes additional roles of SPs that have developed, including: (1) their use in the Clinical Practice Examination created at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine and (2) the major use that has come into being over the last 10-15 years; facilitating the comprehensive assessment of clinical competence using multiple stations in examinations such as the objective structured clinical examination. He concludes with information about recent and current work on SPs, who are becoming more and more accepted in the assessment process, and urges skeptics not to make judgments about the value of SPs until they have experienced the technique firsthand and reviewed the literature concerning the extensive and often high-quality research about this assessment tool.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1988

Contrast-carrying liposomes. Current status.

The goal of recent research has been to encapsulate standard, water-soluble radiographic contrast media (RCM) into liposomes, in order to direct them to reticuloendothelial tissues. Toward this end several varieties of contrast-carrying liposomes (CCLs) have been prepared. Each of these has proven effective in opacifying the liver and spleen of animals on computed tomography (CT). The suitability of two new encapsulation techniques: (1) Microemulsification (MELs), and (2) Dehydration Rehydration Vesicles (DRVs), for CCL production has been explored recently. Each of these two new preparative techniques were valuable in the effort to "scale-up" the CCL production process, leading to "pharmaceutically acceptable" preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Cost control and physicians: an examination of attitudes and behavioral expectations.

In 1977, a Committee of the Maine Legislature considered a proposal to include physicians' offices in the Certificate of Need (CON) process. Ultimately, the Committee accepted the Maine Medical Association position and rejected the proposal. A survey was conducted of physicians of Cumberland County, Maine, to determine their attitudes toward the proposal. Questionnaires were sent out concurrently with the legislative debate; 163 were completed (55 per cent). Results indicated that there was not unanimous support of the Maine Medical Association position. Twenty-three per cent of the respondents favored the proposal. The older, more conservative physicians tended to be against the proposal. Behavioral expectations were measured by asking physicians what they would do if the CON proposal was implemented. Nine per cent of the physicians indicated that they would alter their practice in a manner that would have an adverse effect on the availability of care if the CON proposal was implemented. Cross-tabulations revealed that most of those who would alter their practices were close to retirement age. Thus, we can conclude that passage of the proposal would not have had an especially adverse effect upon the availability of care in Maine.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Ullrich-Hodge Alternative Therapy Assessment Model. Teaching students to evaluate patients for use, motivation, and risks.

Americans are increasingly turning to complementary and alternative medical therapies as a way of maintaining or improving their health. As with other treatment modalities, nurses have a responsibility to implement the nursing process as it relates to the use of alternative therapies. This article introduces a model for identifying patients who use alternative therapies and evaluating their knowledge base, motivation, and degree of risk.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed2002

Quality of life in patients with malignant melanoma participating in a phase I trial of an autologous tumour-derived vaccine.

Quality of life (QOL) plays an increasingly important role in the decision-making process and the ultimate acceptability of particular treatments for patients. We prospectively examined QOL in patients with advanced melanoma treated with surgery followed by heat-shock protein peptide complex 96 (HSPPC-96) vaccine, an active, patient-specific immunotherapy. QOL (the RAND 36-Item Health Survey; SF-36) and cancer-related intrusive thoughts (Impact of Event Scale; IES) were measured at the start of treatment, 3 weeks later on the final day of treatment, and at follow-up 1 month later in 30 patients with stage III or IV malignant melanoma. Mixed model analyses revealed no significant change over time in the SF-36 Physical or Mental Component Summary scores, or the IES scores. In comparisons with other populations, at the 1 month follow-up assessment, melanoma patients reported similar QOL to patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received the same treatment, significantly worse QOL on the physical dimensions and similar QOL on the psychosocial and emotional dimensions compared with the general population, similar QOL to patients with type II diabetes, and significantly better QOL on all three dimensions than patients with congestive heart failure. There was also a significant negative association between IES scores at baseline and mental health scores at each time point ( < 0.002 for all). QOL remained stable during treatment with the HSPPC-96 vaccine. In addition, patients who reported high levels of cancer-related intrusive thoughts at the start of treatment reported worse mental health at the end of the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Is renal function altered in patients with psoriasis vulgaris?--A short review.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with distinct microvascular changes. Although it is generally accepted that the psoriatic process is limited to the skin, it is not excluded that similar vascular lesions might be present in internal organs, such as the kidneys. This review summarizes data on renal function in psoriatic patients who were never treated with the potentially nephrotoxic drugs used for treatment of psoriasis. The limited number of such studies is mainly concentrated on microalbuminuria. Enhanced urinary albumin excretion at the level of microalbuminuria has been found in some psoriatic individuals. All other routine laboratory renal tests were within their normal ranges. As microalbuminuria is regarded as a subclinical marker of glomerular dysfunction, the authors hypothesize that some psoriatic patients may present subclinical glomerular changes. However, kidney histopathology is necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1994

Marketing: a process in health visiting.

A grounded theory study was undertaken to gain insight into the processes underpinning health visiting. It was found that health visitors introduce their services into the client domain via a process constructed in this study as 'marketing'. This process involves different strategies to adjust the content, presentation and distribution of health visiting to the particular client or situation. While the result of this process might also lead to gaining the client's collaboration, two undesirable effects are identified: that of creating dependence on the service and that of perpetuating unfair situations.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2006

Defining bioterrorism preparedness for nurses: concept analysis.

AIM: This paper reports a concept analysis to define the concept of nursing bioterrorism preparedness. BACKGROUND: Nursing bioterrorism preparedness is necessary, yet no theoretical or operational definition exists. The concept is often misinterpreted as being synonymous with organizational preparedness or confused with the bioterrorism preparedness needs of other professions, such as medicine. There is no standardized definition of the concept that is specific to the profession of nursing. METHODS: A concept analysis was conducted using a systematic literature review; the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Psych Info and Medline databases for years 1966-2005 were used. One hundred and eighteen references were identified, 41 of which were deemed relevant. Data from the 41 relevant articles were analysed and synthesized to develop a theoretical definition, defining attributes, antecedents, consequences and related concepts. FINDINGS: Nursing bioterrorism preparedness is the continual process of nurses becoming better prepared to recognize and respond to a bioterrorism attack. Nurses, regardless of their level of education, areas of expertise or practice settings must participate in at least one educational session and one exercise each year to meet the minimum requirements of engaging in the bioterrorism preparedness process. The antecedents are acceptance and readiness to change. Defining attributes include gaining knowledge, planning, practising response behaviours and evaluating knowledge level and content of response plan. Consequences include recognition of an event and implementation of appropriate response actions. CONCLUSION: Nursing bioterrorism preparedness is essential. To assess nurses' level of preparedness, a definition is needed of what bioterrorism preparedness means to the profession. The theoretical definition developed in this paper needs to be further refined and operationalized.

Bioterrorism↗