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PubMed2003

Respiratory impairment due to asbestos exposure in brake-lining workers.

There is extensive evidence that exposure to asbestos causes pulmonary parenchymal fibrosis, pleural disease, and malignant neoplasm in asbestos-exposed workers. However, few data concerning brake-lining workers are available in the literature. In this study, we aimed to assess the long-term effects of chrysotile asbestos exposure on lung function and the risk of asbestos-related diseases in brake-lining workers. Seventy-four asbestos-exposed workers who processed brake-lining products and 12 unexposed office workers were offered pulmonary function tests (spirometry and transfer factor) in 1992 and 1999. In 1999, the mean duration of asbestos exposure was 10.00+/-4.07 and 11.02+/-4.81 years (7-31 years) in nonsmoking and smoking asbestos workers, respectively. Transfer factor (T(L), CO) and transfer coefficient (K(CO)) decline were significant in the 7-year follow-up in both smoking and nonsmoking asbestos workers. However, lung function indices of the control group, whom were all current smokers; were also found to be decreased, including FEF(75), T(L), CO and K(CO). We found minimal reticular changes in 10 asbestos workers who were all current smokers, they underwent high-resolution computed tomography scans of the chest and we found that they had peribronchial thickening resulting from smoking. As a conclusion, even in the absence of radiographic asbestosis, T(L), CO and K(CO) may decrease after a mean 10-year duration of exposure to asbestos in brake-lining workers and this is more noticeable with cigarette burden.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Immunological findings in hemp workers.

Immunological status and its relation to respiratory findings were studied in 42 female textile workers occupationally exposed to hemp dust and in 49 female control workers. Skin prick tests with hemp or flax dust extracts from different parts of the mill in hemp workers demonstrated the following frequencies of positive tests to antigens: a mixture of hemp and flax extracts (64%), followed by flax extracts (48%), hemp from combing machines (41%), hemp from carding machines (38%), hemp from spinning and weaving machines (33%), and hemp from softening machines (20%). The prevalence of positive skin tests to hemp or flax allergens in control workers was consistently lower, ranging from 21 to 5%. Increased total serum IgE was recorded in 35.7% of hemp workers compared to only 5.0% of control workers (P < 0.05). Hemp workers with positive skin tests had significantly higher prevalences of chronic respiratory symptoms than those with negative skin tests. There were, however, no differences for acute symptoms between workers with positive and negative skin tests. Across-shift changes and baseline lung function were not different when compared by immunologic status. We showed additionally that a water-soluble extract of hemp dust causes a dose-related contraction of nonsensitized guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle when studied in vitro. Our results suggest that frequent immunologic abnormalities can be documented in hemp workers but, with the exception of chronic respiratory symptoms, in general, these do not correlate with respiratory findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Distribution and levels of dopamine and its metabolites in brains of reproductive workers in honeybees.

To explore the role of dopamine and its metabolites for change of reproductive states of workers in honeybees (Apis mellifera), brain levels of dopamine relative substances were measured and localized in both normal workers and queenless workers. Dopamine and two possible metabolites of dopamine, N-acetyldopamine (NADA) and norepinephrine were detected in brain extracts. The brain levels of dopamine, NADA and norepinephrine were positively correlated with ovary development. Individuals with high dopamine levels had high levels of NADA or norepinephrine, suggesting that these metabolites might be involved in the change of reproductive sates of workers. Dopamine was distributed mainly in the protocerebrum, whereas NADA was in both the optic lobes and the protocerebrum. Dopamine levels in each distinct brain regions were higher in queenless workers than in normal workers, whereas there was a higher NADA level in the optic lobes in queenless workers than in normal workers. These results suggest that dopamine might be stored and/or released around the protocerebrum and the deutocerebrum, and also diffuse to the optic lobes where dopamine secretory cells are absent, resulting in high NADA levels in the optic lobes. The different manner of level changes of dopamine and its metabolites in each brain region might cause compound behavioural modulations in reproductive workers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

The attitudes of female and male residential care-workers to the perpetrators of sexual and physical assault.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the attitudes of male and female care-workers to perpetrators of sexual and physical assaults. Hypotheses were: (1) that care-workers would rate sexual assaults to be more serious than physical assaults, rate the perpetrators of sexual assaults to be more dangerous and express less sympathy towards them; and (2) that female care-workers would rate both types of assault to be more serious, perceive the perpetrators to be more dangerous, and express less sympathy, compared to their male counterparts. METHOD: Male and female residential care-workers were asked to rate their response to vignettes describing either a physical or sexual assault. Vignettes and accompanying questionnaires were distributed to 60 care-workers divided into four groups according to Gender and Type of Assault. RESULTS: Results supported the hypothesis that sexual assaults are perceived to be more serious than physical assaults and the perpetrators of sexual assaults to be more dangerous. Gender differences in attitudes were also found, with female care-workers perceiving a greater difference between the seriousness of sexual and physical assaults than male care-workers. Female care-workers also rated the perpetrators of either type of assault to be more dangerous than did male care-workers. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that professionals hold different attitudes towards sexual and physical assaults and that gender is an important factor influencing attitudes towards perpetrators of violent assaults. It is of interest and practical importance for future studies to understand the emotional impact and attitudes elicited when working with perpetrators of violence, both in terms of their influence on clinical case work and in determining the personal needs, training, and supervision that should be offered to support professionals engaged in this difficult activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory effects in workers processing dried tobacco leaves.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the pollution level of the occupational environment and to investigate the effects of occupational exposure to tobacco dust on the respiratory system of tobacco workers. No such study has previously been conducted in Greece, which is one of the main tobacco-producing countries. METHODS: A total of 1,020 seasonal and permanent tobacco workers (188 men and 832 women) were studied in a factory in Thessaloniki. The study included: 1) completion of a questionnaire (British Medical Research Council 1986), 2) spirometry and 3) rhinomanometry. At the same time, tobacco dust levels in the working environment were measured. As controls, 469 workers (87 men and 382 women) at a Thessaloniki hospital were used. Seventy six workers with nasal symptoms underwent: 1) special nasal provocation test with tobacco dust antigen, 2) skin prick tests, and 3) measurement of total IgE, specific IgE and specific IgG against tobacco protein. RESULTS: Very high levels of total suspended dust were found in work site air (45.3-54.4 mg/m3). The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 8.7 % versus 20.6 % in controls. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was found in 13 workers (1.3 %) and in 16 controls (3.4 %). FEV1 %pred, FVC %pred and the FEV1/FVC ratio were lower in controls, whereas FEF25-75 % %pred was lower in workers. There were no workers with bronchial asthma or extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Rhinitis was reported by 27.3 % of the workers versus 17.9 % of controls, whereas nasal flows were 563+/-211 versus 645 +/- 321 ml/sec, respectively. According to the results of skin prick tests, six workers were sensitized to dried tobacco leaf dust. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study do not support an association between the development of chronic diseases of the lower respiratory system and pollutants associated with the processing of dried tobacco leaves. In contrast, an association between disorders of the upper airways and tobacco dust in work sites is postulated.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Molecular epidemiology of plasma oncoproteins in vinyl chloride monomer workers in Taiwan.

AIMS: To determine the presence of Asp13-p21-ki-ras oncoprotein and p53 oncoprotein in the plasma of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM)-workers in Taiwan. METHODS: We used enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) western blotting to detect Asp13-p21-ki-ras and ELISA to detect mutant p53 protein (p53-Ag) and anti-p53 antibodies (p53-Ab) in the plasma of VCM-exposed workers. RESULTS: Twenty-five out of 251 (10%) VCM-workers were positive for Asp13-p21-ki-ras in plasma, but 0 out of 36 controls were positive. There were 15 out of 95 (15.8%) plasma-positives among the more highly exposed (> 480 ppm-month) workers and 10 out of 156 (6.4%) plasma-positives among the lesser exposed (< or = 480 ppm-month). Compared to the unexposed controls, age and drinking adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) were 1.2 (0.1, 9.8) in the lower exposed workers, and 4.8 (0.8, 28) in the higher exposed workers, and there was a significant linear trend between exposure and plasma positivity (P=0.001). Thirty-three out of 251 (13.2%) VCM-workers were positive for the p53 over-expression (10% with positive p53-Ag and 2.8% with positive p53-Ab). There was a significant association between cumulative VCM exposure concentration and positive p53 expression (P=0.032) among VCM-workers after adjusting for age, hepatitis, drinking and smoking status. CONCLUSIONS: Asp13-p21-ki-ras oncoprotein and p53 over-expression (p53-Ag or p53-Ab) can be found in the plasma of VCM-workers in Taiwan, and a significant dose-response relationship exists between plasma oncoproteins expression and VCM exposure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of a shared-work program for reducing assistance provided to supported workers with severe multiple disabilities.

Concern has been expressed recently regarding the need to enhance the performance of individuals with highly significant disabilities in community-based, supported jobs. We evaluated a shared-work program for reducing job coach assistance provided to three workers with severe multiple disabilities in a publishing company. Following systematic observations of the assistance provided as each worker worked on entire job tasks, steps comprising the tasks were then re-assigned across workers. The re-assignment involved assigning each worker only those task steps for which the respective worker received the least amount of assistance (e.g., re-assigning steps that a worker could not complete due to physical disabilities), and ensuring the entire tasks were still completed by combining steps performed by all three workers. The shared-work program was accompanied by reductions in job coach assistance provided to each worker. Work productivity of the supported workers initially decreased but then increased to a level equivalent to the higher ranges of baseline productivity. These results suggested that the shared-work program appears to represent a viable means of enhancing supported work performance of people with severe multiple disabilities in some types of community jobs. Future research needs discussed focus on evaluating shared-work approaches with other jobs, and developing additional community work models specifically for people with highly significant disabilities.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cross-sectional study of blood lead effects on iron status in Korean lead workers.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the iron status of Korean male lead workers by measuring the dietary iron intake and biochemical indices, and tested the hypothesis that a high blood lead level is associated with impaired iron function, which results in higher prevalence of iron deficiency when the route of exposure is not the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: One hundred eighteen lead workers and 42 non-lead workers were recruited from mandatory annual health surveillance sites for industrial workers. Blood lead, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels were evaluated as hematologic parameters, and serum iron concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and percentage of transferrin saturation were evaluated as iron-status parameters. Dietary iron intake was assessed by a 24-h recall method. RESULTS: Lead workers had significantly lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron levels, percentage of transferrin saturation, and dietary iron intake than did non-lead workers, and they had significantly higher (P < 0.01) total iron-binding capacity. The occurrence of iron-deficiency cases, as assessed by hematocrit values, was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in lead workers than in non-lead workers, and the prevalence of iron deficiency was associated with high blood lead levels (P = 0.033). The dietary iron intake was inversely associated with zinc protoporphyrin (P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the adverse effects of high blood lead levels on hematologic pathways and the effectiveness of dietary iron intake as a secondary preventive intervention against lead toxicity. To promote health and to prevent toxic effects of lead exposure in Korean lead workers, an adequate intake of dietary iron is strongly recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Lead in tissues of deceased lead smelter workers.

Smelter workers are exposed to a number of metals and other substances in dust, fumes and gases. The concentrations of lead in liver, lung, kidney, brain, hair and nails were determined in 32 deceased, long-term exposed male lead smelter workers, and compared with those of 10 male controls. The lead levels in liver, lung, kidney and brain were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. X-ray fluorescence was used for the determinations in hair and nails. Lead in blood had been determined repeatedly in the lead workers since 1950, which made it possible to calculate a time-integrated blood lead index for each worker. The highest lead levels in soft tissues were found in liver, followed in order of concentration by kidney, lung and brain, among both exposed workers and controls. These organ lead concentrations were all significantly higher among the workers as compared with the control group (p < or = 0.02). The largest difference between workers and controls was found in brain tissue (ratio between median values = 5.6). The lead levels in hair and nails were of the same magnitude in the two groups. The workers showed positive correlations between lead concentrations in liver and kidney (Spearman's rho = rs = 0.59; p < 0.001), liver and hair (rs = 0.51; p = 0.003), liver and nails (rs = 0.52; p = 0.002) and hair and nails (rs = 0.52; p = 0.002). Lead concentrations in kidney correlated well with lead levels in hair (rs = 0.57; p = 0.001) and nails (rs = 0.51; p = 0.003), respectively. The positive correlation between the lead concentrations in liver and kidney indicates that these organs belong to the same soft tissue lead pool in the body. In retired lead workers, positive correlations were observed between the lead concentrations in liver and the cumulative blood lead index (CBLI) (rs = 0.50; p = 0.016), as well as between lead levels in kidney and CBLI (rs = 0.51; p = 0.014).

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Queen activation of lazy workers in colonies of the eusocial naked mole-rat.

Evolutionary conflicts of interest are expected to arise in genetically diverse social groups. In eusocial insect societies, a potential conflict exists between the queen and her workers over how active the workers should be, and evidence exists that queen aggression increases activity levels of her lazier workers. Here I provide evidence that queen aggression (shoving) in laboratory colonies of the eusocial mammal, the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), is a convergently evolved manifestation of queen-worker conflict over worker activity. Queen-initiated shoves activate inherently lazy workers, which tend to be larger and/or less related to the queen than are infrequently shoved, industrious workers. In addition, queen removal selectively depresses the activity of workers that are larger and less related to her. Finally, queen shoving and worker inactivity are pronounced when colonies are satiated but not when colonies are hungry, indicating that the underlying 'work-conflict' is highly context-specific.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Parasitic Cape honeybee workers, Apis mellifera capensis, evade policing.

Relocation of the Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, by bee-keepers from southern to northern South Africa in 1990 has caused widespread death of managed African honeybee, A. m. scutellata, colonies. Apis mellifera capensis worker bees are able to lay diploid, female eggs without mating by means of automictic thelytoky (meiosis followed by fusion of two meiotic products to restore egg diploidy), whereas workers of other honeybee subspecies are able to lay only haploid, male eggs. The A. m. capensis workers, which are parasitizing and killing A. m. scutellata colonies in northern South Africa, are the asexual offspring of a single, original worker in which the small amount of genetic variation observed is due to crossing over during meiosis (P. Kryger, personal communication). Here we elucidate two principal mechanisms underlying this parasitism. Parasitic A. m. capensis workers activate their ovaries in host colonies that have a queen present (queenright colonies), and they lay eggs that evade being killed by other workers (worker policing)-the normal fate of worker-laid eggs in colonies with a queen. This unique parasitism by workers is an instance in which a society is unable to control the selfish actions of its members.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Gatekeeping and legitimization: how informal carers' relationship with health care workers is revealed in their everyday interactions.

AIM(S) OF THE STUDY: This study explores the relationship between informal carers of older people, and health care workers within the context of a hospital ward. Through an analysis of their language-based encounters the purpose of the study was to identify the discursive processes involved in face-to-face informal carer-health care worker interactions, during the course of carers' visits to one elderly care rehabilitation hospital ward. DESIGN: An ethnomethodological research design, which encompassed the concerns of conversation analysis and the study of institutional interaction, was used. The study involved videotape recording informal carers naturally occurring spontaneous interactions with a range of health care workers on the ward. Data collection was carried out for between 1 and 3 hours, two to three times a week over a period of 3 months. The data comprised: 30 dyadic and group interactions involving 19 different carers and 25 different health care workers, including nurses (qualified and unqualified), physiotherapists, occupational therapists, dieticians, ambulance personnel, housekeepers and nursing auxiliaries. Detailed transcriptions of the data were produced and analysis was undertaken using a modified conversation analysis approach. FINDINGS: Analysis revealed that a central aspect of the way the relationship between informal carers and health care workers is framed is by the way information and access to information is obtained. This paper examines some of the aspects of informal carer-health care worker discourse, which denote both parties as gatekeepers. In doing so it considers the roles that legitimatization of competence and knowledgeability have in facilitating informal carers interactions with health care workers. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the accomplishment of legitimacy is largely a collaborative undertaking on behalf of health care workers and informal carers. The implications of these findings for carers, health care workers, policy and future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Worker interests and male production in Polistes gallicus, a Mediterranean social wasp.

The resolution of social conflict in colonies may accord with the interests of the most numerous party. In social insect colonies with single once-mated queens, workers are more closely related to the workers' sons than they are to the queens' sons. Therefore, they should prefer workers to produce males, against the queen's interests. Workers are capable of producing males as they arise from unfertilized eggs. We found Polistes gallicus to have colonies of single, once-mated queens, as determined by microsatellite genotyping of the workers, so worker interests predict worker male production. In colonies lacking queens, workers produced the males, but not in colonies with original queens. Thus worker interests were expressed only when the queen was gone. The high fraction of missing queens and early end to the colony cycle relative to climate so early in the season is surprising and may indicate a forceful elimination of the queen.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Early developmental experiences of female sex workers: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to explore the early family environment of a sample of female sex workers and compare the findings with a large community data set of similarly aged women. METHOD: Sex workers recruited by a snowball method were given a semi-structured interview, which included the Parental Bonding Instrument. These results were compared to those from the Otago Women's Child Sexual Abuse (OWCSA) study. RESULTS: The sex workers' families were of lower socioeconomic status and had experienced more parental separation than had the OWCSA families. The mothers of sex workers were more frequently the family's main wage earner. Sex workers described both parents as less caring than did the OWCSA women. They were significantly more likely than the OWCSA women to report childhood sexual abuse. The sex workers were more likely to have left home early, to have become pregnant before the age of 19 years and to not have completed tertiary study. CONCLUSIONS: The sex workers studied came from families with more interpersonal difficulties during childhood and adolescence than did a control community sample of similarly aged women. The relevance and generalisability of this conclusion to the wider sex worker population is difficult to determine, given the non-random selection of this sex worker sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Kin discrimination by worker honey bees in genetically mixed groups.

We tested the hypothesis that in a genetically mixed assemblage of worker honey bees, individual workers would behave differently toward unfamiliar sisters than toward unfamiliar nonsisters. Groups of worker honey bees of mixed genetic composition were assembled by collecting pupae from separate colonies and placing the worker bees together on eclosion. A total of 10 workers, 5 from each of two kin groups, were used to form each group. When the workers were 5 days old, a worker of one of the two kin groups was introduced into the mixed group. This worker had previously been held in a group of its sisters, without contact with queen or nonsister bees. The interactions with the introduced bee indicate that in a mixed kin group, individual workers learn the composite identity of the group and do not attack unfamiliar bees differentially on the basis of kinship. However, kinship does influence the total number of interactions in which an introduced bee engages when placed in a genetically mixed group; bees interacted significantly more often with sisters than with nonsisters. There was a trend for bees to be involved in more feeding interactions with sisters. This finding indicates an ability of a bee to learn and use its own cues. In mixed groups, each bee maintains its genotypically correlated identity; the bees' odors do not comingle into a "group" or "gestalt" odor. The significance of these results is discussed in light of the genetic structure of natural colonies of honey bees.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morbidity survey of U.S. oil shale workers employed during 1948-1969.

The health status of 325 oil shale workers employed at the Anvil Points, Colorado, demonstration facility from 1948 to 1969 was evaluated. As a comparison population, 323 Utah coal miners frequency matched for age were studied. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms among oil shale workers who smoked were similar to the coal miners who smoked, although nonsmoking oil shale workers had fewer symptoms compared to nonsmoking coal workers. Four cases of skin cancers were found on the oil shale workers and eight cases in the controls. Similar numbers of nevi, telangiectasiae, possible pitch warts, pigment changes (solar/senile lentigo), and papillomata (seborrheic keratoses and skin tags) were seen in both groups, while actinic keratoses were more frequent in the oil shale workers. The prevalence of actinic keratoses was significantly associated with oil shale work after allowing for age, sun exposure, and other exposures. The prevalence of pulmonary cytology metaplasia was associated with years of production work in oil shale among both smokers and exsmokers. More of the oil shale workers had atypical cells in the urine, but the excess was mostly found among exsmokers. Although these workers had short-term and limited oil shale exposure work exposure, we recommend that medical surveillance of oil shale workers consider the skin, respiratory, and urinary systems for special observation.

Coal Mining↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vivo measurements of lead in bone in long-term exposed lead smelter workers.

In-vivo measurements of lead concentrations in calcaneus (mainly trabecular bone) and tibia (mainly cortical bone) were performed by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) in 70 active and 30 retired lead smelter workers who had long-term exposure to lead. Comparison was made with 31 active and 10 retired truck assembly workers who had no known occupational exposure to lead. After physical examination, all participants provided blood and urine samples and answered a computerized questionnaire. Since 1950, blood lead has been determined repeatedly in lead workers at the smelter, which made it possible to calculate a time-integrated blood lead index for each worker. Lead concentrations in blood, urine, calcaneus, and tibia in active and retired lead workers were significantly higher than in the corresponding control groups (p < .001). The highest bone lead concentrations were found among retired lead workers (p < .001), which was the result of considerably higher lead exposure during 1940 to 1960. Lead concentrations in calcaneus in active lead workers were significantly higher than in tibia when expressed in ug of lead per gram of bone mineral, which suggests a quicker absorption over time in this mainly trabecular bone. The estimated biological half-times were 16 y in calcaneus (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 11-29 y) and 27 y in tibia (95% CI = 16-98 y). A strong positive correlation was found between lead concentrations in calcaneus and tibia for all lead workers (r = 0.54; p < .001). A strong positive correlation was also found between the bone lead concentrations and the cumulative blood lead index. Blood lead, at the time of study, correlated well with bone lead concentrations in retired--but not in active--workers, reflecting the importance of the endogenous (skeletal) lead exposure. The findings in this study indicate that bone lead measurements by XRF can give a good index of long-term lead exposure. Tibia measurements offer a higher precision than calcaneus measurements. The method is of particular interest in epidemiologic studies of adverse health effects caused by long-term lead exposure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of a new ventilation system on health and well-being of office workers.

Sick building syndrome is the term given to a heterogeneous constellation of symptoms that affects workers in modern mechanically ventilated office buildings. Although the cause is unknown, there is evidence that the local environment of the work station is an important determinant of symptoms. In this study, investigators examined the effect of a new, individually controlled ventilation system on workers' symptoms. Investigators studied two groups of workers in one mechanically ventilated office building: (1) a control group at whose worksite no intervention was made and (2) an intervention group. The intervention consisted of installation of a device that allowed each worker control over the ventilation supplied to his or her worksite. Just before, and 4 and 16 mo after installation of this device, workers completed self-administered questionnaires regarding occurrence of symptoms. The new ventilation system resulted in higher air velocities, more variable temperatures, and higher concentrations of airborne dust and fungal spores. Four months after installation, workers with the new ventilation system reported fewer symptoms that were (a) work-related (p < .05) and that were work-related and frequent (p < .05); in addition, they reported fewer symptoms that reduced their capacity to work (p < .01). Sixteen months after installation, workers with the new device reported fewer symptoms than at baseline (although not as significantly), and they indicated that the indoor air quality improved their productivity by 11%, compared with a 4% reduction of productivity among the control group of workers (p < .001). Investigators concluded that the new ventilation system, which provided the workers with individual control over ventilation, was associated with important and sustained reduction in symptoms.

Adult↗