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Results for “subordinate behavior”

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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Citalopram counteracts depressive-like symptoms evoked by chronic social stress in rats.

Recently, we have described a new model of chronic social stress in rats, based on the resident-intruder paradigm. In this model, rats show behavioural changes that may be considered correlates of depressive symptoms, such as anhedonia and motivational deficits. The present study was designed for pharmacological validation of this model. Animals were socially stressed for 5 weeks and, in parallel, after the first week of stress, they were subjected to chronic (4 weeks) treatment with the antidepressant drug citalopram. The drug was administered via drinking water (30 mg/kg). The optimal dose of citalopram was determined in a pilot study. After 4 weeks of treatment, plasma levels of citalopram and its metabolite were found to be within the human therapeutic range. The effects of social stress and citalopram treatment were assessed by behavioural tests. Chronically stressed rats showed reduced locomotor and exploratory activity, reduced sucrose preference and increased immobility time in the forced swimming test. Chronic oral administration of citalopram abolished those effects and normalized behaviours related to motivation and reward sensitivity. These observations provide evidence for the predictive validity of the chronic social stress paradigm as a model of depressive symptoms in rats.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Differential aggression in genetically different morphs of the white-throated sparros (Zonotrichia albicollis).

To see if genetic differences correlate with differences in agonistic behavior, 225 encounters within and between color morphs of the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) were observed in feeding groups of different sizes and morphic compositions. Tan morphs lack the M chromosome that replaces either of two chromosomes in the white morph. The data were analysed using quantitative models accounting for the proportions of morphs present, and the principal finding was that morphs are equally frequent recipients of aggression but the white morph was the aggressor more frequently than by chance expectation--regardless of the morph of the recipient, the size of the group or the morphic composition of the group.

Aggression↗
PubMed1975

Violence at home: A review of the literature.

Studies on family violence have analyzed the phenomenon from psychological, social, and cultural perspectives. A review of the literature shows that the available evidence is not contradictory, leading to the conclusion that a comprehensive theory of violence at home must take into account factors at these several levels, placing individual functioning within the social group and within the culture norms by which the group operates. A theory of violence at home, and suggestions for further research, are offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Psychological dimensions of internation dependency.

The author analyzes the psychological consequences of international dependency, advancing 13 propositions as clues for a heuristic understanding of the dynamics of dependent relationships between nations. He believes that these relationships must be understood before they can be improved. The author proposes coequal alliances and multinational aid as desirable alternatives to existing political-economic-military strategies.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed2004

[Bioethics and psychotherapy: which moral assumptions sustain psychotherapeutical acts?].

BACKGROUND: Since about 1970 biomedical ethics crystallized into a full-fledged discipline. The so called "ethical turn" is a fundamental conceptual challenge for the field of medicine and has generated heated controversy. Today, the ancient psychotherapeutic framework is under the severest strain in its long history. AIM: To review the relationship between psychotherapy and the conceptual shift in moral theory. MATERIAL AND METHOD: To forge a new model for the patient-physician relationship, speech acts and nature of man derived from a "pragmatic turn" of bioethics. RESULTS: Research findings suggest that behavior, cognitive and psychodynamic psychotherapies are speech-acts constituted by a hierarchy of subordinate acts distributed on three levels: the level of the locutionary act, the act of saying; the level of the illocutionary act (or force), what we do in saying and the level of the perlocutionary act, what we provoke by the fact that we speak. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in linguistic research have led to a more sophisticated understanding of how psychotherapy affects ethical issues. These developments point towards a new era of psychotherapeutical theory and practice in which specific modes of psychotherapy can be designed to target specific dilemmas of medical ethics.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1988

Group formation and ideology. Text and context.

The relationship between the phenomenon of 'mass formation' (Massenbildung) and the production and circulation of ideologies is examined. The explanation of the said relationship must take into account both the social dimension as well as the intrapsychic structure of the ideological. To achieve this a brief review of Freud's ideas on group psychology and of some definitions of ideology, namely those proposed by Ricoeur, Althusser and Habermas is expounded. In the same way as the understanding of the vicissitudes of identification is crucial to gain insight into 'mass formation', the investigation of the processes of idealization is vital to the understanding of the ideological.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed1967

Foundress associations in polistine wasps: dominance hierarchies and the evolution of social behavior.

Interactions among female paper wasps of newly founded colonies suggest that dominance relations assign social (reproductive) roles to siblings in a way advantageous to both dominants and subordinates. In various social animals dominance relations may have been an important prerequisite for the evolution of a division of labor between reproductive and nonreproductive (or less reproductive) adults.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Social-cognitive influences on change in aggression over time.

This study examined whether social cognitions that have been assumed to influence aggression actually forecast change in aggressive habits over time. Participants were 189 3rd- through 7th-grade boys and girls; data on social cognitions and social behaviors were collected in the fall and spring of the school year. Aggression-encouraging cognitions assessed in the fall indeed promoted aggression over the school year, but such developments hinged critically on child sex and on initial (fall) levels of aggression and victimization. Results illustrate the principle that cognitions affect behavioral development mainly when the child's transactions with the social environment support the use of the cognitions as guides for behavior.

Adolescent↗