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PubMedDate not supplied

Low dose dopamine prevents end organ damage in experimentally induced pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: End organ damage due to microcirculatory failure plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP). The aim of this study was to investigate whether dopamine, a vasoactive agent, is beneficial in the prevention of local and systemic injury in acute pancreatitis. METHODOLOGY: Pancreatitis was induced in rats with 5% Na-taurocolic acid infusion into the pancreatic duct. Rats were resuscitated for four hours with saline in the pancreatitis group (P), lactated ringer's (LR) solution in the LR group and low dose dopamine (5 microg/kg/min) + LR in the D-LR group. The sham group (S) underwent pancreatic duct cannulation only. Rectal temperature (RT) and meanarterial pressure (MAP) were monitored throughout the experiment. Blood samples for amylase, lipase, WBC and blood gas analysis were taken at baseline and at the end of the study. All rats were sacrificed at the 4th hour and pancreatic and lung tissues were removed for histopathological examination and tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. RESULTS: MAP was lower in the P and LRgroups than the sham and the D-LR groups. RT was higher in P and LR groups than the sham and the D-LR groups. Base deficit was higher in the P group than the sham and the D-LR groups. The lung MPO activity was higher in the P group than all the others. Lung MPO activity that is closest to the sham was that of D-LR group's. The pancreatic MPO activity was found to be increased in the P and decreased in the LR groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this experimental model for AP, low dose dopamine + LR resuscitation attenuates the lung injury but not the local pancreatic injury.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Pitfalls in kinetic studies of multiexponential decay processes with special emphasis on desaturation curves of arterial Na.

The purpose of this study was to detect and solve apparently trivial methodological flaws in experiments of the decay type which can invalidate any fitting procedure or compartmental analysis. The problems dealt with consisted in maintaining the steady state conditions defining the "true" starting time of the efflux and its optimal duration, determining the number of exponential terms and finding how many data points are necessary to identify them. The solutions proposed include avoidance of tissue blotting prior to the efflux, running a separate non effluxed sample, stopping the washout when the log plot of remaining and effluent counts becomes parallel, use of the optimization if the correlation coefficient for curve fitting and adequate the frequency of counting to the decay rate. Errors resulting from the failure to comply with these requirements are illustrated with samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Factors affecting student nurses' learning in community placements: a phenomenological study.

The study aimed to explore the question, what factors affect student nurse learning in a community setting? A phenomenological approach was taken by carrying out in-depth interviews with eight Project 2000 students who had just completed 8 weeks of community placements. The factors which emerged centred around three themes: the students themselves, the mentors and the placements. Students recognized that their own approach to the placement was important. They found that the role they fulfilled in the placements affected their learning, preferring a participative role to observation only. The role of the mentor was found to be crucial for learning. Important factors were the mentors' knowledge and attitude towards the Project 2000 course and their professionalism (particularly communication skills), as perceived by the students. Also significant were the mentors' skills at facilitating learning in the placements, by encouraging questions and reflection, and organizing a variety of experiences. Factors relating to the placements concerned their relevance to the course (as perceived by the students) and the breadth of experience available. Whilst this was a small sample, from which no generalizations can be made, the study gives insight into students, teachers and community staff of the experience of learning in the community setting.

Attitude↗
PubMed1998

Blank-comparison assessment of stimulus-stimulus relations in individuals with mental retardation: a methodological note.

Matching to sample is commonly used in research and practice to assess relational learning of persons with mental retardation. However, forced-choice matching tasks are not always appropriate. In this paper we have illustrated blank-comparison matching to sample, a selection-based "yes/no" method requiring no verbal skills. Participants select a comparison stimulus if it is judged to be related to the sample (analogous to "yes") but select a black square (blank) if it is not so judged ("no"). In the first experiment the method was used to explore bases for emergent symbolic "mapping" performances. In the second experiment we assessed similarity judgments between form stimuli. Both experiments confirmed the feasibility and utility of the method for making unambiguous inferences as to whether pairs of stimuli were or were not related.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Adsorption/thermal desorption-GC/MS for the analysis of pesticides in the atmosphere.

An analytical methodology using Automatic Thermal Desorption (ATD) and GC/MS was developed for the determination of the pesticides alachlor, atrazine, captan, formothion, lindane and phosalone in atmospheric samples. This methodology was developed to evaluate the atmospheric contamination by pesticides during treatments and by post-application. Atmospheric samples were collected by using (4 i.d. x 89 mm) stainless steel sampling tubes containing 125 mg of adsorbents at a flow rate of 80 ml min-1. Different types of adsorbents were tested for their ability to efficiently trap pesticides under study: Tenax TA, Carbopack Y, Carbopack B, Carbotrap, Carboxen, Chromosorb 106 and XAD-4. Results of experiment show that Tenax gives the better results for all the pesticides used but the use of the thermal-desorption method, especially for pesticides with low volatility and/or poor thermal stability presents some difficulties. This method was validated by the analysis of the contamination of atmosphere, through volatilization by post-application processes, of atrazine in a parcel of 1 ha.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2003

Hospital ergonomics: a qualitative study to explore the organizational and cultural factors.

The primary objective was to identify the characteristics of the health care industry with respect to organizational and cultural factors and consider how these might impact on the practice of ergonomics. Qualitative methodology was chosen as a suitable approach. This was supported by a middle ground philosophical position. Twenty-one interviews were carried out with academics and practitioners using a questionnaire proforma which developed iteratively over the 18 months of the project. A progressive four stage sampling strategy was used starting with purposive sampling to spread the net. Suggested contacts were then followed up (snowball sampling), before the third stage of intensity sampling to focus on participants with specific experience in hospital ergonomics. A final strategy of analysis sampling sought extreme and deviant cases to achieve theoretical saturation. The analysis resulted in three categories: organizational, staff and patient issues. The organizational issues included both the size and complexity of the National Health Service. For example, three hierarchical lines were identified in the management structure: an administrative line, a professional line and a patient-focused clinical management line. One of the surprising findings for the staff issues was the perceived lack of ergonomic information about female workers as a population group and traditional female employment sectors. The patient issues incorporated three dimensions associated with the caring role: the type of work; expectations; and possible outcomes. The work tends to be dirty and emotional, with a professional subculture to allow the handling of other peoples' bodies. This subculture was linked to a 'coping' attitude where staff put the patients' needs and well-being before their own. The change in patient expectations (from being apologetic through to demanding their rights) is mirrored in a changing model of care from paternalism to partnership. A lack of ergonomic research was identified for female workers in the health care industry relating to both the type of work and gender issues.

Employment↗
PubMed1995

Selenium status of New Zealand infants fed either a selenium supplemented or a standard formula.

OBJECTIVE: New Zealand soils are deficient in the essential micronutrient, selenium. New Zealand infants have low selenium levels at birth and experience a further decline if fed cows milk based formula. This study examined the selenium status of infants fed with a new commercially available selenium supplemented formula. METHODOLOGY: Forty-four newborn infants, whose mothers wished to formula feed, were randomized in an open controlled trial to be fed a commercially available selenium supplemented cows milk formula (containing 17 micrograms Se/L) or an unsupplemented formula (containing 4.6 micrograms Se/L). Cord, 1 and 3 month blood samples were obtained for selenium status (plasma and red cell selenium and glutathione peroxidase) and thyroid function. RESULTS: Mean plasma selenium and glutathione peroxidase values were significantly higher in supplemented than unsupplemented infants at 1 month (unpaired t-tests; P < 0.0001 and P = 0.001 respectively) and 3 months (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0005). Analysis within treatment groups between time points (paired t-tests) showed that selenium supplementation prevented the fall in plasma selenium from birth to 1 month seen in unsupplemented infants and was associated with a rise in levels between 1 and 3 months (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementing cows milk formula with selenium to replicate the levels found in breast milk is nutritionally sound. Feeding from a few days of age with a formula containing 17 micrograms Se/L in infants with low selenium status at birth is sufficient to cause a rise to 80% of adult levels at 3 months of age.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Research methods for investigating causal relations between SLE disease variables and psychiatric symptomatology.

People with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) frequently experience psychiatric problems. Some researchers and clinicians presume that these psychiatric problems are a direct manifestation of the disease, while others suggest that psychosocial and environmental factors have greater etiological significance. The majority of the studies addressing these issues in patients with SLE are too methodologically limited to make confident conclusions regarding etiology. More methodologically sound research in this area is needed. This article describes some of the limitations in past research in the areas of sampling, measurement, research design, data analyses and data presentation. Suggestions for improved methodology in future research are offered.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Quality of life, quality of care, and patient satisfaction: perceptions of patients undergoing outpatient autologous stem cell transplantation.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To further expand the limited body of knowledge of the perceptions of quality of life (QOL), quality of care, and patient satisfaction among patients who receive high-dose chemotherapy with an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) on an outpatient basis. DESIGN: Descriptive longitudinal. SETTING: Nine clinical sites associated with a national oncology practice management network in locations across the United States. SAMPLE: 36 patients scheduled to receive high-dose chemotherapy with ASCT selected by nonprobability consecutive sampling. METHODS: Subjects completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) before high-dose chemotherapy, four to six weeks postchemotherapy, and six months postchemotherapy. An independent nurse researcher conducted telephone interviews about the treatment experience, perceptions of quality of care, and satisfaction with care. FACT-BMT data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance, and qualitative data about perceptions of care were analyzed using Giorgis methodologic reduction. Bivariate associations were made between overall degree of satisfaction with care and QOL as measured by the FACT-BMT. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Clinical outcome, QOL, patient satisfaction, and patient perceptions of care quality. FINDINGS: Mean FACT-BMT scores were lower one month post-treatment than at baseline and highest six months post-treatment. Subjects with progressive disease reported lower QOL at one and six months post-treatment, noted more complaints, and ranked their satisfaction with care lower than subjects with no evidence of disease. Subjects offered ASCT program improvement recommendations in the areas of communication, information, nursing care, ancillary needs assistance, ancillary agencies, and survivor support. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the QOL of patients undergoing outpatient high-dose chemotherapy with ASCT decreased post-treatment but increased to levels higher than those found at pretreatment by six months. A good clinical outcome following high-dose chemotherapy and ASCT was associated with higher QOL and greater satisfaction with care. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Knowledge of the outpatient ASCT experience and its effect on QOL can be used to further refine the content and timing of educational and supportive interventions for patients undergoing ASCT. Information about patients satisfaction with treatment and perceptions of quality of care provides insight about their expectations and perceived needs and can be used to redesign outpatient ASCT programs.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2004

Structure determination of protein complexes by NMR.

This chapter describes nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods that can be used to determine the structures of protein complexes. Many of these techniques are also applicable to other systems (e.g., protein-nucleic acid complexes). In the first section, we discuss methodologies for optimizing the sample conditions for the study of complexes. This is followed by a description of the methods that can be used to map interfaces when a full structure determination of the complex is not appropriate or not possible. We then describe experimental approaches for resonance assignment in complexes, these are essentially the same as those for isolated proteins. Subheading 6. describes the different types of so-called X-filtered NMR experiments that have been devised to separate and selectively observe either inter- or intramolecular structural information. These filtered NMR experiments are then exploited in the experimental strategies for structure determination of either protein complexes or homodimeric proteins. This is followed by a description of the calculation of their structures. Finally, we present case studies from three projects carried out in our laboratory, where we successfully used the methods presented in this chapter.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Methodological approach to minimal residual disease detection by flow cytometry in adult B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

A flow cytometric approach to minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring useful in childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is discussed here in the context of ALL in adults. Of 64 leukemia samples analyzed, 95.3% had at least one abnormal phenotype (57.3% had two or more) as compared to physiologic B-cell precursors in adult bone marrow. The method was sensitive enough to detect one leukemic cell among 10,000 normal cells in 16/19 experiments (84.2%). Blast phenotypes were stable in culture and at relapse, and were useful for MRD monitoring in patients. Marker combinations for childhood ALL are also applicable to adult cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Aligning biological sequences on distributed bus networks: a divisible load scheduling approach.

In this paper, we design a multiprocessor strategy that exploits the computational characteristics of the algorithms used for biological sequence comparison proposed in the literature. We employ divisible load theory (DLT) that is suitable for handling large scale processing on network based systems. For the first time in the domain of DLT, the problem of aligning biological sequences is attempted. The objective is to minimize the total processing time of the alignment process. In designing our strategy, DLT facilitates a clever partitioning of the entire computation process involved in such a way that the overall time consumed for aligning the sequences is a minimum. The partitioning takes into account the computation speeds of the nodes and the underlying communication network. Since this is a real-life application, the post-processing phase becomes important, and hence we consider propagating the results back in order to generate an exact alignment. We consider several cases in our analysis such as deriving closed-form solutions for the processing time for heterogeneous, homogeneous, and networks with slow links. Further, we attempt to employ a multiinstallment strategy to distribute the tasks such that a higher degree of parallelism can be achieved. For slow networks, our strategy recommends near-optimal solutions. We derive an important condition to identify such cases and propose two heuristic strategies. Also, our strategy can be extended for multisequence alignment by utilizing a clustering strategy such as the Berger-Munson algorithm proposed in the literature. Finally, we use real-life DNA samples of house mouse mitochondrion (Mus Musculus Mitochondrion, NC_001569) consisting of 16,295 residues and the DNA of human mitochondrion (Homo Sapiens Mitochondrion, NC_001807) consisting of 16,571 residues, obtainable from the GenBank, in our rigorous simulation experiments to illustrate all the theoretical findings.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

One day you're pregnant and one day you're not: pregnancy interruption for fetal anomalies.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically explore the processes operating within the experience of women undergoing 2nd-trimester pregnancy interruption for fetal anomalies. DESIGN: Phenomenology was used to conduct the study and analyze audiotaped interviews. SETTING: Informants were recruited through a private perinatal practice providing prenatal diagnosis and management to women experiencing high-risk pregnancies at an urban tertiary care center in the Pacific Northwest. PARTICIPANTS: Three women who had undergone pregnancy interruption for fetal anomalies in the 2nd trimester. RESULTS: The experience of women undergoing 2nd trimester pregnancy interruption can be described as "one day you're pregnant and one day you're not." This summarizes the changes involved in the transition from being a pregnant woman with hopes for the infant and the future to a woman dealing with a loss of innocence. This transition can be described in two intertwined processes entitled "The Hardest Thing We Ever Did" and "Saying Hello and Goodbye." CONCLUSIONS: The decision to interrupt an abnormal pregnancy is a profound experience that permeates all areas of a woman's life. Interventions specific to this type of loss are suggested. Future research is recommended, using a larger sample size to elaborate on concepts identified in this pilot study.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Negotiation of HIV preventive behaviors in divorced and separated women reentering the sexual arena.

The purpose of this study was to understand divorced and separated women's experience of negotiating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventive behaviors when resuming sexual activity following long-term monogamous relationships. A little-studied but large group, these women are at risk for sexually transmitted diseases, have low rates of protective behaviors, and have not been targeted for prevention education. Seven women entering a sexual milieu altered by the presence of HIV after at least a 10-year period of monogamy comprised the sample. A descriptive phenomenologic methodology incorporating Colaizzi's method for data analysis revealed four themes: (a) keeping the magic, (b) Am I an adolescent or an adult? (c) holding on to self, and (d) gender perspectives. These women's words help to illuminate their issues regarding HIV prevention, guiding further nursing research and HIV preventive educational interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Glycol ethers--validation procedures for tube/pump and dosimeter monitoring methods.

Methods were developed and validated for personal monitoring of exposures to airborne glycol ethers, both short-term and long-term time-weighted-averages. Either a 600 mg charcoal tube or a 780 mg silica gel tube is recommended for monitoring nine glycol ethers, depending upon the humidity and other organic compounds to be monitored. The charcoal tube allows maximum sensitivity and is unaffected by high humidity conditions. Two-phase solvent desorption with CS2 and water allows aqueous phase recoveries of DOWANOL EM, PM, EE, DM, DPM, and TM glycol ethers. DOWANOL EB, DB and TPM glycol ethers are partitioned between the two layers, necessitating chromatographic analysis of both layers. The silica gel tube method can be used to monitor all nine glycol ethers tested, but is affected by high humidity conditions, resulting in significant breakthrough of the more volatile glycol ethers. The 3M organic vapor monitor can accurately and conveniently determine exposure concentrations for DOWANOL EM, EE, and PM glycol ethers, but sensitivities may be inadequate for sampling periods less than one hour. These methods were validated at levels down to 0.1 times the Dow internal exposure guidelines for those substances with Dow exposure guidelines and well above the current ACGIH and OSHA guidelines. This paper also illustrates validation procedures for tube/pump and dosimeter methods, allowing good definition of method accuracy and precision. Some screening experiments are described for diffusional dosimeters to check the most important parameters in a minimum of time. This methodology will allow assessment of human airborne exposures relative to the new toxicology data available on animals.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Prostaglandin E production and viability of cells cultured in contact with freshly mixed endodontic materials.

AIM: To determine whether commonly used endodontic sealers could either induce or increase the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) when in contact with cell types found in the periapical tissues. METHODOLOGY: Freshly mixed samples of Roth 801 sealer, Sealapex and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) were placed in contact with cultured macrophages and fibroblasts for 24 h. The supernatant from the cultures was assayed for PGE2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell viability counts were made. As a positive control, similar cultures were also exposed to lipopolysaccharide and the supernatant analysed for PGE2. Data were compared by anova. RESULTS: The three materials examined in these experiments did not stimulate increased PGE2 release from either of the cell lines. In control cultures, lipopolysaccharide increased PGE2 release from macrophages but not from fibroblasts. Viability counts revealed that, whilst Roth 801 sealer caused some cell death in both fibroblasts and macrophages, Sealapex led to cell death only in the macrophage cultures. ProRoot MTA did not lead to statistically significant cell death in either culture. CONCLUSIONS: Under 24-h culture conditions, the three freshly mixed test materials did not increase directly either production or release of PGE2 from either macrophages or gingival fibroblasts. Roth 801 decreased cell viability counts for both fibroblasts and macrophages. Sealapex decreases macrophage viability. ProRoot MTA did not affect viability in either cell line.

Aluminum Compounds↗