Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “drinking”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Lifetime alcohol drinking pattern is related to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The Western New York Health Study (WNYHS).

The association of lifetime alcohol drinking pattern with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is largely unknown. Analyses were conducted on a population-based sample in a cross-sectional study (N=2818, ages 35-79 years, 93% whites). Included were subjects who drank at least once a month for a period of at least six months during their lifetimes and were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at the time of interview. Lifetime drinking measures included total years of drinking, total drinking days, volume (total drinks) and average intensity (#drinks/drinking day); frequency of intoxication and heavy drinking; and age drinking began and ended. Metabolic syndrome components included impaired fasting glucose (IFG), high triglycerides (HTG), low HDL cholesterol (LHDLC), abdominal obesity (ABO), and hypertension (HBP). Potential confounders examined were age, gender, race, family history of coronary heart disease or diabetes, years of education, lifetime and current cigarette smoking, current drinking status, physical activity, and dietary factors. Multiple logistic regressions indicated that average intensity was directly related to IFG, HTG, HBP, and metabolic syndrome overall (p for linear trend=0.03, 0.04, 0.003, and 0.009, respectively) and to ABO in women only (p for trend=0.0004). Prevalence ratios (95% CI) for the metabolic syndrome according to quartiles of intensity were 1.00 (lowest), 1.23 (0.91-1.67), 1.43 (1.06-1.91) and 1.60 (1.12-2.30). Total drinking days was inversely related to LHDLC (p for trend=0.0002) and to ABO in women only (p for trend<0.0001). It is concluded that lifetime drinking patterns are significantly related to the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome.

Abdominal Fat↗
PubMed1983

Drinking induced by angiotensin II in fishes.

Among 20 species of freshwater fishes examined, Pseudorasbora parva, Rhodeus ocellatus, Cobitis anguillicaudatus, Carassius auratus, Oryzias latipes, Gambusia affinis, and Gyrinocheilus anymonieri were found to drink water like seawater fishes, while 13 remaining species did not drink. For fish species found exclusively in fresh water, angiotensin II (AII) treatment did not induce drinking. In contrast, those freshwater fishes which survive in estuarine brackish water (Leuciscus hakonensis, C. carassius, Parasilurus asotus, G. affinis, Chaenogobius annularis, Tridentiger obscurus, and G. anymonieri responded to AII by drinking. Furthermore, some freshwater fishes which survive either in hypertonic water (C. auratus) or in sea water (Anguilla japonica and O. latipes) also responded to AII by drinking. Of 17 seawater fishes examined, Eptatretus burgeri, Triakis scyllia, and Heterodontus japonicus failed to drink water, and for Trachurus japonicus, Platichthys bicoloratus, and Glossogobius giuris fasciatopunctatus, water intake was minor (similar to freshwater fishes). The 11 remaining seawater fishes drank water. AII did not induce drinking in fishes living exclusively in sea water. However, seawater fishes which survive either in tide pools (Chasmichthys dolichognathus gulosus) or in brackish water (Sillago japonica, Mugil cephalus, G. giuris fasciatopunctatus) responded to AII by drinking. P. bicoloratus, Acanthopagrus schlegeli, and Fugu niphobles were exceptional, in that they survive in brackish water, but did not respond to AII. Although some exceptions exist, it is generally concluded that a drinking response to AII is characteristic of fishes which encounter water more hypertonic than that in which they typically reside. Accordingly, a drinking mechanism induced by AII may be a compensatory emergency reaction to dehydration stress.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1980

Effects of psychotropic drugs on FI responding and adjunctive drinking in rats.

Effects of d-amphetamine (AM), chlorpromazine (CPZ) and diazepam (DZ) on schedule controlled responding (lever-pressing) and adjunctive drinking under a fixed interval (FI) 1.5 min schedule of food reinforcement in rats were investigated. The drinking was measured with a drinkometer and a lickometer. AM 0.13--1.0 mg/kg SC increased the total responses, and decreased the total amount of drinking and licking counts dose-dependently. A marked response increase in the early portion (0.30 sec component of the FI) and mid portion (30--60 sec component), and decrease of the drinking in the mid portion and terminal portion (60--90 sec component) occurred. CPZ 0.25--2.0 mg/kg SC decreased responses, drinking and licking in proportion with the doses. After CPZ, a response decrease in the mid and terminal portions was observed, but not in the early portion. Higher doses of CPZ decreased the drinking and licking in the whole range of the interval. A small dose of DZ (0.25 mg/kg SC) produced a significant response increase. Higher doses of DZ also increased responding, but the change was not significant. The drinking and licking were suppressed by DZ. A dose-related response increase in the mid portion was observed after DZ, but not in the early and terminal portions except after 0.25 mg/kg. Higher doses of DZ (more than 0.5 mg/kg) decreased drinking and licking throughout the whole range of the FI. The present results suggest that the interpellet distribution of responding, drinking and licking, as well as their total values, yield important information when assessing drug effects on FI responding and adjunctive drinking in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Reward and reinforcement produced by drinking water: role of opioids and dopamine receptor subtypes.

The conditioned place preference procedure was used to evaluate the reinforcing properties of drinking in water-deprived rats. Subjects were allowed to drink for 8 min and were then transferred to place preference cages. In Experiment 1, the effects of naloxone and pimozide on drinking-induced place preference were analyzed. Animals treated with naloxone, 16 mg/kg, before the conditioning sessions showed a place aversion instead of the place preference found in saline-treated animals. Naloxone also reduced drinking. It was proposed that naloxone induced a state of frustrative nonreward. Pimozide, 1 mg/kg, blocked place preference and somewhat reduced drinking. In Experiment 2, doses of 1 and 4 mg/kg naloxone were used. Both doses blocked place preference. A dose of 4 mg/kg had a marginal effect on drinking, while 1 mg/kg lacked effect on this behavior. Thus, naloxone may block the establishment of place preference without modifying drinking. The effects of the dopamine D1 antagonist SCH23390 and the D2 antagonist raclopride were studied in Experiment 3. SCH23390 blocked place preference and reduced drinking at doses of 0.25 and 0.125 mg/kg. A dose of 0.06 mg/kg did not affect drinking but inhibited place preference. Raclopride, 0.25 mg/kg, had the same effects as SCH23390 at the same dose while 0.125 mg/kg blocked place preference without affecting drinking. It appears that the effects of a D1 and a D2 antagonist are similar. Because the effects of these latter drugs also are similar to those obtained with naloxone, it is suggested that both dopamine and opioids are important for water-induced reinforcement. Possible interactions between these two neurotransmitter systems are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

H1, H2, and H3 receptors contribute to drinking elicited by exogenous histamine and eating in rats.

Roles for H1, H2, and H3 receptor subtypes for drinking elicited by exogenous histamine and drinking elicited by eating was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Drinking elicited by SC 5 mg/kg histamine was: (a) inhibited approximately 30% by H1 antagonism using IP 1 mg/kg dexbrompheniramine (DXB); (b) inhibited approximately 30% by H2 antagonism using IP 16 mg/kg cimetidine (C); (c) inhibited approximately 40% by H3 antagonism using SC 10 mg/kg thioperamide (Th); (d) inhibited approximately 80% by combined H1 and H2 antagonism using IP DXB plus IP C; (e) inhibited approximately 85% by combined H1 and H3 antagonism using IP DXB plus SC Th; (f) inhibited approximately 70% by combined H2 and H3 antagonism using IP C plus SC Th; and (g) abolished by combined H1, H2, and H3 antagonism using IP DXB plus IP C plus SC Th. For rats eating pellets and drinking after 24-h food deprivation: (a) systemic injections of DXB, C, and Th, sufficient to abolish drinking elicited by SC histamine, inhibited water/food ratio (W/F) by approximately 20%; (b) ICV injections (through a chronic cannula in a lateral ventricle) of 50 micrograms DXB plus 100 micrograms C plus 60 micrograms Th inhibited W/F by approximately 20%. For rats drinking after IG infusion (through a chronic gastric catheter) of 2 ml 1,800 mOsm/kg NaCl: (a) systemic injections of DXB, C, and Th, sufficient to abolish drinking elicited by SC histamine, inhibited water intake by approximately 70%; (b) IP DXB alone and IP C alone failed to inhibit water intake; (c) IP Th alone inhibited water intake by approximately 20%; (d) IP DXB combined with IP C inhibited water intake by approximately 55%. The results demonstrate the involvement of H1, H2, and H3 receptors for drinking elicited by exogenous histamine, and our findings extend the evidence for a role for endogenous histamine and H1, H2, and H3 receptor subtypes for drinking elicited by eating, including drinking elicited by gastrointestinal osmotic consequences of eating that can increase systemic plasma osmolality.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Heavy drinking and its correlates in young men.

This study examined the drinking behavior of a sample of 98 college men and the relationship to drinking of a variety of subject variables. The subjects reported drinking an average of nearly eight days a month, about five drinks each time, and were intoxicated more than three times monthly. Nearly half reported having experienced two or more drinking-related adverse consequences within the past year and over a third were intoxicated four or more times monthly. Forty percent of the subjects could be described as problem drinkers. Illicit drug use and the disinhibition factor of the sensation seeking scale were the most consistent correlates of drinking behavior and its adverse consequences, although belonging to a fraternity, consuming alcohol/drugs before age 15, the Macandrew Alcoholism Scale score, and a family member having received alcoholism treatment were also found to be consistently associated with drinking in the subjects. Sociodemographic characteristics, physical health, mental health treatment, childhood behavior problems, adolescent antisocial behavior, and familial alcoholism were by and large not found to be related to drinking behavior. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that five variables accounted for 51% of the total variance in drinking behavior. The significant predictors included a heavy drug use factor, a smoking factor, fraternity membership, drug/alcohol use before age 15, and having a family member who had received alcoholism treatment. Thus, four of the five significant predictor variables were reflective of drug use in the subject or his family. The findings underline the need for further prospective longitudinal research to understand the origins of problem drinking and its relationship to alcoholism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Gender differences in rural adolescent drinking patterns.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in rural adolescent male and female drinking patterns, problem drinking behavior, and the factors associated with problem drinking behavior. METHODS: An anonymous written survey was administered to 2,297 adolescents, aged 12 to 18 years, in a rural Mississippi River Delta county. Potential risk factors for problem drinking behavior examined included demographic, behavioral, peer, and parental characteristics. Drinking patterns were examined separately for male and female adolescent drinkers. RESULTS: Individual factors associated with problem drinking behavior for these rural adolescents were consistent with previous research. However, these factors were gender specific in prevalence. Males were more likely than females to report all of the behavioral and peer risk factors associated with problem drinking, except depressive symptoms, which were more frequently reported by females than males. The interactions of gender with race and gender with peer approval of drinking were significantly associated with problem drinking. The ratio of male to female problem drinkers among African-American adolescents was twice as high as the ratio among Caucasian adolescents. Females were much more strongly influenced by peer disapproval of drinking than were males. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention and intervention programs may be more effective for rural females if they target depression and focus on support systems, whereas intensive programs for adolescents with multiple high risk behaviors may be more effective for rural males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Drinking game participation among college students: gender and ethnic implications.

Participation in drinking games by college students has recently sparked research attention. While previous research indicates that women play drinking games at lower frequencies than men, the current study reveals that college women may be playing games at rates similar to college men. In a sample of 105 coed college students, participants completed a 3-month Timeline Followback recording every drinking event and quantity consumed. They then were prompted to identify which drinking events involved drinking games and how much alcohol was consumed during game playing. Both men and women engaged in drinking games at similar rates and consumed more drinks on game playing days than on non-game drinking days. However, drinking game participation was related to alcohol-related consequences in women only. Further, while Caucasian participants played drinking games more often than non-Caucasian participants, an association between game participation and alcohol-related consequences emerged in non-Caucasian participants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiological trends in drinking by age and gender: providing normative feedback to adults.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to evaluate drinking rates as a function of age and gender and to disseminate current estimates of U.S. population drinking norms based on age and gender. METHODS: Participants included 42,706 men and women 18 years and older who provided information about their drinking from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions [National Alcohol Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, 2001) dataset collected between 2001 and 2002 from a representative, non-institutionalized sample. RESULTS: Results revealed greater frequency and typical quantity of alcohol consumption among men versus women. Age differences in drinking frequency suggests a sharp increase with legal drinking age followed by a period of reduced frequency, in turn followed by gradual increase up to retirement age. Age differences in typical drinking quantity suggest a sharp increase with legal drinking age followed by a gradual linear decline in number of drinks per occasion. Age differences in typical quantity were more pronounced among men. CONCLUSIONS: Analyses provide epidemiological trends in drinking rates by age and gender, and emphasize the importance of within group differences when examining drinking rates. Discussion focuses on explaining how to incorporate norms information in prevention and treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Interactive effects of the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and stressful life events on college student drinking and drug use.

BACKGROUND: A common functional polymorphism, 5-HTTLPR, in the serotonin transporter gene has been associated with heavy drinking in college students. We examined this polymorphism as it interacted with negative life events to predict drinking and drug use in college students. METHODS: Daily reports of drinking and drug use obtained using a daily web-based survey were combined with self-reports of past-year negative life events and 5-HTTLPR genotypes in a regression analysis of alcohol and nonprescribed drug use in a sample of 295 college students. RESULTS: Genotype and negative life events significantly interacted in relation to drinking and drug use outcomes. Individuals homozygous for the short (s) allele who experienced multiple negative life events in the prior year reported more frequent drinking and heavy drinking, stronger intentions to drink, and greater nonprescribed drug use. In individuals homozygous for the long (l) allele, drinking and drug use were unaffected by past-year negative life events. Heterozygous subjects showed drinking outcomes that were intermediate to the two homozygous groups. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-HTTLPR s-allele is associated with increased drinking and drug use among college students who have experienced multiple negative life events. The s-allele carriers may be at risk for a variety of adverse behavioral outcomes in response to stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The co-occurrence of smoking and drinking among young adults in college: national survey results from the United States.

BACKGROUND: In US colleges, alcohol and tobacco pose substantial health risks but little is known about their co-occurrence, limiting development and use of appropriately targeted prevention efforts. METHODS: Data from the 2001 HSPH College Alcohol Study (student n = 10,924; college n = 120) were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Co-occurring smoking/drinking risks were examined in aggregate, by gender, and by age of onset of regular drinking and smoking across 10 measures of drinking style, three categories of transitional drinking behavior, and by treatment behavior. RESULTS: Over 98% of current smokers drink; a fraction (<1%) of lifetime and 7% of past year alcohol abstainers smoke. Across drinking pattern measures, 44-59% of drinkers smoke. Co-occurrence risks are greatest among youth reporting high total alcohol consumption (adjusted OR 4.21, p < 0.0001), drinking problems (adjusted OR 3.31, p < 0.0001) or symptoms of diagnosable alcohol abuse (adjusted OR 3.02, p < 0.0001). Risks are sharply elevated among students who self-medicate for drinking problems and do not seek/receive help (adjusted OR 1.87, p < 0.0001), and those reporting symptoms of diagnosable alcohol abuse who may or may not seek/receive help (adjusted OR 2.67, p < 0.01 and 2.96, p < 0.01, respectively). Females and students reporting early adolescent onset of regular smoking are at greatest risk. CONCLUSIONS: Virtually all college smokers drink, and smoking and drinking are powerfully interrelated across drinking measures. Efficiency argues for jointly targeting both behaviors and developing interventions tailored to the special vulnerabilities of young women, students experiencing difficulties adjusting to college, and students reporting early onset of regular smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Correlation between modes of drinking and modes of driving as reported by students at two American universities.

This paper examines the correlates and predictors of driving under the influence behaviors (DUIBs) during the past month by college students. Measures of heavy episodic drinking, monthly drinking frequency, monthly drinking variance, monthly drinks per occasion and reported marijuana use are compared as predictors net of other predictive factors. A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted with college students by a university social science research laboratory. Respondents attended two large public universities located in the southwestern part of the US. Participants included 803 randomly selected college students. The interview schedule included items from the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey and the College Alcohol Risk Assessment Guide. Several additional last-drinking-event items were also developed for the interview. Bivariate analyses indicate that marijuana use (past year), heavy episodic drinking, reports of DUIBs (driving under the influence or riding with a driver who is under the influence) in the past year, monthly frequency of drinking, the average number of drinks consumed when drinking and age are correlates of DUIBs during the past month. Multivariate analyses indicate past year DUIBs, monthly frequency of drinking and monthly marijuana use predicted recent DUIB.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Factors related to miles driven between drinking and arrest locations among convicted drunk drivers.

The objectives of the study were to estimate the distance driven between drinking and arrest locations among 3,107 offenders convicted of driving while impaired and to determined whether the drinking location, the driver's appearance (factors such as race, age, gender), or age of the vehicle account for any differences in the estimated distance driven. Statistical models were used to determine odds ratios for being arrested in the immediate vicinity of the drinking location, and for miles driven impaired. The independent sociodemographic and arrest variables included: age, gender, ethnicity/race, vehicle age, drinking location, whether the arrest followed a crash, time of arrest, blood alcohol concentration, and drinking in areas with varying levels of arrest intensity. The variables associated with arrest in the immediate vicinity of the drinking location (less than one half mile) were drinking in high or medium-high arrest intensity areas, Hispanic/Mexican ethnicity/nationality, Native American race, and drinking at home. Among those who were not arrested in the immediate vicinity, the number of miles driven ranged from 0.5 to 18.2, with a mean of 3.4 miles (median = 2.6). Analysis of covariance demonstrated that among those arrested outside the immediate vicinity of their drinking locations, persons who drank in a high or medium-high arrest intensity area, those with blood alcohol concentrations of > or = 200 mg/l, and those drinking at bars, restaurants, or private parties, drove fewer miles compared to other offenders. Our findings are mixed regarding ethnicity/race. Traits such as age, gender, and vehicle age are unrelated to how far drunk drivers travel before their arrests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Stress and the urge to drink.

OBJECTIVE: Understanding why people drink alcohol is important for the health and safety of individuals and the public. The aim of this study was to examine from a cognitive point of view the hypothesized link between drinking and stress. METHODS: 25 scenarios were constructed by combining two items, either two life-change events or a social situation and an emotional state. In the initial three experiments, 159 male and 43 female alcoholics and 157 male and 93 female nonalcoholics in France judged the degree to which these scenarios were stressful and subsequently the degree to which they stimulated an urge to drink. In the final experiment, 126 of the male alcoholics were studied at the beginning and end of an inpatient alcohol rehabilitation program. RESULTS: The alcoholics and nonalcoholics, regardless of gender, assigned similar stress values to the scenarios and used the same cognitive rules for combining the stress associated with two items (disjunctive rules for two life-change events and additive ones for a personal emotion combined with a social situation). They differed, however, in how they judged the urge to drink. The nonalcoholics reported little stimulus to drink from any combination of items, whereas the alcoholics not only perceived the individual items as stimulating an urge to drink but also used the same cognitive rule in judging the combined urge to drink of two items as they used in judging the combined stress. After completing rehabilitation, the alcoholics judged the combinations of life-change events as stimulating less stress and less urge to drink. Nevertheless, they continued to use a disjunctive combination rule. CONCLUSIONS: Stress and drinking are linked at a fundamental cognitive level among alcoholics, though not among nonalcoholics. Alcoholics should be helped to recognize this link, to reduce their feelings of stress, and to find outlets other than drink.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social anxiety, alcohol expectancies, and drinking-game participation.

Few studies have investigated factors contributing to college student participation in drinking games. The extent to which drinking games contribute to negative alcohol-related consequences is uncertain. The current study attempted to (a) clarify the risks posed by drinking-game participation, (b) identify characteristics of heavy drinkers who play frequently and those who seldom play, and (c) determine if students participated in drinking games to reduce anxiety in social situations. Tension reduction alcohol expectancies were examined as a potential moderator variable for the relationship between social anxiety and frequency of play. Drinking games accounted for high proportions of all negative alcohol-related consequences and appeared to be strongly associated with instances of sexual victimization. Contrary to predictions based on the tension reduction hypothesis, greater frequency of play was associated with lower social anxiety, and no moderating effect was found for tension reduction expectancies. Frequent players also had more environmental exposure to drinking games. In men, heavy-drinking players may resemble Clonninger's Type 1 alcoholic, whereas heavy-drinking nonplayers resemble the Type 2 pattern. A full understanding of college student drinking behavior may not be possible without greater understanding of drinking games.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Alternative definitions of high risk for impaired driving: the overlap of high volume, frequent heavy drinking and alcohol dependence.

This paper examines the distributions of past-year volume of ethanol intake, frequency of drinking 5+ drinks and alcohol dependence in a representative sample of 18,352 U.S. current drinkers aged 18 years or over. Within categories defined by these three partially overlapping domains, it presents rates of self-perceived impaired driving, i.e. driving after having had too much to drink, in the year preceding interview. High volume drinkers, those with an average daily ethanol intake of 1 ounce or more, composed 19.7% of current drinkers and accounted for 66.5% of all reported ethanol consumption, 72.6% of all heavy drinking days, 49.2% of all alcohol dependence and 62.8% of all impaired driving incidents. Frequent heavy drinkers, those who drank 5+ drinks at least once a week, composed 12.3% of current drinkers and accounted for 42.9% of all reported ethanol consumption, 81.9% of all heavy drinking days, 40% of all alcohol dependence and 57% of all impaired driving incidents. Drinkers with DSM-IV alcohol dependence composed 9.9% of current drinkers and accounted for 28.9% of all reported ethanol consumption, 37% of all heavy drinking days and 56.9% of all impaired driving incidents. The overlap of these three high risk groups, each of which had a probability of at least one impaired driving incident per year, was far from complete. Of individuals who met any of these criteria for high risk drinking (i.e. high volume, frequent heavy drinking or dependence), more than half met only one criterion and only one in seven met all three. The group that did meet all three criteria had such a high rate of impaired driving incidents, an average of 5.14/year, that it accounted for 36.4% of all such incidents despite making up only 3.8% of all current drinkers. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for targeting prevention and intervention efforts, e.g. whether targeting one problematic aspect of drinking behavior will reach drinkers with other types of problem behaviors as well.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1997

Correlates of drinking during the third trimester of pregnancy in Alaska.

OBJECTIVES: To examine characteristics related to drinking during pregnancy among a population-based sample of women. METHOD: We analyzed data related to third-trimester drinking collected from the Alaska Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). PRAMS used a population-based, stratified sampling design to survey 9733 of the approximately 44,000 live births to Alaska-resident women during 1991-1994. We defined regular drinking as one or more drinks per week on average during the third trimester. Analyses included bivariate and multivariate associations with any and regular drinking. RESULTS: Of women mailed a survey, 6973 responded and answered the questions related to alcohol consumption. Nine percent reported any drinking during the third trimester and 2.5% were regular third-trimester drinkers. The strongest risk factors for both any and regular third-trimester drinking were older age and marijuana or cocaine use. Other risk factors for any third-trimester drinking included prenatal cigarette smoking, greater education, non-Alaska Native race, the experience of significant life stressors, and residence in a community that did not restrict the sale of alcohol. Other risk factors for regular third-trimester drinking included prenatal cigarette smoking and the experience of domestic violence. Prenatal counseling regarding the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and adequacy of prenatal care were not significantly associated with either outcome variable. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to decrease prenatal alcohol consumption should be directed at older women and should address social determinants of health, such as education, domestic violence, drug use, and the availability of alcohol. In the absence of these efforts, prenatal alcohol education by health care providers may have little impact on pregnancy-related drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Type of alcohol and drinking pattern in 56, 970 Danish men and women.

OBJECTIVE: To describe drinking patterns among individuals who prefer drinking wine, beer or spirits. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study obtaining detailed information on intake of wine, beer and spirits and on frequency of alcohol intake. Adjustment for gender, age, smoking habits, educational attainment and body mass index. SETTING: Denmark. SUBJECTS: 27, 151 men and 29, 819 women, randomly selected from Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Drinking pattern-steady or binge drinking. RESULTS: A vast majority (71%) of both men and women preferred wine or beer. At all levels of total alcohol intake, beer drinkers were most likely to be frequent drinkers. Thus, light drinkers of beer had an odds ratio for being frequent drinkers of 1.97 (95% confidence limits 1.50-2.58) as compared to light drinkers of wine (total alcohol intake 3-30 drinks per month), while people who preferred beer had an odds ratio of 1. 29 (1.19-1.40) compared with wine drinkers in the moderate drinking category (31-134 drinks per month). There were no significant differences in total alcohol intake between individuals preferring different alcoholic beverages. CONCLUSION: If binge drinking is less healthy than steady drinking, the relation between wine intake and coronary heart disease mortality could be subject to negative confounding, since beer drinkers seem to have the most sensible drinking pattern. SPONSORSHIP: Danish Cancer Society and the Danish National Board of Health. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 174-176

Alcohol Drinking↗