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PubMed1999

[Epidemiology and public health consequences of human toxocariasis as a frequently occurring urban zoonosis].

The authors give a review mainly about that worm species of the endoparasites of dogs and cats which are more frequently dangerous for the people living in urban circumstances because of the dissemination faeces of these animals. The life cycle of the nematode Toxocara species in dogs and cats as the final hosts, in inadequate++ hosts like man and the consequences of the zoonoses caused by these worms are briefly discussed. The authors survey the epidemiology, clinical appearances and the prevalence of human infections according to the data of the Hungarian and foreign literature. The clinical symptoms and the danger of this parasitosis running with the increasing number of the pet animals are pointed out. It is emphasized that the wide-range explanatory work and the role of the owners of pets in the decrease of the risks are very important, moreover that organizing the struggle against zoonoses such as toxocarosis is mainly veterinary task, however, its control is common medical and veterinary interest. The recognition, identification, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human infections can only be effective with the proper knowledge in this zoonosis. Toxocarosis is one of the most frequent helminthozoonoses of townspeople in Hungary.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Which zoonosis is it?].

Starting from the definition for zoonoses according to EU directive 92/117 EEC a brief and mainly tabulated summary is given on the occurrence of zoonoses worldwide and in Germany and related factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Wild animals as transmitters of infectious diseases].

The present contribution contains a summarized overview of current literature dealing with the most important zoonoses that can be transmitted directly or indirectly from indigenous wildlife to man. Following Weber (1994) the diseases are classified according to the species of pathogen. Ways of infection are shown and the importance of these zoonoses is discussed with regard to the frequency of occurrence, the degree of sickness and the risk for man.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Anthropozoonotic helminthiases in Australasia: Part 3: - studies on the prevalence and public health implications of helminth parasites of dogs and cats in urban environments.

Man has acquired helminth infections at different times during his evolutionary history and animals have and do serve an important role in supplementing these acquisitions. Helminth species are divided into those which accompanied man as he emerger as a species and those which he has since acquired from domestic, wild and domiciliated animals by breakdown of ecological, physiological and immunological barriers (Sprent 1969). With particular reference to helminth zoonoses transmitted through domesticated animals, the role played by dogs and cats in disease transmission to man (in urban environments) has been largely overlooked. In the Australasian region, the most important helminth zoonoses transmitted by dogs and cats in heavily urbanised areas as Toxocara sp., Ancylostoma sp. and Dirofilaria immitis. The prevalence, geographic distribution and major epidemiological considerations for each parasite are discussed with the view that future control and/or eradication programs should be based on a sound epidemiological understanding of the natural life history of the helminths concerned.

Ancylostomiasis↗
PubMed2003

Environmental contamination with helminth infective stages implicated in water and foodborne diseases.

The number of parasites increased followed the rapid growing of human population on the Earth. Zoonoses with other medical disorders such allergy accompanied to the parasitic infection are under very carefull investigation. A zoonosis can be transmitted from animals to humans in various ways, depending on life cycle of parasite, the kind of hosts and geographical distribution of species. There are many diseases that can be linked to transmission from not only domestic but also from wild animals (for example Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxocara, Anisakis). The greater abundance of wild animals may contribute to the wider distribution and increasing prevalence of their parasites (red fox for Echinococcus multilocularis or Trichinella britovi). Zoonotic infections can be transmissed directly from environment when infective stages of parasite contamine water or food. Very important source of zoonoses in humans comes also from foodstuffs of animal origin. Environmental contamination with helminth infective stages needs regular indication for recognition of parasitic species under molecular data and improvement of effective measures to prevent of human zoonotic diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Veterinary public health: perspectives at the threshold of the 21st century.

Veterinary public health (VPH) is a term officially used by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to provide a conceptual framework and programmatic structure for those public health activities which involve the application of knowledge, expertise and resources in veterinary medicine towards the protection and improvement of human health. It serves as the "linkage" between agriculture and public health. The principles on which VPH is based are deeply rooted in the biological, physical and social sciences, and are widely shared in agriculture, medicine and the environmental sciences. It involves not only veterinarians but also professionals from a host of other disciplines. VPH is dynamic in its scope and functions, and future perspectives are defined by the changing policy and priorities of the health and agriculture sectors. VPH continuously explores the horizons of public health needs for new opportunities in which veterinary medicine has a comparative advantage. The control and eradication of zoonoses and food protection remain the prominent functions of VPH. In the region of the Americas, VPH forms one of the central approaches in the strategic orientation and programme priorities of the health sector, having three strategic foci: the elimination of urban rabies, the eradication of foot and mouth disease, and food protection. The programme of technical cooperation covers the following components: zoonoses, foot and mouth disease, food protection, biomedical models, education and training in veterinary public health, and the development of veterinary public health services.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Notes on cystic echinococcosis in the Mediterranean.

Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is present from the beginning of history and in the Mediterranean it is linked to the dog-sheep cycle. The Mediterranean area possesses many features favouring CE. Positive and negative influences derived from the action of the European Community and from recent developments. The control measures of CE have political, economic, public health and environmental implications. Dog population and dog-transmitted zoonoses control, improvement of slaughtering procedures and the destruction of infected viscera, health education, interprofessional cooperation are able individually to constitute a contraposition to CE and combined to compose a control program. Epidemiological surveillance and control of CE in the Mediterranean are coordinated by the WHO Mediterranean Zoonoses Control Centre of Athens.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Animal production and animal health and their relationship with veterinary public health in Latin America and the Caribbean].

The authors analyse the relationships which exist, in terms of programmes, sectors and institutions, between animal health, animal production and veterinary public health on the one hand, and between each of these three sectors and public health in general on the other. The most important common factor is food safety. Undernutrition, which affects some 60 million inhabitants of Latin America and the Caribbean, is still the most important public health problem in this part of the world. While it is known that the major cause of undernutrition is the low gross domestic product and uneven distribution of wealth, increased animal production and productivity would provide the key to an improvement in the situation. The concept of animal health, in its broadest sense, implies optimum animal production in a given region and during a specified period of time. Veterinary public health has functions and objectives which are crucial for food safety: protection and hygiene of foods, and control of the use in animal production of substances toxic to human beings (such as heavy metals, hormones and insecticides). Within the area of transmissible diseases, the authors discuss control measures for zoonoses. Besides the specific subject of interdisciplinary relationships in regard to zoonoses, the authors stress the importance of joint work conducted in the research, development and implementation of laboratory diagnostic activities and the production and quality control of antigens and vaccines. The production of laboratory animals is another sphere of common activity and research, and it cannot be said that such work is specific to any one of the three disciplines. Moreover, the fields of health, animal health and veterinary public health share the same methods and strategies, and reciprocal benefits could be more significant than the objectives of individual programmes. Reference is made to the organisation of state services and their adaptation to administrative de-centralisation, particularly at the local level.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1989

[Infections which humans in the household transmit to dogs and cats].

An overview of the most important infections which can be transmitted from humans to pet dogs and cats is presented. Two quite different sources of infection stand diametrically opposite each other: 1. The transmission of active human infections to dogs and cats and 2. the transmission of infectious agents by feeding raw meat, offal, unsterilized milk products, kitchen scraps and contaminated feedstuffs. Humans can be the source of the following infections: 1. Zoonoses with reciprocal modes of transmission, e.g. Campylobacter and E. coli infections, trichophyton and microsporum infections, reo-, parainfluenza-, adeno, rota- and corona infections. 2. Zoonoses in which the main direction of infection is human----animal, e.g. tuberculosis and influenza A. 3. Infections originally pathogenic to humans which meet an impasse in dogs and cats (blind alley hosts), e.g. herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, measles and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Listeria, salmonella, campylobacteria, toxoplasma, fungi, yeasts and viruses are transmitted via feed. The most dangerous virus infection to be transmitted to cats and dogs via raw pork leftovers is Aujeszky's disease. The dog or cat, which is the last link in the infection chain, suffers an agonizing death. The other infections originating from feed must be assessed quite differently. They are links in infection chains, which spread pathogens and endanger the health of man and animal in turn. A typical example is toxoplasmosis. Man becomes infected via sporulated oocysts from feces. Pet cats mainly become infected via raw pork containing cysts.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Animal health and primary health care].

As part of the primary care strategy, the Governments of the Americas have included the agricultural and animal health sectors among the public health activities of the Plan of Action. This means that both sectors--agricultural and veterinary--must be guided in their work by a multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach, with full community participation. Hence, it is certain that both the study of veterinary medicine and the practice of the profession in the Region will have to be reoriented so that they may be more fully integrated with the primary care strategy. The reorientation of animal health activities is the subject of this paper. There can be no doubt that animal health has a vital part to play in improving the quality of human life and that veterinary practice itself offers excellent opportunities for building a sense of personal and community responsibility for the promotion, care, and restoration of health. Through their contact with the rural population while caring for their livestock (an integral part of the rural socioeconomic structures), the veterinarian and animal health assistant establish close bonds of trust not only with farmers, but with their families and the entire community as well; they are thus well placed to enlist community participation in a variety of veterinary public health activities such as zoonoses control, hygiene programs, and so forth. While the goal of the Plan of action is to extend primary care to the entire population, the lack of material and human resources requires that priority attention be given to the needs of the more vulnerable groups, including the extremely poor living in rural and urban areas. These are the groups at greatest risk from the zoonoses still present in the Americas. In the face of these facts, it is clear that primary care in the animal health field should be based on the application in each country of proven, effective, appropriate technology by personnel who, whether new or retrained, are well prepared for the responsibility. To this end, the veterinary public health sector should foster intersectoral coordination and technical and economic cooperation among countries, in addition to promoting (in schools of veterinary medicine) continuing education programs to train veterinary personnel for work in common with the other public health fields.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Guarantee of the control of animal epidemics for consumer protection].

The main of animal disease control with regard to consumer welfare is the eradication of zoonoses, that is of zoonotic agent that, via food of animal origin, cause disease in man. As an example of harmonized European Union control measures reference is made to Directive 92/117/EEC concerning measures for protection against specified zoonoses and specified zoonotic agents in animals and products of animal origin in order to prevent outbreaks of foodborne infections and intoxications (Zoonosis Directive), with an emphasis on salmonellosis in poultry flocks. The commitment of EU member states to the improvement of the health status of farm animals, to the reduction of threats to human health, and to simultaneously guaranteeing free intra-Community trade results in the need to reorganise veterinary services.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Parasitic specificity and development of stray parasites of animal origin in man].

As on introduction to the selected topic, the author, after conjuring up the problem of parasite specificity, describes the various biological behaviour of parasites of animal origin having got into man. So doing, he quotes two main types of parasitic zoonoses (1) holozoonoses, in which the parasites are able to pass from animals to man and back; (2) hemi-zoonoses, in which parasites cannot go back from man to animals. The latter are due: (a) either to the inability for the parasite to reach, in man, the stage which would enable it to follow on its life cycle; this is a biological phenomenon: man is a dead-lock for the parasite; (b) or to the necessity for a parasite having reached a suitable stage in man, to go back-to animal through predation of man by the animal; this is an ethological phenomenon: man is a cul-de-sac for the parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Infections from animals to man.

A conference on 'Infections from Animals to Man' was held at the Royal College of Physicians on 8 July 1992. The aim of the conference was to discuss the epidemiology and control of the zoonoses and the risks posed by zoonoses.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Veterinary medicine and public health (author's transl)].

Various aspects of current problems in the field of public health will be commented on in an introductory paper. Attention will mainly be paid to three subjects, viz. zoonoses, food hygiene and environmental pollution. Recent developments in the field of so-called classical and currently emerging zoonoses will be briefly discussed with reference to the specific papers which will be presented by specialists during the course of the day. In the field of food hygiene, problems of bacterial and chemical contamination of foods of animal origin will be referred to. Modern aspects related to drastically altered methods of production, distribution and eating habits will be stressed again. Future chief items for further methods studies in this field will be puut forward. In addition to general aspects of problems relating to the environment and pollution, attention will be drawn to the specific contribution of the veterinarian both in the prevention of further pollution and in the possible solution of the highly complicated problems in this field. Real and hypothetical cycles of micro-organisms and chemical constituents in the environment as well as studies designed to disrupt these cycles will be discussed. In considering these problems, reference will be made to more detailed discussions whhich will take place during the course of the day, to the duties of and possibilities for the veterinarian in all these fields of research, to international co-operation and to the research programmes and legal regulations in the Netherlands.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Veterinary parasitology and human health.

Veterinary parasitology is a subdiscipline of veterinary medicine and is concerned (a) with diseases in animals caused by protozoan and metazoan parasites, (b) with parasitic zoonoses and (c) with parasites acting as disease vectors. Veterinary parasitology is related to human health and well-being in a number of ways. It plays a role in treatment, prevention and control of parasitoses in animals which serve as food sources for humans, which are used in agriculture as farm animals or which are companion animals of humans. Of direct significance to human health are activities of veterinary parasitology in prevention and control of food-, water-, vector-borne and other zoonoses, such as toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, leishmaniosis, taeniosis/cysticercosis, echinococcosis and others. In this context the evolution of veterinary parasitology, progress in the control of parasitic animal diseases, the concerns of mass-treatment of livestock against parasitoses, environment related problems and other factors are discussed. Finally, examples of current and predictable future research trends in veterinary parasitology are summarized. It is concluded that an innovative veterinary parasitology in cooperation with other disciplines will be in a position to contribute further to the improvement of human health and well-being.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Common culture practices for cyprinids in Asia.

Cyprinids are the largest group of cultured freshwater fish and thus the most important from the aspect of fish-borne parasitic zoonoses. The common practices employed in the culture of this group are described to provide background information which may be used in the formulation of strategies for the control of these zoonoses. Only the common carp is cultured in monoculture: all the rest of the carp species are usually cultured in polyculture systems incorporating several species. Polyculture of cyprinids may be carried out in ponds, cages or in free range culture in natural or man-made water bodies, Polyculture of cyprinids is often integrated with agriculture, such as livestock, poultry or crop farming, utilizing byproducts of the agriculture activity, especially manure, as a source of nutrient for the fish pond. If precautions are not taken, this practice may provide an avenue for the transmission of fish borne parasites to man.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Veterinary public health activities at FAO: cysticercosis and echinococcosis.

In many developing and transition countries, parasitic zoonoses such as cysticercosis and echinococcosis cause serious human suffering and considerable losses in agricultural and human productivity, thus posing a significant hindrance to their development. Although, effective and reliable tools for the diagnosis, prevention and control of parasitic zoonoses are now available, their implementation has not always been successful in many countries. This is primarily due to the lack of awareness on the presence or impact of the causing parasites (Taenia saginata, Taenia solium and Echinococcus spp.). In addition, often the needed intersectorial cooperation, resource management and political commitment for their control are (also) absent. FAO's regular programme has established a global network of professionals directly involved in zoonotic and food-borne diseases. The network provides a basic framework for the spread of information related to the diagnosis, prevention and control of major zoonotic diseases including cysticercosis and echinococcosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on liver transplantation service.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) struck 1755 patients in Hong Kong and developed into a global health crisis. Although the World Health Organization and national health authorities are sparing no effort to contain the disease and to find a cure for the potentially deadly infection, SARS has an impact on our liver transplantation (LTx) program. Before the SARS outbreak, an average of 1 LTx was performed per month in our center. For 6 months since the outbreak, there had been no LTx performed. The intensive care unit had to be dedicated to patients with SARS. Two of the LTx team members were struck by SARS. A survey conducted among LTx recipients and their family members (n = 45) demonstrated symptoms of anxiety and stress in all. Some LTx recipients were treated at the Emergency Department for suspected SARS, which were later confirmed to be false alarms. Many LTx patients were too frightened to come back for follow-up. A new strain of coronavirus was identified as the causative agent. The origin of this virus is uncertain but the probability of zoonoses is being seriously discussed. Not only are immunosuppressed patients exposed to higher risk of infection, but also the waiting list mortality is also expected to increase. The SARS outbreak has demonstrated the vulnerability of an organ transplantation service and reminds us of the fearful possibility of zoonoses in future xeno-transplantation.

Communicable Disease Control↗