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PubMed1979

Assessing release courses in vocational training.

A series of visits to selected vocational training schemes revealed a wide variation in attendance by trainees, content of release courses, use of teaching methods, and participation in planning by trainees. The principal criticism made by ex-trainees was the absence of enough teaching on practice management.I suggest that it is important to clarify as soon as possible the division of teaching responsibilities between training practices and release courses.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1983

Vocational training for family practice in Israel.

Awareness that the competent family physician in the community is the key person in providing economic and effective health services is increasing. In Israel, as in most Western countries, this need is being met by postgraduate vocational training in family medicine. In Israel, the 4-yr curriculum, after completion of the compulsory internship year, consists of 27 mo in rotating residencies in approved hospital wards, followed by 21 mo in approved teaching practices, under the supervision of family physician tutors. A formal course of academic studies or work in one of the basic medical sciences is required, as are the Board of Family Medicine mandatory examinations. Now it is necessary to reach a consensus on the future scope and content of family medicine as an independent discipline that can provide comprehensive, continuous, accessible, and coordinated health care to all family members in the practice population, both in their homes and in clinics. There is also a need to recognize that academic and clinical teaching and research are as much a part of the family physician's task as is his service commitment, and that adequate facilities must be provided.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1980

Medical registration in the future; a basic and a vocational register?

The Medical Council is reviewing possible changes in medical registration for the future. These would require major alterations in the existing statutes (Medical Practitioners Act 1968 and 1973 and amendments) and would take up to two years to implement if the changes are supported. It should be emphasised that the proposal is still only at the discussion level, and the New Zealand Medical Council is most anxious to have the plan widely reviewed by the profession. The essential changes would be the abolition of the Specialist Register and division of the Medical Register into two parts: (a) Basic section; (b) Vocational section. This new section of the Register would be indicative to the public of competence for independent practice, for this is the reason for the publication of a register.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1982

A four-year reevaluation of the vocational interests of dental students on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

A sample of dental students was inventoried on their vocational interests as freshmen. They were reinventoried as seniors with the same instrument. While most interests were found to be reliable over time for the group, male dental students lost some of their orientation toward physicians and females were found to have lost some social orientation. Male students' orientation was found to be investigative while that of females was found to be primarily artistic-investigative.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Vocational schools and the development of the human resources for water and sanitation institutions].

On the basis of his experience in occupational training in Panama, the author regards the vocational, professional and technical school as endowed with the requisites for the provision of adequate training of personnel for water supply and sanitation institutions. In his view, the programs of those schools, with their substantial content in technical, cultural and scientific subjects as well as practical activities, provide training that will enable the student to function successfully in the field in which he will be employed, and to pursue high-level careers. Despite the difficulties of various kinds to be surmounted, the author feels that, with the collaboration of the institutions in the sector, programs could be designed with any occupational profile that were regarded as necessary, as an accurate response for producing the technicians that the institutions need. The study plans of the professional and technical schools of Panama are added in an appendix.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1980

A new method of self-assessment during vocational training.

The ability to assess oneself in general practice has to be learned. The ideal time to develop this ability is during vocational training. The lessons learned may be some of the most important before entering general practice itself.As a new approach to this problem, a self-assessment book has been devised. The book has potential as a research tool and helps trainees to think more closely about their particular problems during patient contact.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1995

Audit as part of summative assessment of vocational training.

Written evidence of the ability to carry out audit and performance review looks likely to be one of the four components of a summative assessment package for the end of vocational training. This paper seeks to raise the issues involved in this process. The features of audit which lend themselves to assessment of the attributes of a general practitioner are discussed. The criteria which might be used to assess a written submission are presented. A possible mechanism for marking and grading is suggested, and strategies for optimizing the validity and reliability of that assessment discussed. A timescale for implementation is also suggested. These issues need to be discussed and a process piloted if a credible mechanism is to be in place by August 1996.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1995

Primary care specialty selection: application of a vocational behavior theory.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine whether medical school graduates who completed undergraduate degrees in particular college majors were more likely to enter primary care residencies. John L. Holland's theory of vocational personalities and work environments was used to cluster undergraduate disciplines sharing distinctive qualities. These clusters were evaluated to determine if graduates from similar fields were more likely to pursue residencies in family practice, general internal medicine, or general pediatrics. METHODS: Students who graduated from US and Puerto Rican medical schools in 1987 were eligible for the study; college majors of 2,661 graduates entering primary care specialties were analyzed. RESULTS: Students completing undergraduate studies in the following majors selected primary care residencies by a twofold difference over the expected frequency: agriculture, black studies, civil engineering, general studies, literature, occupational therapy, and speech. Chi-square tests revealed no differences across Holland types in the frequency with which science and nonscience students selected primary care residencies. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care specialties tend to accommodate students from varied academic backgrounds and appear to be tolerant of individuals who have completed undergraduate course work in either bioscientific or biosocial nonscience disciplines.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1993

General practice careers: changing experience of men and women vocational trainees between 1974 and 1989.

The aim of this study was to consider the careers pursued by men and women general practitioner trainees following the completion of their training, and to assess changes since 1974. It was based on a postal questionnaire survey involving 995 doctors who had completed general practice vocational training in the Oxford region between 1974 and 1989. A total of 796 doctors replied to the questionnaire (498 men and 298 women, overall response rate 80%). The vast majority of ex-trainees were working in general practice at the time of the survey (men 87%, women 71%). Women were less likely to have become principals than men (75% versus 97%). Most women (71% of those completing training before 1988) reported at least one period of non-employment. While the duration of maternity leave dropped only slightly during the 15 years studied, the length of voluntary and involuntary unemployment experienced by women fell markedly. Men experienced little unemployment with no change in length of unemployment over time. Considerably fewer women than men (6% versus 13%) had become involved in teaching or training. The degree of difficulty in choosing and following a general practice career remained constant over time for women. In contrast there was a significant increase in the difficulties experienced by men. The proportion of men and women completing training in 1984-89 who found following a general practice career 'difficult or very difficult' was similar (10% of men, 13% of women). The possibility of improving these experiences, particularly by encouraging flexibility in the early years after completion of training, is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Integrating the licensed practical nurse and the licensed vocational nurse into the specialty of intravenous nursing.

In the scope of intravenous nursing practice, Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) and Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) can competently perform specific IV therapy procedures after successfully completing a well-structured IV nursing continuing education process. This article provides an overview of the various processes that need to be employed to ensure IV nursing competency of LPNs and LVNs before effectively integrating them into the specialty of IV nursing.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed1996

[Demise of the wound physician vocation exemplified by the political representative Arnold Schlegel (1850-1924)].

The name of Arnold Schlegel stands for a dazzling and complex personality. After being apprenticed to a barber surgeon in Württemberg, he spent about four decades in Switzerland working as an innkeeper. Yet, Schlegel distinguished himself as one of the leading representatives of the last non-academic surgeons in Württemberg. In contrast to most of his surgical colleagues, most of Schlegel's vocational activities are documented. This study is based on unpublished documents of different archives of Württemberg and Switzerland. The aim of the study is to illuminate the life of Arnold Schlegel and, in view of his policy, to illustrate the trying circumstances of contemporary barber surgery.

Barber Surgeons↗
PubMed1996

Summative assessment of vocational trainees: results of a 3-year study.

BACKGROUND: Summative assessment of general practice trainees will be introduced across the UK for trainees completing vocational training after 1 September 1996. AIMS: A study was set up to assess the reliability of the consulting skills assessment which will be used to develop audit and factual knowledge testing as summative assessment tools and to determine the probable impact of the system on the numbers of trainees identified as not yet competent for independent practice. METHOD: Videotaped consultations, an audit project, a trainer's report and a multiple-choice paper were evaluated for 359 trainees in the West of Scotland completing their training between 31 July 1993 and 31 July 1995. RESULTS: A total of 77 trainees (22%) were identified as being potentially of doubtful competence and 17 (5%) were adjudged to be as yet incompetent for independent practice. Videotaped consultation produced the highest pickup rate (14) followed by trainer's judgement (3). Subsequent analysis of the video tapes identified one trainee who should have been picked up by this method but was not. CONCLUSION: The videotape instrument reliably identified the non-competent trainees. Audit and factual knowledge tests have a distinct role in summative assessment. The proportion of trainees being refused certificates by this assessment is likely to increase considerably but will still represent only about 5% of all trainees.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1996

The vocational training scheme: decision-making in relation to general dental practitioners participating as scheme trainers.

In recent years, well-documented changes have occurred in the patterns of oral disease and, as a result, the scope and complexity of dental treatments has widened considerably. In response to this the Department of Health has introduced a compulsory one-year postgraduate vocational training scheme [VTS]. In this scheme, new graduates spend time in approved general dental practices, trained by selected general dental practitioners [GDPs] who are seen as having 'best practice' standards. For the VTS to succeed it will require the continued support of these 'best quality' GDPs who at the moment are competing for places as trainers. Such competition has not always existed and this paper describes a decision-making model for trainers which was developed because future external influences could reverse this competitive scenario, with a major effect on the postgraduate training programme.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1996

[Cholesterol level as related to physical constitution and lifestyle of vocational school students].

In a group of 153 vocational school students aged between 16 to 19 years, somatic tests and determinations of selected hemodynamic parameters (total cholesterol together with HDL fraction, physical efficiency) (Ruffier-Dickson test and the classic "step-test") were carried out. At a detailed interview it was attempted to establish the lifestyle of the tested students and also their parents state of health. J.P. Guilford's interpretation was applied to these factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of the licensed practical nurse and the licensed vocational nurse in the clinical practice of intravenous nursing. The Intravenous Nurses Society.

The Intravenous Nurses Society (INS) believes that the intravenous trained licensed practical nurse and the licensed vocational nurse can aid in the delivery of some aspects of intravenous therapy under the supervision of the registered nurse; however, the registered nurse shall be the primary practitioner in this specialty.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Factors influencing vocational outcomes following stroke in Taiwan: a medical centre-based study.

This study was aimed at identifying the factors relating to return to work for stroke patients of working age in Taiwan, adjusting for confounding factors. A retrospective cohort study was used to test the association between patients' characteristics, such as medical condition at admission and sociodemographic factors, and the degree of return to work after stroke. Two hundred and forty-eight consecutive stroke survivors discharged from the National Taiwan University Hospital participated in the follow-up survey. Variables considered likely to influence return to work were collected from the patients' hospital records. Vocational outcomes were collected via questionnaire. Return to work was classified into four levels: (I) no return to work; (II) limited return to work; (III) partial return to work; and (IV) complete return to work. Of the 248 subjects surveyed, 105 (42.7%) subjects had not returned to work, 32 (12.9%) subjects had returned to work on a limited basis, 43 (17.3%) subjects had partially returned, and 68 (27.4%) subjects had returned to work completely. Cramer's V test and stepwise logistic regression were employed to examine factors influencing return to employment. Maximum weakness and employment institution were identified as the strongest predictors of return to work. In brief, nearly three-quarters of the patients did not resume their usual work roles after stroke. Maximum weakness and employment institution were the strongest predictors of return to work following a stroke in Taiwan.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed1997

[From vocation to discipline].

This article looks at the history of nursing care in relation to modern-day nurse theorists' concepts of a professional nursing identity. In her discussion of the history of female caregivers and the nursing profession, the author attempts to show that by shifting nursing care from the concept of a vocation to a so-called scientific concept, nurses have failed to resolve their identity problem. The author maintains that the reason for this failure stems from the early days of the profession when line managers ignored the tradition of caregiving, rather than using it as the basic rationale of the nursing profession. This former tradition had caregivers using medicinal herbs, preparing home remedies, performing minor surgery, helping women during childbirth (midwifery), accompanying the dying and helping the poor. The author concludes that nurses would benefit from greater awareness of their profession's historical roots. This would in turn give them a clearer understanding of the type of services they are capable of delivering to the public.

Canada↗