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PubMed2000

Nitric oxide synthase localized in a subpopulation of vestibular efferents with NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemistry.

Efferent innervation of the vestibular labyrinth is known to be cholinergic. More recent studies have also demonstrated the presence of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide in this system. Nitric oxide is one of a new class of neurotransmitters, the gaseous transmitters. It acts as a second messenger and neurotransmitter in diverse physiological systems. We decided to investigate the anatomical distribution of the synthetic enzyme for nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), to clarify the role of nitric oxide in the vestibular periphery. NADPH diaphorase histochemical and NOS I immunohistochemical studies were done in the adult chinchilla and rat vestibular brainstem; diaphorase histochemistry was done in the chinchilla periphery. Retrograde tracing studies to verify the presence of NOS in brainstem efferent neurons were performed in young chinchillas. Our light microscopic results show that NOS I, as defined mainly by the presence of NADPH diaphorase, is present in a subpopulation of both brainstem efferent neurons and peripheral vestibular efferent boutons. Our ultrastructural results confirm these findings in the periphery. NADPH diaphorase is also present in a subpopulation of type I hair cells, suggesting that nitric oxide might be produced in and act locally upon these cells and other elements in the sensory epithelium. A hypothesis about how nitric oxide is produced in the vestibular periphery and how it may interact with other elements in the vestibular sensory apparatus is presented in the discussion.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of visual input on galvanic body sway test of unilateral vestibular deficiency in patients with unilateral vestibular schwannoma.

OBJECTIVE: Galvanic body sway tests (GBSTs) are performed with eyes fixed and closed. However, quantitative effect of fixation on GBST has been unknown. The purpose of this study is to address this question. METHODS: We evaluated GBSTs of patients with unilateral vestibular schwannomas and normal controls, while their eyes were open and closed. We evaluated three GBST parameters: maximum amplitude of the response, velocity and latency of the onset of response. RESULTS: Closing the eyes diminished stability, resulting in increased amplitude and velocity of the responses. However, apparent contribution to the latency of response could not be found. Contribution of visual fixation seems to be greater in apparatus with vestibular hypo-function than without it. Unilateral weakness (UW) was calculated for each parameter, and significant correlation, between with eyes fixed and closed, was found only for velocity parameter. CONCLUSION: Fixation would stabilize the body of subjects, and diminish GBST responses. GBST with and without fixation can be evaluated together, using certain coefficient. On the other hand, fixation would not have any contribution to the latency of the GBST response. When we evaluate vestibular dysfunction of patients with unilateral vestibular schwannomas, velocity parameter should be employed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Electromyographic analysis of the role of the otolith apparatus in regulation of postural disorders in humans with extrapyramidal pathology].

In 30 patients with cervical dystonia in the posture of orthostasis, an obvious change of the electromyographic pattern was shown both at rest and in different functional tests. The analysis has shown an enhanced excitability of motoneurons and a disorder of the cortical control, as well as enhancement of the irradiation process between paired structures controlling activity of opposite muscular groups. After treatment with intratympanal administration of an ototoxical preparation on the opposite side in respect to head turn direction, normalising of the cortical control and diminishing of the excitation irradiation. The data obtained suggest a significant role of the vestibular otolithic apparatus in regulation of postural disorders in extrapyramidal pathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1965

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