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PubMed2004

Formaldehyde concentration in the air and in cadavers at the gross anatomy laboratory in Hiroshima University.

The formaldehyde concentration in the air and in various tissues of 35 human cadavers were measured during a gross anatomy course held at the Faculty of Medicine of Hiroshima University in the 2003 educational year. Atmospheric formaldehyde levels were 0.25-0.55 ppm and thus less than the upper limit of the guideline for formaldehyde exposure (0.5 ppm) set by the Japan Society for Occupational Health (1988) except for one out of 10 measurements. The formaldehyde concentrations in tissues were as follows: the lung, 0.12 +/- 0.09% (n=29); the liver, 0.12 +/- 0.09% (n=29); and the brachioradialis muscle, 0.11 +/- 0.09% (n=30). Considerable variation was found among the cadavers and these values were lower than those of Tsurumi University which provided the only other data (average formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.27 to 0.32%). At Hiroshima University, blood is allowed to drain during embalming, whereas it is not at Tsurumi University. Differences in the embalming procedure are thus responsible for low and fluctuating formaldehyde concentrations in cadavers at Hiroshima University, and it is conceivable that relatively low formaldehyde levels in the air result from low formaldehyde concentrations in cadavers and good room ventilation (10 room-air changes per hour). However, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare recommended lower formaldehyde exposure levels (0.08 or 0.25 ppm) in 2002. Thus, it may be necessary to further reduce formaldehyde levels in the gross anatomy laboratory by means of such measures as neutralizing formaldehyde with ammonium carbonate; using a locally ventilated dissection work-table, etc.

Air↗
PubMed2005

[Suicide in Tsukuba University students, 1974-2002].

In this report, the author presents circumstances surrounding suicide in university students through the analysis of cases of suicide in Tsukuba University students. The subjects were 52 students (38 undergraduate, 14 graduate; 34 males, 18 females) who had committed suicide from 1974 to 2002. The average suicide rate was 18.6 per 100000, which was less than that of university students a few decades ago. The rate among liberal arts students was higher than that among science students. The number of victims increased later in the school year, and suicides among senior grades were higher. The peaks were distributed in September and March in a school years and on Tuesdays in a week. About 80% of the suicides used hanging and jumping from a height. Hanging was the most common method in both sexes, and the rate of hanging was higher in male than in female. The rate of jumping and overdose or drug was higher in female than in male. Of the 52 subjects, 16 (about 30%) had visited the outpatients clinic in the university health service center. Their clinical diagnosis was clearly divided into schizophrenic disorder and mood disorder. There was a history of suicide attempt in a half of the subjects, half of which, furthermore, had attempted suicide more than once. About half of them committed suicide less than two weeks after the last clinical visit. There might be some possible explanations for this overlooking of potential suicides, including remission of vigilance, difficulty in diagnosis and difficulty in cultivating rapport. Furthermore, suicide victims had less tendency to think of themselves as cheerful than control subjects at the point of entrance. Taking these results into consideration, the author made a few suggestions regarding suicide prevention in university students.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[The rearrangement of the medical faculty and the teaching of the medicine in the era of the reforms. The plan of the medical studies in the "restored" university of Cagliari and Sassari (1764-1766)].

In the same decade during which Vienna government was proceeding to the rearrangement of the Medical Faculty of the University of Pavia, Savoy government started the reform of Cagliari and Sassari Universities. The programme of medical studies to be introduced in the "restored" Universities aroused an important debate which involved the government of Turin, the local authorities and the Magistrature. The main points concerned the teachings to be started, the programmes and the texts to be adopted, the methods and contents of teaching. The range of ideas aiming to conform island medical Faculties to the progress of science, gave life to the critique of a teaching model, still ruled by the Galenic authority and by metaphysical etiological explanations, which ignored the physiological and pathological reality revealed by the anatomical study methodically on performed corpses. The new programme of studies admitted the teaching of surgery, which had completely disappeared in the university ruled by Jesuites, and increased the value of anatomy teaching, that will be chosen as a subject for the speech made during the solemn opening of the medical Faculty of Sassari in 1765. The need for an empirical testing which had to follow theorical studies in wards, where teachers had to give lessons at patients' bedside, was considered of such importance that it was codified in the Regulations of the reformed University. It was the very first step towards the welding between medical-surgical studies and nosocomial practice which was about to revolutionize the teaching framework of medical studies.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2006

[Roles and perspectives of the clinical laboratory in the new compulsory program for postgraduate clinical training: a report from Kobe University Hospital].

After the induction of the new compulsory program for postgraduate clinical training in 2004, Kobe University Hospital has changed dramatically, far more than expected. The reform of incorporating national universities also started in the same year. Accordingly, doctors and medical technologists (MT) working in the clinical laboratory have been looking for ways to contribute to the new clinical training program and hospital reforms. There are three big issues: Firstly, the hospital systems have been changing qualitatively due to the decreased numbers of residents. The clinical activities in the university hospital had largely depended on residents for various work in the old program. The numbers of residents, however, has fallen to less than half in the new program. In addition, there has been a growing consensus that university hospitals should refrain from loading excessive work and responsibilities on residents. These changes directly resulted in transferring the burden of residents onto senior doctors and faculty staff. Secondly, the roles of the clinical laboratory and the intensity of activity have been changing with the need of cooperating with hospital reforms caused by the new clinical training program and incorporating process. To improve or support the clinical activities and economical efficiency of the university hospital as an independent corporation, MT and other co-medical staff have been encouraged to help with various jobs which had been done by residents in the old system. Thirdly, how should we present updated and attractive training programs to medical students and postgraduates who are interested in becoming CPs? In this report, I introduce our new department of evidence-based laboratory medicine, and propose a few novel pathways for CPs, which I hope will show the new direction for the future of CPs.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed2006

[Multilevel model analysis on the influence of smoking among university students in Tianjin].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influencing factors of smoking among university students on individual and classes level by multilevel model and to identify high risk groups in order to develop pertinent prevention measures which can decrease smoking behavior among university students. METHODS: Self-reported data on knowledge, attitude and behavior on smoking coming from a randomly clustered sampling of 24 classes in students from 12 universities in Tianjin. RESULTS: Through analyses of 743 questionnaires from university students, we learned that the occasional smoking rate was 10.0% , the regular smoking rate was 7.4% and 5.9% had given up smoking. The influencing factors for students who smoked occasionally and regularily were gender (OR values were 0.243 and 0. 186), moods (OR values were 0.071 and 0.078) and environment (OR values were 2.722 and 19.075). Gender (OR value was 0. 180), age (OR value was 1.567), moods (OR value was 0.221) and environment (OR value was 2.776) had positive influences on students in giving up their smoking behavior. CONCLUSION: According to the different status of university students, different measures should be taken to prevent smoking and to change thier smoking behavior.

China↗
PubMed1991

Historically black and majority-white universities.

This paper details a cooperative sisterhood minority recruitment and retention agreement that was established between a predominantly White university and a historically Black university for the purpose of increasing the numbers of minority personnel in speech-language pathology and audiology. This paper also provides some suggestions for universities that may wish to implement a similar model. The program is still in its infancy. It is too early to determine how well a sisterhood agreement is able to provide a bridge of financial, academic, and emotional support to enable minority students to be successful. With continued experience with our new sisterhood relationship, we will be able to evaluate the program, make changes to improve it, and eventually determine whether or not the program is meeting the purpose for which it was designed. Faculty from both universities also look forward to collaborating on research projects and other scholarly activities. In the meantime, however, given the shortage of minority personnel in our profession, it seemed appropriate to offer the sisterhood concept as one means by which universities can help alleviate this critical problem.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

[University and creativity].

The University is a natural environment for the development of the creative aspects of man. Professional training and the solution of specific problems, though important, are secondary objectives. For those working in the University, freedom must be turned into a way of living; thus, creativity becomes possible. The University belongs to the nation and not to governments. This is the origin of the autonomous nature of the University and more than a privilege, it must be viewed as a basic requirement for creativity. The University is basically democratic since creativity is not related to race, religion, or politics. Finally, it is hierarchical since credit must be given to talent, training and experience.

Creativity↗
PubMed1996

[Training in internal medicine and its specialties: universities' proposals].

Medical School graduates can enter a medicine subspecialty training program upon completion of a 3 year Internal Medicine residency. The Ministry of Health has contributed to postgraduate training by defining the type of physician the country needs, and by financial support of specially (Internal Medicine) training. Before 1995, when applicants began being charged a fee, finding for subspecialty training was provided exclusively by the universities. Currently, 450 training post are available for 550 graduates from all medical schools. Of these, 59 are in Internal Medicine and 58 in its subspecialties. A quantitative analysis of 40 years of training programs in Internal Medicine by the traditional medical schools shows that only the Catholic University of Chile Medical School privileges subspecially training whereas all other schools favor general Internal Medicine training. A high number of Internal Medicine trainees never take final examination. Nevertheless, training through practice, not necessarily in a university setting, accounts for 67% of Autonomous National Corporation for Certification of Medical Specialties. CONACEM accredited subspecialists. About 63% of those who finish an Internal Medicine training program decide to go into subspecialization. It is felt that subspecialization involves technical as well as non-professional aspects, such as a philosophical stance towards the search for truth through research and creativity. An integral education in a subspecialty can only be given by the university. Non-university centers, however, can contribute to subspecialization by allowing trainees to gain access to newer technology or to larger numbers of patients. A critical question is how many subspecialists should exist in relation to the number of generalists and according to the country's health requirements. In my personal view, the proportion of subspecialists is excessive. The decision to subspecialize should not be exclusively a personal choice, but should take into account the interests of all other participants in the process of subspecialization. Therefore, a definition must be reached as to the number and type of subspecialty training programs offered in the country. These programs should be made more flexible, to allow for a shortened specialty training, which in turn depends from the type of pregraduate training delivered. Some of the problems requiring an urgent solution in the specialization process are: 1) finding should be shared in some proportion by all those who will benefit from the subspecialist's action, including private hospitals and HMOS; 2) There should be a clear-cut central health policy, that will be respected by the decentralized State Health Services, with fulfillment of the teaching agreements, respect for the assigned clinical fields, and for the accredited teaching capacity; 3) Unauthorized or "parallel" training must be stopped and the role of scientific societies or of State Health Services must be clarified, 4) The institutional involvement of a number of academicians must be reinforced.

Chile↗
PubMed1997

[The statistics of inpatients at Department of Neuropsychiatry in Sapporo Medical University Hospital (October, 1983 - March, 1996)].

The role of university hospitals should be re-examined considering the recent situation in psychiatrical health care. In this report, we investigated inpatients of neuropsychiatry in Sapporo Medical University Hospital from various aspects. Statistics were gathered on 1) age and sex, 2) address, 3) admission form based on the mental health law, 4) the number of admissions and discharges per year, 5) hospitalization term, 6) diagnostic group, 7) diagnosis, 8) rates of re-admission and re-admission within three months, 9) age and sex of schizophrenia patients and 10) age and sex of patients with affective disorders from October 31, 1983 to March 31, 1996. In our hospital, the rates of the inpatients with dementia and personality disorders are higher than those in other university hospitals. The reason for the high rate of personality disorders is elusive; however, most of the dementia patients enter our hospital mainly because we concentrate on a special research project about dementia. These data indicate that a specific function is required in university hospitals. In recent years, however, the surroundings of people with mental disorders have become more complicated, and the services for them have become diversified. However, it is very difficult for university hospitals to provide them with all such services, as the hospitals fulfill just one specialized function among the necessary services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Profitability of a university-based clinic using benchmark time lengths for clinical encounters.

Reductions in reimbursement are applied to all physicians in a region equally. However, physicians do not practice in equivalent situations. For example, there are few fiscal allowances for academic functions associated with teaching and administration. Furthermore, university-based physicians may practice in clinical venues that cannot be as efficient as nonuniversity sites. Unavoidable inefficiencies may include (1) the costs of maintaining one historical record for a large noncontiguous practice; (2) university-required holiday schedules and sick leave, making university personnel less productive; (3) noncompetitive overhead rates assigned to clinic components by university financial offices; (4) university-based accounting systems that are not designed for effective cost control and the timely generation of useful management information; and (5) poorly managed billing services. Until now, declining reimbursements have generally led to sufficient efficiencies in delivery so that revenues and expenses can be in equilibrium.

Dermatology↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of universal hepatitis B immunization practices of Illinois pediatricians.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize universal hepatitis B immunization practices of pediatricians who routinely provide childhood immunizations in Illinois. DESIGN: Survey of 522 randomly chosen Illinois pediatricians. Student's t test, chi 2 analysis, and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify relationships between physician demographics and outcomes of interest. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physician agreement with the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Immunization Practices Advisory Committee and the American Academy of Pediatrics universal infant hepatitis B immunization guidelines, incorporation of the recommendations, routine hepatitis B immunization of older children (aged 6 months to 11 years), and routine hepatitis B immunization of adolescents. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 71.5%. Of those pediatricians routinely providing immunizations (N = 323), 72.8% agreed with and 90.1% have incorporated universal hepatitis B immunization; 36.5% and 53.0% routinely immunized older children and adolescents, respectively. Pediatricians practicing in medium-sized practices were half as likely to agree with the recommendations (odds ratio [OR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31 to 0.84). Cost and a belief that universal immunization of infants is not medically necessary were the two most commonly listed reasons for not incorporating the new guidelines. Percent reimbursement from public aid was negatively related to the routine immunization of older children (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.95). Both percent reimbursement from self-pay (OR, 5.62; 95% CI, 2.25 to 14.05) and a rural location (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.56) were related to routine hepatitis B immunization of adolescents. Gender and number of years in practice were not associated with physician response. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Illinois pediatricians who routinely provide pediatric immunizations have incorporated the new universal hepatitis B immunization guidelines into their practices. Continued efforts to address financial barriers and to educate physicians may hasten the time when the transmission of the hepatitis B virus will no longer occur.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Clinical outcomes following institution of universal leukoreduction of blood transfusions for premature infants.

CONTEXT: Leukocytes present in stored blood products can have a variety of biological effects, including depression of immune function, thereby increasing nosocomial infections and possibly resulting in organ failure and death. Premature infants, given their immature immune state, may be uniquely predisposed to the effects of transfused leukocytes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes following implementation of a universal prestorage red blood cell (RBC) leukoreduction program in premature infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective before-and-after study conducted in 3 Canadian tertiary care NICUs from January 1998 to December 2000. PATIENTS: A total of 515 premature infants weighing less than 1250 g who were admitted to the NICU, received at least 1 RBC transfusion, and survived at least 48 hours were enrolled. The intervention group consisted of infants admitted in the 18-month period following the introduction of universal leukoreduction (n = 247) and the control group consisted of infants admitted during the 18 months prior to the introduction of universal leukoreduction (n = 268). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were nosocomial bacteremia and NICU mortality, compared before and after implementation of universal leukoreduction using multivariate regression. Secondary outcomes included bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intraventricular hemorrhage. RESULTS: The proportion of infants who acquired bacteremia after an RBC transfusion was 79/267 (29.6%) in the nonleukoreduction period and 63/246 (25.6%) in the leukoreduction period. For NICU mortality, there were 45 deaths (16.8%) in the nonleukoreduction period and 44 deaths (17.8%) in the leukoreduction period. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for bacteremia was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-1.01) and for mortality was 1.22 (95% CI, 0.59-2.50). The adjusted ORs for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity were 0.42 (95% CI, 0.25-0.70) and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.33-0.93), respectively. The adjusted ORs for necrotizing enterocolitis and grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage were 0.39 (95% CI, 0.17-0.90) and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.35-1.19), respectively. The adjusted OR for a composite measure of any major neonatal morbidity was 0.31 (95% CI, 0.17-0.56). Crude and adjusted rates for all secondary outcomes suggest that leukoreduction was associated with improved outcomes. CONCLUSION: Implementation of universal prestorage leukoreduction was not associated with significant reductions in NICU mortality or bacteremia but was associated with improvement in several clinical outcomes in premature infants requiring RBC transfusions.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1997

Intratester and intertester reliability and criterion validity of the parallelogram and universal goniometers for active knee flexion in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A new parallelogram goniometer was designed by the Rehabilitation Centre of the Royal Ottawa Health Care Group in 1983. The advantage of using such a goniometer is that the clinician is not required to estimate the joint axis of rotation when taking a measurement. The parallelogram goniometer has obtained a good intratester and intertester reliability when measuring active range of motion of hip abduction on eight individuals with hip pathologies. However, the validity of the parallelogram goniometer has not been examined. The purposes of this study were to examine the intratester and intertester reliability and the criterion validity of the parallelogram and universal goniometers for active knee flexion on healthy individuals. SUBJECTS: Sixty healthy university students (44 females and 16 males; mean age of 20.6 yrs.) participated to this study. METHODS: Measurements with the universal and parallelogram goniometers were taken in two different positions, the smaller and larger angles of active knee flexion. All measurements were taken by two trained testers. A radiograph was taken in both positions to serve as the 'gold standard'. The sequence of the measurements and radiographs were randomly selected. The intra and intertester reliability of both goniometers were established by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using the repeated-measures ANOVA. The criterion validity was examined by calculating Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients (tau) between each goniometric and radiologic measurements. A 0.05 level of significance was chosen for each statistical test. RESULTS: Intratester reliability ranged from good to excellent for the small angles (ICC = 0.85 and 0.87) and the large angles (ICC = 0.91 and 0.96) when using the parallelogram goniometer. Intertester reliability was fair for the small angles of flexion (ICC = 0.43 to 0.52) and good to excellent for the large angles of flexion (ICC = 0.82 to 0.88). The parallelogram goniometer was found to have greater validity when measuring the large angles of knee flexion (r = 0.73 and 0.77) compared to the small angles of knee flexion (r = 0.33 and 0.41). Similar results of reliability and validity were obtained with the universal goniometer. CONCLUSION: The results of this study have clinical importance. The use of the parallelogram goniometer was found to be as reliable and valid as the universal goniometer when measuring active knee flexion. However, the parallelogram goniometer offered clinicians the advantages of obtaining precise angular measurements with fewer adjustments, and a faster application technique. Further studies on the parallelogram goniometer are necessary among individuals presenting with altered range of motion at different joints.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Continuing medical education practices of community-based and university-affiliated anaesthetists in Ontario.

To remedy the lack of information about the continuing medical education (CME) practices of anaesthetists, we designed a survey to define and compare the CME activities of specialist anaesthetists in community-based and university-affiliated practices: 463 members of the Canadian Anaesthetists' Society in the Province of Ontario (263 community-based and 200 university-affiliated (University of Toronto) anaesthetists). Data from 304 (65.6%) respondents (172 community-based and 132 university-affiliated anaesthetists) were analyzed by non-parametric analysis (statistical significance P < 0.05). Most respondents spent between two to four hours per week on CME activities. Journal reading was the most commonly used method to obtain CME and was perceived to be the most efficient of the methods surveyed (P < 0.05). Formal teaching, including seminars, workshops, and annual society meetings, although the second most commonly used technique to obtain CME, was considered as effective as journal reading. Instructional media techniques were the least commonly used and considered the least effective (P < 0.05). Most community-based and university-affiliated anaesthetists obtained CME by a variety of techniques; of all respondents, 77% have no formal method of assessing their learning needs and 88% would consider participation in a formalized learning needs assessment programme.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2004

Application of universal primers for identification of Foot-and-mouth disease virus and Swine vesicular disease virus by PCR and PCR-ELISA.

Two approaches for simultaneous identification of both Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) are described: (1) a single-step reverse transcription-PCR with three primers and (2) a PCR-ELISA assay with two universal primers for genome amplification and two virus-specific probes for identification. These methods are based on the use of 3D gene universal PCR primers, the structure of which was optimized and refined due to the close relationship between the two viruses belonging to different genera of the Picornaviridae family. In procedure (1), a three-primer PCR containing one universal antisense primer and two virus-specific primers was shown to differentiate between FMDV and SVDV in one reaction, due to the different length of the amplified DNA fragments (600 and 340 base pairs, respectively). In procedure (2), the two viruses were identified by PCR-ELISA, i.e. PCR for the 3D gene followed by two parallel hybridizations with FMDV and SVDV-specific probes in microplate wells and ELISA detection. The application of universal primers could halve the number of PCR experiments in both cases, as compared to the usual virus-specific PCR procedures. Also, we investigated the 3D gene structure of several SVDV strains isolated at different times. No essential changes were detected in the regions coding for conserved motifs of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase recognized by our universal primers. The multi-primer PCR was successfully tested on 38 FMDV and 15 SVDV strains, and the PCR-ELISA on 32 FMDV and 16 SVDV strains including clinical material from disease cases.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1992

University of Wisconsin solution for pulmonary preservation in a rat transplant model.

University of Wisconsin and modified Euro-Collins solutions for pulmonary preservation were compared in a rat orthotopic left lung isotransplant model. Heart-lung blocks of donor rats were flushed with and preserved in one of the preservation solutions at 0 degrees C. After 6 or 12 hours of cold ischemia, the left lungs were transplanted into recipient rats and reperfused for 1 hour. Pulmonary function was assessed by measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in arterial blood after removal of the right lung. Lipid peroxide concentrations were measured as thiobarbiturate acid-reactive substances. The ratios of wet to dry weight of grafts after ischemia and after reperfusion were calculated. Histologic changes of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung tissue were evaluated using a graded scale. Oxygen tension after 6 hours of preservation followed by reperfusion was significantly higher with University of Wisconsin solution (308.8 +/- 81.1 mm Hg) than with Euro-Collins solution (50.8 +/- 17.8 mm Hg; p less than 0.001). Carbon dioxide tension in the University of Wisconsin solution group was also significantly lower than in the Euro-Collins solution group (28.2 +/- 2.3 versus 46.0 +/- 4.5 mm Hg; p less than 0.05). Lipid peroxide concentration after 6 hours' preservation in University of Wisconsin solution was significantly lower (0.88 +/- 0.07 mumol/g) than that in Euro-Collins solution (1.26 +/- 0.12 mumol/g; p less than 0.05). After 12 hours of preservation only lipid peroxide concentration with University of Wisconsin solution was significantly lower (1.30 +/- 0.09 mumol/g) than with Euro-Collins solution (1.71 +/- 0.15 mumol/g; p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine↗
PubMed1995

University surgical group.

The medical marketplace and various forms of contracted care place academic medical centers at a potential disadvantage. Recruitment of patients and maintenance of the academic mission may at times have disparate agendas. The university surgeon traditionally has embraced patient care, education, research, and administration with relative ease. Major price constraints and new forms of market competition now threaten the centralization of technology, the creativity, and the educational mission of university surgical practices. The university must deal with this new order by being proactive and flexible in negotiation. Faculty should conduct their business among themselves and with outside entities under a practice plan. Business management and physicians must try vigorously to understand each other. Finally, universities should use their expertise to lead in clinical outcomes research. The ideal university practice must show leadership in technological advances, retain the scientific method, and produce useful precise outcomes analysis. The academic surgeon must help solve problems involving excessive costs, assaults on creativity, and the business-medical interface. Time management will be essential.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1990

Neuropsychophysiology during relaxation in generalized, universal 'allergic' reactivity to the environment: a comparison study.

Comparisons were made among a group of patients presenting with universal 'allergic' intolerance to environmental chemicals (universal reactor, n = 58), a group of control subjects without psychologic symptoms (control, n = 55) and a group of outpatients from a psychology practice (psychologic, n = 89) on neuropsychophysiological measures during relaxation. The measures were electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral category for frequencies below 15 Hz, EEG beta activity, scalp electromyography (EMG), peripheral temperature (TEMP), and skin resistance level (SRL). The distributions of subjects in each group across eight EEG spectral categories were significantly different, with the distribution for universal reactors the same as that of the psychologic patients (p = 0.22), and both different from the distribution of controls (p less than 0.001). High levels of EEG beta activity were observed in more universal reactors and psychologic patients than in controls (p = 0.04). High levels of EMG scalp activity were observed in a greater number of universal reactors than in subjects in the other two groups (p less than 0.001). The three groups did not differ in TEMP and SRL. Implications of neuropsychophysiologic stress profiling for the diagnosis and treatment of psychosomatic illness are discussed.

Adult↗