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PubMed1983

Lack of effect of salt intake on urinary uric acid excretion.

Although it has been established that acute expansion of the extracellular fluid volume results in enhanced uric acid clearance, the effect of chronic volume expansion by a high salt diet on urinary uric acid excretion has not been examined. Eleven normal subjects were placed on a constant diet containing 10 mEq. sodium per day for 10 days, followed by 240 mEq. sodium daily for another 10 days. Measurements were performed on the final 3 days of each phase. Urinary sodium increased from 9 plus or minus 3 standard error to 221 plus or minus 9 mEq. per day (p less than 0.001), and uric acid clearance increased from 5.9 plus or minus 0.4 to 7.1 plus or minus 0.6 ml. per minute (p less than 0.01). However, serum uric acid decreased from 6.4 plus or minus 0.4 to 5.5 plus or minus 0.3 mg./dl. (p less than 0.001). Total urinary excretion of uric acid did not change (533 plus or minus 24 to 535 plus or minus 26 mg. per day). A high salt diet does not result in sustained hyperuricosuria, although it may predispose to kidney stone formation in other ways.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Serum uric acid and patterns of radiographic osteoarthritis--the Ulm Osteoarthritis Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between uric acid and patterns of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: OA patterns were studied in 809 patients with arthroplasty due to hip or knee OA. Patients with OA were categorized as having bilateral or generalized OA according to the presence of radiographic OA in the contralateral or different finger joints. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for thirds of serum uric acid and OA patterns were estimated with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of the participants had bilateral OA and 26% generalized OA. A positive association between serum uric acid and generalized OA was observed in patients with hip OA (highest versus lowest tertile OR=3.5; 95% CI: 1.3-9.1), but not among patients with knee OA (corresponding OR = 1.1). Serum uric acid was not associated with bilateral OA. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a possible role of elevated serum uric acid in the multifactorial etiology of generalized OA.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Management of uric acid renal obstruction by intravenous lactate.

6 patients presenting with uric acid renal obstruction were managed by alkalization of urine using intravenous perfusion of 0.16 (1/6) M sodium lactate. Despite obstructive renal failure in 3 patients, rapid relief of obstruction was obtained and surgery was not necessary in any patient. Lysis of uric acid stones by urine alkalization is well documented [1, 4-12]. Intravenous infusion of 0.16 (1/6) M sodium lactate provides rapid urinary alkalization and is effective in the relief of obstruction by dissolution of uric acid calculi.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Elevation of the serum uric acid level preceding the clinical manifestation of preeclampsia in twin pregnancies.

To assess changes in the serum uric acid level in the third trimester of twin pregnancies, a total of 152 consecutive women with twin pregnancies were examined. Serum uric acid levels were analyzed in the women at varying gestational weeks in the presence or absence of preeclampsia. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff value of serum uric acid between 30 and 31 weeks of gestation predicting subsequent development of preeclampsia. Forty-four women (29%) developed preeclampsia (preeclampsia group) at 33.2 +/- 1.9 weeks (mean +/- SD) and gave birth at 35.4 +/- 1.5 weeks of gestation. The remaining 108 women (71%) gave birth at 35.6 +/- 1.7 weeks of gestation (control group without preeclampsia). Serum uric acid levels rose gradually with advancing gestation in both groups. In the preeclampsia group, they were already increased at 30-31 weeks of gestation and corresponded to those seen in the control group at 37 weeks. The cutoff value at 30-31 weeks was 5.5 mg/dl, with a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 74%. These results suggest that an elevation in serum urate preceded the onset of preeclampsia. Determination of the serum level of uric acid between 30 and 31 weeks of gestation was useful for detecting a higher risk of late-onset preeclampsia in twin pregnancies.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1984

Defect of uric acid uptake in Dalmatian dog liver.

The uptake rate of uric acid into liver slices of the Dalmatian dog was found to be significantly lower compared with that in the beagle. Since there was no difference in the hepatic uricase activity between the two breeds, the abnormality of uric acid metabolism in the Dalmatian dog is considered to result from a defective hepatic transport system for uric acid.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Blood uric acid level and IQ: a study in twin families.

Applying newly devised model, heritability (VA/VP) of plasma uric acid level, corrected for age and sex and standardized, was estimated at 0.8 in families consisting of twin parents, spouses and children. Correlation between spouses due to common genotype (rho) was approximately 0.1, and variance due to common familial environment (VEC/VP) was -0.3. Analysis of families of selected twin children and their parents resulted in two estimates of heritability: approximately 0.7 and 0.3, rho being 0.34 and 0.04, and VEC/VP being 0.04 and 0.34, respectively. Regression of IQ (y) on corrected and standardized plasma uric acid level (x) in the twin children was y = 5.56x + 123, correlation being 0.334 (p less than 0.025). The result indicates a genetic basis of blood uric acid level, which may have resulted from polymorphisms in purine metabolism pathway, end product of which is uric acid in man. The significant correlation between plasma uric acid level and IQ suggests a contribution of partly common gene loci to the two quantitative traits.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1974

Serum uric acid values in Tanzanian rural communities.

Serum uric acid levels have been determined in random samples of 9-10% of a population of 3000 each in three rural areas of Tanzania. The levels in females are lower than in males. As far as age is concerned the levels in both sexes rise with age but the rate is slower in females resulting in a widening difference with increasing age. Above uric acid levels of 6 mg% the frequency occurrence of 'hyperuricaemia' is equal. The normal distribution of levels was 2.5-5.5 mg% in males and 2.0-4.5 mg% in females. Compared with results among different racial groups elsewhere these levels are lower.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Dietetic aspects of preventing urolithiasis in patients with gout and uric acid diathesis].

Patients suffering from gout and uric acid diathesis received a specialized diet containing 70 g protein (85% of plant protein including 20 g of soybean protein isolate), 85 g fat and 350 g carbohydrates. As a result there was an improvement of the general well-being during dietetic management, a rise of pH of the urine to normal, a decrease in the concentration of uric acid in blood serum and urine with a simultaneous elevation of the latter's clearance, an increase in glomerular filtration, a reduction in blood cholesterol content. The data obtained allow the conclusion to be made about the necessity of the rigid observance of the diet by the patients. This will play an important role both in the treatment and prophylaxis of urolithiasis in the patients' population under consideration.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Prevalence of hyperuricemia and relation of serum uric acid with cardiovascular risk factors in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of hyperuricemia has rarely been investigated in developing countries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia and the association between uric acid levels and the various cardiovascular risk factors in a developing country with high average blood pressures (the Seychelles, Indian Ocean, population mainly of African origin). METHODS: This cross-sectional health examination survey was based on a population random sample from the Seychelles. It included 1011 subjects aged 25 to 64 years. Blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, total and HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum uric acid were measured. Data were analyzed using scatterplot smoothing techniques and gender-specific linear regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of a serum uric acid level >420 micromol/L in men was 35.2% and the prevalence of a serum uric acid level >360 micromol/L was 8.7% in women. Serum uric acid was strongly related to serum triglycerides in men as well as in women (r = 0.73 in men and r = 0.59 in women, p < 0.001). Uric acid levels were also significantly associated but to a lesser degree with age, BMI, blood pressure, alcohol and the use of antihypertensive therapy. In a regression model, triglycerides, age, BMI, antihypertensive therapy and alcohol consumption accounted for about 50% (R2) of the serum uric acid variations in men as well as in women. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the prevalence of hyperuricemia can be high in a developing country such as the Seychelles. Besides alcohol consumption and the use of antihypertensive therapy, mainly diuretics, serum uric acid is markedly associated with parameters of the metabolic syndrome, in particular serum triglycerides. Considering the growing incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome worldwide and the potential link between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular complications, more emphasis should be put on the evolving prevalence of hyperuricemia in developing countries.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Relationship between serum uric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Associations between hyperuricemia, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes have been reported, but few of the studies have been conducted in the Korean population. The present study examined a Korean adult population with respect to the relationships between serum uric acid concentrations and hypertension, insulin resistance, and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 53,477 subjects were divided into 4 groups according to serum uric acid quartiles. The incidence of hypertension in all subjects was higher in the first quartile than in the third plus fourth quartile (odds ratio (OR) 1.192, p < 0.001). Homeostasis model assessment index was found to be associated with serum uric acid concentration in all subjects (OR 1.193, p < 0.001), and the serum uric acid concentration was positively correlated with the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. In addition, the number of metabolic syndrome variables increased as serum uric acid concentration increased. CONCLUSIONS: Serum uric acid concentration was found to be independently correlated with hypertension, insulin resistance and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. In addition, even those with a serum uric acid concentration in the normal range showed an increased risk of metabolic syndrome as serum uric acid concentration increased.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of purine bases (uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) and oxypurinol after rigorous exercise.

To investigate the effects of exercise on the plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of purine bases and oxypurinol, we performed 3 experiments with 6 healthy male subjects. The first was a combination of allopurinol intake (300 mg) and exercise (VO2max, 70%) (combination experiment), the second was exercise alone (exercise-alone experiment), and the third was allopurinol intake alone (allopurinol-alone experiment). In the combination experiment, exercise increased the concentrations of purine bases and noradrenaline in plasma, as well as lactic acid in blood and the urinary excretion of oxypurines, whereas it decreased the urinary excretion of uric acid and oxypurinol as well as the fractional excretion of hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, and oxypurinol. In the exercise-alone experiment, exercise increased the concentrations of purine bases and noradrenaline in plasma, lactic acid in blood, and the urinary excretion of oxypurines, whereas it decreased the urinary excretion of uric acid and fractional excretion of purine bases. In contrast, in the allopurinol-alone experiment, the plasma concentration, urinary excretion, and fractional excretion of purine bases and oxypurinol remained unchanged. These results suggest that increases in adenine nucleotide degradation and lactic acid production, as well as a release of noradrenaline caused by exercise, contribute to increases in plasma concentration and urinary excretion of oxypurines and plasma concentration of urate, as well as decreases in urinary excretion of uric acid and oxypurinol, along with fractional excretion of uric acid, oxypurinol, and xanthine. In addition, they suggest that oxypurinol does not significantly inhibit the exercise-induced increase in plasma concentration of urate.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Protein intake, hepatic purine enzyme levels and uric acid production in growing chicks.

Changes in hepatic purine enzyme activities of chicks fed diets containing 11%, 20%, 43% and 80% protein were correlated with protein intake and uric acid production in order to identify those enzymes with activities that parallel closely and may regulate uric acid production. Nucleoside phosphorylase, xanthine dehydrogenase, adenylosuccinate synthetase and adenosine kinase correlated positively with protein intake and uric acid production. Adenosine deaminase, 5'-nucleotidase (AMP), adenylate deaminase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase correlated negatively with protein intake and uric acid production. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and 5'-nucleotidase (IMP) were unaffected by protein intake and did not correlate with uric acid production. The ratio of adenosine kinase to adenosine deaminase correlated positively with protein intake and uric acid production. The increased activities of adenylosuccinate synthetase and adenosine kinase, along with the reduced activities of 5'-nucleotidase and adenylate deaminase, in liver from chickens fed the 80% compared with the 11% protein diet demonstrate enhanced synthesis of adenine nucleotides. Since adenine nucleotides are essential cofactors for de novo purine synthesis, it is proposed that adenylosuccinate synthetase, adenosine kinase, 5'-nucleotidase and adenylate deaminase are key enzymes involved in the regulation of purine biosynthesis.

Adenosine Kinase↗

PubMed2000

Relation between serum uric acid and plasma adenosine levels in twin pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between plasma adenosine and serum uric acid levels in women with singleton and twin pregnancies. METHODS: We sampled maternal arterial blood and measured serum uric acid and plasma adenosine levels in 22 singleton pregnancies and nine twin pregnancies at 33 to 38 weeks' gestation. RESULTS: The average plasma adenosine levels were 0.31 +/- 0.12 micromol/L in the singleton pregnancy group and 0.45 +/- 0.09 micromol/L in the twin pregnancy group (P <.001). The mean serum uric acid level in women with twin pregnancy was 5.7 +/- 0.44 mg/dL which was higher than that in the singleton pregnant women (4.4 +/- 0.69 mg/dL, P <.001). Positive correlations were found between serum uric acid and plasma adenosine levels in both the singleton (r(2) = 0.54, P <.001) and the twin pregnancy groups (r(2) = 0.65, P =.009). Moreover, there was also a significant correlation between serum uric acid and plasma adenosine levels overall (r(2) = 0.66, P <.001). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that higher adenosine levels are a contributing source of hyperuricemia in twin pregnancies.

Adenosine↗

PubMed1987

[Effect of DNA and RNA in foods on serum uric acid concentration in the human].

Nutritional experiments with formula diets show, that DNA taken orally raises the serum uric acid concentration only half as much as does the same quantity of RNA. In evaluating the suitability of foods used in the diet of patients with gout, however, food is only judged by its total purine-N content. In commercially available raw food the total purine content was determined enzymatically as uric acid. In the same samples the content of RNA, DNA, nucleotides, nucleosides and bases was determined. Eight healthy persons took part in a nutritional experiment, which began with a diet low in purines. During the first phase of the experiment, the participants ate 150 g veal-liver in addition to the low purine diet; in the second phase, they ate 80 g pork-spleen. In both additional foods, subjects took in an equal amount of total purines, determined as uric acid, but RNA dominated in veal-liver, DNA in pork-spleen. There was no statistically significant difference in the effect on serum uric acid concentration and urinary uric acid excretion between eating liver and spleen, however.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid and allantoin in serum.

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid and allantoin based on isocratic reversed-phase chromatography. This HPLC-method additionally allows the direct determination with UV-detection of inosine-5'-phosphate, uridine, thymine, orotic acid, allopurinol and oxipurinol, besides hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid in the same chromatographic run. Allantoin elutes in this system near the void volume and a fraction is collected covering the retention time range for this substance. After hydrolysis allantoin is converted to glyoxylate-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, rechromatographed and detected at 360 nm. The coefficient of variation for this method does not exceed 5.0% for a serum concentration of 0.3 mumol/l hypoxanthine and is not greater than 5.3% for a xanthine concentration of 0.3 mumol/l serum. Recoveries were 90-110% for both hypoxanthine and xanthine. The determination of uric acid had an imprecision and inaccuracy not exceeding 1.45% in the concentration range of 103-568 mumol/l. Due to the more complex procedure required for the determination of allantoin, the coefficient of variation between days was 13.6% for a sample containing 0.8 mumol/l allantoin and the recoveries for this analyte were in the range of 86-93%. Reference ranges (mean +/- SD) determined on 171 serum samples from healthy adults were 12.7 +/- 6.6 mumol/l for hypoxanthine, 3.3 +/- 1.4 mumol/l for xanthine, and 15.7 +/- 7.9 mumol/l for allantoin. No significant age or sex dependence was observed. Uric acid concentrations were 320 +/- 55 mumol/l serum for men and 206 +/- 55 mumol/l for women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

[Erythrocyte uric acid in the non-gouty subject].

The red cell uric acid concentration (E) is lower than its plasma concentration (P). In normal subjects the ration E/P is close to 0.7. Under experimental or pathological conditions (uricosuric treatment, fluid'diet, hemodialysis) causing changes in serum uric acid, the latter rises or falls proportionately less in red cells than in the plasma. There results a significant variation in the distribution of blood uric acid between the plasma and red cell compartments.

Benzbromarone↗

PubMed1981

[The serum uric acid level in the Viennese population (author's transl)].

Serum uric acid determinations were made in 2,626 subjects (males and females) within the framework of the "Wiener Gesundheitsstudie 1979", at three distinct age levels (25, 40 and 60 years). The serum uric acid level in male subjects was found to have an arithmetic mean of 6.25 mg/dl, whereas in female subjects the serum uric acid levels, with an arithmetic mean of 4.66 mg/dl, were considerably lower. Levels of more than 7 mg/dl occurred in 3% of the female subjects, whereas hyperuricaemia was detected in 25.4% of the males. In addition, hyperuricaemia was correlated with other risk factors. A relation between hyperuricaemia and coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction was found in the subgroup of the 60 year-old men. There is, furthermore, a pronounced association between hyperuricaemia and a tendency to overweight. The "protective effect" of diabetes mellitus on hyperuricaemia was confirmed only in the subgroup of the 60 year-old men.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Significance of the changes of urinary uric acid, ANP, renin and aldosterone in sleep apnea syndrome patients].

OBJECTIVES: To assess the utility of urinary uric acid excretion and urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio as the marker of nocturnal respiratory disturbance in patient with sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) before and after the institution of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). Another purpose is to explore the relationship between the nocturnal diuresis and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), renin-aldosterone in SAS. METHODS: 22 cases diagnosed as SAS by polysomnography (PSG) were selected as trial group, 11 cases excluded from SAS by PSG were as control group, and 13 severe SAS patients were treated by nCPAP and taken as nCPAP therapy group. The markers mentioned above were compared in these groups. RESULTS: The overnight change in urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio in trial group is 0.47 +/- 0.31, which is significantly higher than that in control group (0.01 +/- 0.23), P < 0.05, and in nCPAP therapy group after therapy (0.01 +/- 0.19) significantly lower than that before nCPAP therapy (0.48 +/- 0.27), P < 0.001. The morning urinary uric acid excretion in trial group is (5.4 +/- 2.3) mg/L which is also significantly higher than that in control group (3.2 +/- 1.4) mg/L, P < 0.001, and in nCPAP therapy group (3.3 +/- 1.2) mg/L significantly lower than that before nCPAP (5.9 +/- 2.6) mg/L, P < 0.05. The mean morning blood ANP in trial group is (0.182 +/- 0.004) microgram/L, which is higher than that in control group (0.182 +/- 0.004) microgram/L, P < 0.05, and in nCPAP therapy group (0.122 +/- 0.001) microgram/L is much lower than that before nCPAP therapy (0.180 +/- 0.003) microgram/L, P < 0.001. However there are no statistic significant differences between these groups in blood renin-aldosterone. CONCLUSIONS: The urinary uric acid excretion and overnight change in urinary uric acid/creatinine are good markers to determine the effects of nCPAP on SAS. The nocturnal diuresis in SAS patients is correlated with the increase of ANP in plasma.

Adult↗