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PubMed2006

A trans world journey.

A high intake of industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), and a daily intake as low as possible is required to minimize health risks. To achieve this at the individual level in Denmark, legislation limited IP-TFA in foods to a maximum of 2% of fat content from 2004. We assessed the potential exposure of consumers to IP-TFA by analysing popular foods in Denmark, and in 25 other countries. Fifty-five servings of French fries and chicken nuggets, 87 packages of microwave popcorn, and 393 samples of biscuits/cakes/wafers with "partially hydrogenated vegetable fat" listed high on the food label were bought between November 2004 and February 2006. The content of IP-TFA was analysed by standardized methodology. We defined a "high trans menu" as a large size serving of French fries and nuggets, 100 g of microwave popcorn, and 100 g of biscuits/wafers/cakes. The amounts of IP-TFA in a "high trans menu" was 30 g in 2001 in Denmark, but was reduced to less than 1g in 2005. By contrast, a "high trans menu" provided more than 20 g in 17 out of 18 countries, with Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, Bulgaria, and USA, ranking highest with 42, 40, 38, 37, and 36 g, respectively. The legislation in Denmark has reduced the exposure of IP-TFA at the individual level without noticeable effect on availability, price, and quality of foods previously containing high amounts of IP-TFA. The findings of high concentrations of IP-TFA in popular foods outside Denmark suggest that millions of people inside and outside EU have intakes of IP-TFA that may increase their risk of CHD. The Danish experience demonstrates that this risk can be eliminated.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2005

Relationship among trans and conjugated fatty acids and bovine milk fat yield due to dietary concentrate and linseed oil.

Effects on fatty acid profiles and milk fat yield due to dietary concentrate and supplemental 18:3n-3 were evaluated in 4 lactating Holstein cows fed a low- (35:65 concentrate:forage; L) or high- (65:35; H) concentrate diet without (LC, HC) added oil or with linseed oil (LCO, HCO) at 3% of DM. A 4 x 4 Latin square with four 4-wk periods was used. Milk yield and dry matter intake averaged 26.7 and 20.2 kg/d, respectively, across treatments. Plasma acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased, whereas glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and leptin increased with high-concentrate diets. Milk fat percentage was lower in cows fed high-concentrate diets (2.31 vs. 3.38), resulting in decreases in yield of 11 (HC) and 42% (HCO). Reduced yields of 8:0-16:0 and cis9-18:1 fatty acids accounted for 69 and 17%, respectively, of the decrease in milk fat yield with HC vs. LC (-90 g/d), and for 26 and 33%, respectively, of the decrease with HCO vs. LCO (-400 g/d). Total trans-18:1 yield increased by 25 (HCO) and 59 (LCO) g/d with oil addition. Trans10-18:1 yield was 5-fold greater with high-concentrate diets. Trans11-18:1 increased by 13 (HCO) and 19 (LCO) g/d with oil addition. Trans13+14-18:1 yield increased by 9 (HCO) and 18 (LCO) g/d with linseed oil. Yield of total conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in milk averaged 6 g/d with LC or HC compared with 14 g/d with LCO or HCO. Cis9,trans11-CLA yield was not affected by concentrate level but increased by 147% in response to oil. Feeding oil increased yields of trans11,cis13-, trans11,trans13-, and trans,trans-CLA, primarily with LCO. Trans10,cis12-CLA yield (average of 0.08 g/d) was not affected by treatments. Yield of trans11,cis15-18:2 was 1 g/d in cows fed LC or HC and 10 g/d with LCO or HCO. Yields of cis9,trans11-18:2, cis9,trans12-18:2, and cis9,trans13-18:2 were positively correlated (r = 0.74 to 0.94) with yields of trans11-18:1, trans12-18:1, and trans13+14-18:1, respectively. Plasma concentrations of biohydrogenation intermediates with concentrate or linseed oil level followed similar changes as those in milk fat. Milk fat depression was observed when HC induced an increase in trans10-18:1 yield. A correlation of 0.84 across 31 comparisons from 13 published studies, including the present one, was found among the increase in percentage of trans10-18:1 in milk fat and decreased milk fat yield. We observed, however, more drastic milk fat depression when HCO increased yields of total trans-18:1, trans11,cis15-18:2, trans isomers of 18:3, and reduced yields of 18:0 plus cis9-18:1.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1977

Incorporation of dietary cis and trans isomers of octadecenoate in lipid classes of liver and hepatoma.

Groups of rats bearing Morris minimal deviation hepatoma 7288CTC were fed a fat-free diet supplemented with either 0.5% safflower oil (diet A), 15% safflower oil or free acids (diets Band C), or 15% safflower oil or free safflower fatty acids (diet D) for 4 weeks. A group of normal rats was also fed diet D. Triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines isolated from livers and hepatomas of animals on each diet were analyzed quantitatively for positional isomers in the cis- and trans-octadecenoate fractions. When sufficient samples could be obtained, the cis- and trans-hexadecenoate fractions were also analyzed. Plasma from normal rats on diet D was analyzed in the same manner. The octadecenoate fractions of all hepatoma and liver lipid classes from animals fed diets A, B, and C were greater than 95% the cis isomers. Trans isomers accounted for approximately 15, 30, 50, and 70% of the octadecenoate fractions isolated from liver triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines, respectively, of animals fed diet D. In contrast, all hepatoma lipid classes from animals on diet D contained the same approximate percentage of trans isomers (15 to 20%). Oleic and vaccenic acids were the major positional cis-octadecenoate isomers of all liver and hepatoma lipid classes from animals fed diets A, B, and C. The ratios of oleic to vaccenic, unaffected by diets A, B, and C, differed for each lipid class in liver, but the ratios were similar for the two hepatoma neutral lipid classes and for the two phospholipid classes. The cis-octadecenoate fractions from all liver and hepatoma lipid classes of animals fed diet D consisted predominantly of the delta9, delta11, and delta12 isomers. The cis delta10 isomer, which was a major isomer of the diet, was almost excluded from liver, hepatoma, and plasma lipids. The positional isomers of the trans-octadecenoate fractions from liver and hepatoma triglycerides and cholesteryl esters exhibited the same approximate distribution as the trans fatty acids of diet D. In contrast, the 10-trans-octadecenoate, like 10-cis-octadecenoate, was almost excluded from the phospholipids of liver and plasma. Unlike liver, the hepatoma phospholipids contained 10-trans-octadecenoate at approximately half the percentage of neutral lipids. Because diet D contained no hexadecenoic fatty acids, the occurrence of trans-hexadecenoate isomers in liver and plasma lipids indicated a chain shortening process. Predominance of the 8-trans-hexadecenoate isomer indicated a preference of the 10-trans-octadecenoate isomer for chain shortening.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid profile changes during nutrient deprivation of Vibrio cholerae: increases in the trans/cis ratio and proportions of cyclopropyl fatty acids.

The phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids of 0-day-, 7-day-, and 30-day-starved cultures of Vibrio cholerae were compared. Statistically significant trends were noted in the fatty acid profiles as the cells starved. The amount of the cis-monoenoic fatty acids declined (e.g., 16:1 omega 7c: 0 day, 39%; 7 day, 18%; 30 day, 11%). In contrast, the saturated fatty acids, the cyclopropyl derivatives of the cis-monoenoic fatty acids, and trans-monoenoic fatty acids increased during starvation. For instance, the amounts of 16:1 omega 7t were: 0 day, 1%; 7 day, 13%; 30 day, 17%; which increased the trans/cis ratio for 16:1 omega 7 from 0.02 (0 day) to 0.70 (7 day) to 1.56 (30 day). This may be due to the reported high turnover rates of cis-monoenoic fatty acids of membrane phospholipids and the availability of enzymes for the metabolism of these isomers. During starvation-induced phospholipid loss, the cis-monoenoic fatty acids would, therefore, be preferentially utilized. The ability to either synthesize trans-monoenoic acids (which are not easily metabolized by bacteria) or modify the more volatile cis-monoenoic acids to their cyclopropyl derivatives may be a survival mechanism which helps maintain a functional (although structurally altered) membrane during starvation-induced lipid utilization. In addition, a trans/cis fatty acid ratio significantly greater than that reported for most bacterial cultures and environmental samples (less than 0.1) may be used as a starvation or stress lipid index. Such a ratio could help determine the nutritional status of ultramicrobacteria and other reported dormant cells in natural aquatic environments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cyclopropanes↗
PubMed2005

Effect of dietary factors on incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of cohort studies.

We systematically reviewed cohort studies on the effect of nutrient and food intake (except for alcohol) on the incidence of type 2 diabetes, which had been published in English as of May 2004. Using the MEDLINE (PubMed) database as well as reference lists of searched papers, 15 individual cohort studies (a total of 31 papers) were identified. The number of subjects (n= 895-85,060), follow-up length (5.9-23 y), the number of diabetes cases (n= 74-4,085), dietary assessment method used (simple food questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, food frequency interview, diet history interview, and 24-h recall), and method of case ascertainment (questionnaire, oral glucose tolerance test, fasting glucose level, death certificate, and nationwide registry) varied among studies. For nutrients, intakes of vegetable fat, polyunsaturated fatty acid, dietary fiber (particularly cereal fiber), magnesium, and caffeine were significantly inversely correlated and intakes of trans fatty acid and heme-iron, glycemic index, and glycemic load were significantly positively correlated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in several papers. For foods and food groups, several papers showed significantly decreased risk for type 2 diabetes with the higher consumption of grain (particularly whole grain) and coffee, and significantly increased risk with processed meat consumption. Because all the studies were carried out in Western countries, however, research in non-Western countries including Japan is needed.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2006

Effect of dietary supply of butters rich either in trans-10-18 : 1 or in trans-11-18 : 1 plus cis-9, trans-11-18 : 2 on rabbit adipose tissue and liver lipogenic activities.

Experimental butters with a high content of trans-18 : 1 fatty acids and/or cis-9,trans-11-18 : 2 (rumenic acid; RA) were fed to thirty-six New Zealand White rabbits to investigate their effects on adipose tissue (AT) and liver lipogenic activities. Animals received one of three atherogenic (0.2 % cholesterol) diets containing 12 % butter with either a standard fatty acid composition (rich in saturated fatty acids), rich in trans-10-18 : 1 (T10 diet) or in trans-11-18 : 1 plus RA (T11+ RA diet) for 6 or 12 weeks. The ingestion of butters rich in trans fatty acids and/or RA for 6 weeks had little or no effect on liver and AT lipogenesis. The ingestion for 12 weeks of butter rich in T11+ RA decreased perirenal AT weight, lipogenic enzyme and lipoprotein lipase activities, without affecting liver lipid concentration or lipogenic activities except for a decrease in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Similar trends, but of a lower magnitude, were observed in rabbits fed the T10 diet for 12 weeks. Ingestion of the T10 or T11+ RA diets for 6 or 12 weeks had no significant effect on plasma metabolites and hormones except for glucose which increased at 6 weeks in the T10 group. Plasma leptin concentration was positively correlated with AT weight but did not differ between the three diets. In conclusion, the supply of butters rich in either T10 or T11+ RA in an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks decreased rabbit AT lipogenesis, with a more marked effect of the T11+RA diet, but had no effect on liver lipogenesis.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Nutritional assessment and counseling for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Physicians face several barriers to counseling their patients about nutrition, including conflicting evidence of the benefit of counseling, limited training and understanding of the topic, and imperfect and varied guidelines to follow. Because cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in industrialized nations, family physicians should provide more than pharmacologic interventions. They must identify the patient's dietary habits and attitudes and provide appropriate counseling. Tools are available to help, and a seven-step approach to nutritional therapy for the dyslipidemic patient may be useful. These steps include recommending increased intake of plant proteins; increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids; modification of the types of oils used in food preparation; decreased intake of saturated and trans-fatty acids; increased intake of whole grains and dietary fiber (especially soluble fiber) and decreased intake of refined grains; modification of alcohol intake, if needed; and regular exercise. Recommendations should be accompanied by patient information handouts presenting acceptable substitutions for currently identified detrimental food choices.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Modulation of native TREK-1 and Kv1.4 K+ channels by polyunsaturated fatty acids and lysophospholipids.

The modulation of TREK-1 leak and Kv1.4 voltage-gated K+ channels by fatty acids and lysophospholipids was studied in bovine adrenal zona fasciculata (AZF) cells. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, arachidonic acid (AA) (1-20 microM) dramatically and reversibly increased the activity of bTREK-1, while inhibiting bKv1.4 current by mechanisms that occurred with distinctly different kinetics. bTREK-1 was also activated by the polyunsaturated cis fatty acid linoleic acid but not by the trans polyunsaturated fatty acid linolelaidic acid or saturated fatty acids. Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), which blocks formation of active AA metabolites, failed to inhibit AA activation of bTREK-1, indicating that AA acts directly. Compared to activation of bTREK-1, inhibition of bKv1.4 by AA was rapid and accompanied by a pronounced acceleration of inactivation kinetics. Cis polyunsaturated fatty acids were much more effective than trans or saturated fatty acids at inhibiting bKv1.4. ETYA also effectively inhibited bKv1.4, but less potently than AA. bTREK-1 current was markedly increased by lysophospholipids including lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) and lysophosphatidyl inositol (LPI). At concentrations from 1-5 microM, LPC produced a rapid, transient increase in bTREK-1 that peaked within one minute and then rapidly desensitized. The transient lysophospholipid-induced increases in bTREK-1 did not require the presence of ATP or GTP in the pipette solution. These results indicate that the activity of native leak and voltage-gated K+ channels are directly modulated in reciprocal fashion by AA and other cis unsaturated fatty acids. They also show that lysophospholipids enhance bTREK-1, but with a strikingly different temporal pattern. The modulation of native K+ channels by these agents differs from their effects on the same channels expressed in heterologous cells, highlighting the critical importance of auxiliary subunits and signaling. Finally, these results reveal that AZF cells express thousands of bTREK-1 K+ channels that lie dormant until activated by metabolites including phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-generated fatty acids and lysophospholipids. These metabolites may alter the electrical and secretory properties of AZF cells by modulating bTREK-1 and bKv1.4 K+ channels.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Development and validation of a food-frequency questionnaire for the determination of detailed fatty acid intakes.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a fat intake questionnaire (FIQ) developed to assess habitual dietary intake while focusing on the assessment of detailed fatty acid intake including total trans unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA). DESIGN: An 88 food item/food group FIQ was developed using a meal pattern technique. Validation was achieved by comparison with dietary intake assessed by a modified diet history (DH) in a cross-over design. Eighty-four individuals supplied adipose tissue biopsies for linoleic acid and total TUFA analysis as an independent validation of the FIQ and DH. SETTING: Medical Centre, Dublin Airport, Republic of Ireland. SUBJECTS: One hundred and five healthy volunteers (43 females and 62 males aged 23-63 years). RESULTS: Significant correlations (P<0.0005) were achieved for intakes of energy (0.78), total fat (0.77), saturated fat (0.77), monounsaturated fat (0.63), polyunsaturated fat (0.73), TUFA (0.67) and linoleic acid (0.71) assessed by the FIQ compared with the DH. Linoleic acid intake assessed by the FIQ and the DH was significantly correlated with adipose tissue concentrations (r=0.58 and 0.49, respectively; P<0.005); however, total TUFA intake was poorly correlated with adipose tissue concentrations (r=0.17 and 0.10 for FIQ and DH, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The FIQ compared favourably with the DH in assessing habitual diet, in particular fatty acid intake. In addition, the FIQ was successfully validated against the linoleic acid composition of adipose tissue, an independent biomarker of relative fatty acid status. The FIQ could therefore be used as an alternative to the DH as it is a shorter, less labour-intensive method.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Suitability of the trans/cis ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in Pseudomonas putida NCTC 10936 as an indicator of the acute toxicity of chemicals.

This study explored the suitability of using the trans/cis ratio of unsaturated fatty acids as an indicator of the acute toxicity of membrane active hazardous chemicals. The conversion of cis into trans fatty acids in Pseudomonas putida NCTC 10936 in response to 4-chlorophenol and temperature changes was compared with the results from another kind of toxicity test using the same organism, based on the sensitivity of its xylose oxidation-driven ATP synthesis to uncoupling. The response of both indicators is believed to be largely due to changes in the fluidity of the cytoplasmic membrane. However, the electron transport phosphorylation reacted faster and more sensitively to the fluidizing effect of 4-chlorophenol than the isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, measuring the trans/cis ratio does not provide as good early warning signals of acute toxicity as monitoring the response of the electron transport phosphorylation. If used as an indicator of chemostress, with Pseudomonas species as test organisms, the ratio should only be used in conjunction with other parameters reflecting the energetic state of the cells.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1999

Determination of fatty acids in vegetable oil by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

The effect of temperature and organic solvent composition (acetonitrile and methanol) on the reversed-phase separation of coumarin-derivatized fatty acids according to their carbon number (C14 to C22), the degree of unsaturation, as well as cis/trans (C18:1 c/t, C18:2 cc/tt, C18:3 ccc/ttt) configuration was investigated to find out the effective separation condition. Based on the linear plots of the logarithm of the capacity factor of saturated fatty acids versus their carbon number, the equivalent chain length (ECL) of unsaturated fatty acids was calculated. The ECL values were found to be significantly altered and the differentiation between cis and trans fatty acids was increased when either the temperature or organic solvent composition was decreased. These results generally led to a better resolution at the expense of separation time. A ternary gradient composed of water, acetonitrile, and methanol was then developed to elute the solutes at 55 degrees C within a separation time of 40 min with a minimum resolution of 1.0 for the worst pair. This method was demonstrated to resolve the fatty acids in a vegetable shortening.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2002

Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid) are not increased in tissue lipids of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with soybean oil.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a mixture of isomers of linoleic acid, has many beneficial effects, including decreased tumor growth in animal cancer models. The cis-9, trans-11 isomer of CLA (CLA9,11) can be formed in the rumen as an intermediate in biohydrogenation of linoleic acid. Recent data, however, indicate that tissue desaturation of trans-fatty acids is an important source of CLA9,11 in milk. Our objective was to determine whether supplementing a high-corn diet with soybean oil (SBO; a source of linoleic acid) would increase concentrations of CLA in ruminal contents and tissue lipids. Four ruminally cannulated steers were utilized in a Latin square design with 28-d periods. A control diet (80% cracked corn, 2.0% corn steep liquor, 8.0% ground corn cobs, and 10% supplement [soybean meal, ground shelled corn, minerals, and vitamins]) was supplemented with 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% (DM basis) SBO. Supplemental SBO did not affect ruminal pH or concentrations of the major VFA. The proportion and amount (mg FA/g DM ruminal contents) of CLA9,11 were not increased by increasing dietary SBO. However, the proportion and amount of the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer (CLA10,12) in ruminal contents increased linearly (P < 0.006) as dietary SBO increased. Trans-18:1 isomers in ruminal contents increased linearly (P < 0.02) as dietary SBO increased. The proportion of CLA10,12 was correlated positively (P < 0.001) with proportions of trans-C 18:1 isomers in ruminal contents. Conversely, CLA9,11 was correlated negatively (P < 0.05) with the proportions of trans-18:1 in ruminal contents. The same high-corn diet, supplemented with 0 or 5% SBO, was fed to 20 Angus-Wagyu heifers for 102 d in a randomized complete block design to determine the effect of added SBO on tissue deposition of CLA. Supplemental SBO did not affect feed intake, gain:feed, or carcass quality. Tissue samples were obtained from the hindquarter, loin, forequarter, liver, large and small intestine, and subcutaneous, mesenteric, and perirenal adipose depots. The concentration of CLA9,11 was greatest in subcutaneous adipose tissue but was not affected in any tissue by SBO. Supplementing high-corn diets with SBO does not increase CLA9,11 concentrations in tissues of fattening heifers. Research is needed to identify regulatory factors for pathways of biohydrogenation that lead to increased concentrations of CLA10,12 in ruminal contents when high-oil, high-concentrate diets are fed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Diet and risk of Type II diabetes: the role of types of fat and carbohydrate.

Although diet and nutrition are widely believed to play an important part in the development of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, specific dietary factors have not been clearly defined. Much controversy exists about the relations between the amount and types of dietary fat and carbohydrate and the risk of diabetes. In this article, we review in detail the current evidence regarding the associations between different types of fats and carbohydrates and insulin resistance and Type II diabetes. Our findings indicate that a higher intake of polyunsaturated fat and possibly long-chain n-3 fatty acids could be beneficial, whereas a higher intake of saturated fat and trans-fat could adversely affect glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. In dietary practice, exchanging nonhydrogenated polyunsaturated fat for saturated and trans-fatty acids could appreciably reduce risk of Type II diabetes. In addition, a low-glycaemic index diet with a higher amount of fiber and minimally processed whole grain products reduces glycaemic and insulinaemic responses and lowers the risk of Type II diabetes. Dietary recommendations to prevent Type II diabetes should focus more on the quality of fat and carbohydrate in the diet than quantity alone, in addition to balancing total energy intake with expenditure to avoid overweight and obesity.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Changes in the content of n-6 fatty acids in liver phospholipids in rats as a consequence of partially hydrogenated dietary oils.

The effects of unhydrogenated and partially-hydrogenated marine and rapeseed oils on the relative content of n-6 fatty acids in rat liver phospholipids were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. The type of dietary oil strongly affected the pattern of n-6 fatty acids in the liver phospholipids even after a relatively short feeding period (3 weeks). With diets deficient in linoleic acid, accumulation of the 20:3 n-9 fatty acid was observed in the animals receiving partially hydrogenated oils, but not in the animals receiving the unhydrogenated marine oil which contained relatively high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family. The results presented are in line with reports in the literature that dietary trans fatty acids may inhibit the desaturation-elongation enzyme systems of rat liver. The observed effects did not appear to be directly correlated to the dietary content of very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Diet, nutrition and the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate and provide evidence and recommendations on current published literature about diet and lifestyle in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Epidemiological and experimental studies, focusing on nutritional intervention in the prevention of type 2 diabetes are used to make disease-specific recommendations. Long-term cohort studies are given the most weight as to strength of evidence available. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Numerous clinical trials and cohort studies in low, middle and high income countries are evaluated regarding recommendations for dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes. These include, among others, the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, US Diabetes Prevention Program, Da Qing Study; Pima Indian Study; Iowa Women's Health Study; and the study of the US Male Physicians. RESULTS: There is convincing evidence for a decreased risk of diabetes in adults who are physically active and maintain a normal body mass index (BMI) throughout adulthood, and in overweight adults with impaired glucose tolerance who lose weight voluntarily. An increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes is associated with overweight and obesity; abdominal obesity; physical inactivity; and maternal diabetes. It is probable that a high intake of saturated fats and intrauterine growth retardation also contribute to an increased risk, while non-starch polysaccharides are likely to be associated with a decreased risk. From existing evidence it is also possible that omega-3 fatty acids, low glycaemic index foods and exclusive breastfeeding may play a protective role, and that total fat intake and trans fatty acids may contribute to the risk. However, insufficient evidence is currently available to provide convincing proof. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the strength of available evidence regarding diet and lifestyle in the prevention of type 2 diabetes, it is recommended that a normal weight status in the lower BMI range (BMI 21-23) and regular physical activity be maintained throughout adulthood; abdominal obesity be prevented; and saturated fat intake be less than 7% of the total energy intake.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Changes in membrane fluidity and fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas putida CN-T19 in response to toluene.

A bacterial isolate, Pseudomonas putida CN-T19, could grow in a two-phase medium with toluene up to 50% (v/v). Changes in fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity of the isolate were investigated to understand how this microorganism responds toluene. The changes in the ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids were insignificant between cells grown with and without toluene. The changes in the ratio of cis- to trans-fatty acids of C16:1 and C18:1 was, however, significantly lower in cells grown with toluene than cells grown without toluene, giving approximately 1.3 and 9.7, respectively. Toluene had a fluidizing effect on the membrane of cells grown without toluene, resulting in decrease in membrane polarization ratio. Less fluidizing effect of toluene on the membrane of cells grown with toluene was observed, giving 11% of polarization percentage, which was significantly lower than 53% in cells grown without toluene. These results suggest that cis/trans isomeration of C16:1 and C18:1 makes cell membranes more rigid to respond toluene, and is an adaptive strategy allowing P. putida CN-T19 to grow in the presence of organic solvent.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1997

Potential to alter the content and composition of milk fat through nutrition.

Nutritional manipulation of the rumen ecosystem provides a strategy to alter the content and composition of milk fat. Dietary fat supplements affect the content and composition of milk fat. The magnitude of changes is influenced by the degree of protection; as protection increases, the deleterious effects fatty acids on microbial activity decreases, and biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids is reduced. In addition, change is influenced by the transfer of dietary fat into milk, which is related to fatty acid composition, degree of ruminal metabolism, and efficiency of digestion. A cascade of metabolic events involving specific nutrients (e.g., trans fatty acids and cyclopropene acids) occurs that regulates the activity of key enzymes in pathways of endogenous fat synthesis within the mammary gland. When cattle are fed oilseeds (e.g., canola and cotton) with > 75% protection from biohydrogenation, the proportion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids is changed, and the fat content of milk is increased. Human consumption of dairy products containing elevated proportions of C18 mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces the content of cholesterol in plasma low density lipoproteins. These fat-modified dairy products are more susceptible to autoxidation, which can be controlled by including vitamin E in the diet of lactating cow. These products also have much less solid fat, which improves spreadability of butter. By protecting different oilseeds from ruminal metabolism, demands for energy can be satisfied while producing milk fat that can be designed for consumer and manufacturing requirements.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗