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PubMed1994

Humidity regulation in the management of asthma patients sensitized to house dust mites.

Substances in the faeces of house dust mites are well-recognized as common allergens in the pathogenesis of asthma. There have been many trials of interventions aimed at reducing mite populations in the home, but most have been uncontrolled, too small, or too short to determine with confidence any beneficial effects. Of those which succeeded, very few used methods which reduced mite populations on a permanent basis. House dust mites are sensitive to humidity. Their geographical distribution is closely correlated to the availability of moisture. Very little work has been done on the effects of reducing humidity in the home environment in the long term, with a view to controlling dust mite populations. Two different methods which might reduce humidities to levels which could successfully reduce dust mite numbers are dehumidifiers, and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR). To date there has been no work assessing the effectiveness of dehumidifiers and very little (although promising) work on MVHR. We discuss the potential of humidity control as an adjunct to the clinical treatment of asthma.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Metabolic changes in cattle due to the specific effect of the tick, Boophilus microplus.

1. An experiment was designed to provide information on the alterations in body metabolism which would account for the loss of body-weight in cattle due to the specific effect (factors other than reduced food intake) of the tick Boophilus microplus. 2. Two groups of British (Shorthorn x Hereford) and Africander x British calves, each approximately months olds, were used: one group (treated) of each breed was tick-infested and the other (control) was tick-free. Within breeds, calves in the control group were pair-fed to calves in the treated group. 3. In both breeds, the effect of ticks: (a) depressed packed cell volume, serum alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and amylase (EC 3.2.1.1.) activities, plasma cholesterol and phospholipid levels, serum iron and albumin levels, (b) increased the plasma levels of urea-nitrogen and gamma-globulin (c) increased rectal temperature, water intake, urine volume, urinary and faecal total N, urinary urea-N and alpha-amino acids, the excretion of water, sodium and potassium in the faeces and (d) reduced N balance, N and dry-matter digestibilities. 4. In the British breed, ticks increased the excretion of K with a corresponding decrease in the excretion of Na in the urine and increased the plasma clearance of bromsulphthalein. 5. A second experiment showed that the specific effect of tick infestation increased the flow of organic matter (OM) from the abomasum and the fractional turnover of rumen fluid of Hereford steers. It was also shown that the decrease in OM digestibility in the gastrointestinal tract was largely due to a decrease in OM digestibility in the rumen and that the increased urinary urea excretion and plasma urea concentration was caused by higher production rates of urea despite a tendency for lowered urea degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Protective immune mechanisms to ticks and tick-borne diseases of ruminants.

A workshop of the European Union (EU) Concerted Action Project on the Integrated Control of Ticks and Tick-borne diseases (CA-ICTTD) recently assessed protective immune mechanisms to ticks and tick-borne diseases. The consensus achieved there is summarized here by Patricia Preston and Frans Jongejan. The current understanding of this field is expanded upon by the accompanying articles, and Poster, in this special issue of Parasitology Today.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Detection of Bm86 antigen in different strains of Boophilus microplus and effectiveness of immunization with recombinant Bm86.

The control of tick populations by using conventional strategies poses several problems, including the appearance of organophosphate resistant strains, among others. The possibility of using alternative strategies such as vaccination with tick antigens has been suggested by several authors. One particular antigen (Bm86) has been described and shown to be able to induce a protective immunity against the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. In this paper we demonstrate by means of immunohistochemical staining that this antigen is conserved among several strains of this species. These results correlate with those showing that animals vaccinated with a preparation of recombinant Bm86 were protected against challenge with the four different strains tested, including one resistant to organophosphates. These results favour the immunization with recombinant Bm86 for the control of the cattle tick B. microplus.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Pathogens and predators of ticks and their potential in biological control.

This review summarizes the literature about pathogens and predators of ticks and their potential use as biocontrol agents published since the beginning of this century. In nature, many bacteria, fungi, spiders, ants, beetles, rodents, birds, and other living things contribute significantly toward limiting tick populations, as do, for instance, the grooming activities of hosts. Experiments with the most promising potential tick biocontrol agents--especially fungi of the genera Beauveria and Metarhizium and nematodes in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, as well as oxpeckers--are described.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

High infection rates of the tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum with Trypanosoma theileri.

A crossbred calf (3 months old) obtained from a farm where regular control of ticks was practised and found to be free of blood parasites was inoculated with 20 ml pooled blood collected from four field cattle which had very low Trypanosoma theileri parasitaemias (one parasite per 70 microl blood as determined by the haematocrit centrifugation technique). Trypanosoma theileri was present in the blood 6 days after injection and a peak parasitaemia of 42 parasites per 70 microl blood was recorded by day 12. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum nymphs were applied on the ears of the calf on day 8 and they dropped engorged by days 13 and 14. The resulting adult ticks were examined for the presence of T. theileri by severing a leg and making a smear of the clear haemolymph which exuded from the wound. The smear was fixed in methanol and stained with Giemsa stain. The infection rate with T. theileri in the ticks was 43.3% (26 out of 60). The intensity of infection was very high and various developmental stages of the flagellates were observed (epimastigotes, sphaeromastigotes, trypomastigotes and other intermediate stages). The haemolymph from 12 ticks was also collected in tissue culture medium and the trypanosomes survived for 25 weeks before eventually dying. The results demonstrated unequivocally the high vectorial capacity of the tick H. a. anatolicum for T. theileri.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

House dust mite avoidance measures for perennial allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: In developed countries, it is estimated that 15% of the general population suffer from one or more allergic disorders, of which allergic rhinitis is the most common. Perennial rhinitis is most often due to allergy to the house dust mite. In such patients, house dust mite avoidance is logical, but there is considerable uncertainty regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce dust mite exposure. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefit (and harm) of measures designed to reduce house dust mite exposure in the management of house dust mite sensitive allergic rhinitis. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Central, MEDLINE and EMBASE. No restrictions on the language of publication were employed. The bibliography of each paper and other published reviews were checked for further references. We wrote to first authors of all included trials in an attempt to identify further published and unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trial (with or without blinding), in which house dust mite control measures have been evaluated in comparison with placebo or other dust mite avoidance measures, in patients with clinician diagnosed allergic rhinitis and confirmed allergy to dust mite. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently checked titles and abstracts identified by the searches and full text copies of all papers of potential relevance were considered. Trials were graded for methodological quality using the Cochrane approach. Data extraction was performed in a standardised manner. Meta-analysis was neither possible, nor considered appropriate, because of the heterogeneity of the patient groups studied; a narrative overview of the results is therefore presented. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials satisfied the inclusion criteria, all of which were small and of poor quality. Two trials investigated the efficacy of acaricides, a third investigated the role of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, whilst a fourth investigated the efficacy of a bedroom environmental control program that comprised use of a barrier mattress cover, fortnightly washing of bed covers, removal of soft furnishings and daily cleaning. Each of the four trials showed the interventions to result in significant reductions in house dust mite load when compared with control. Trial results suggest that the interventions may be effective in reducing some rhinitis symptoms, though it is not possible to provide a reliable summary estimate about the magnitude of such symptom reduction. No serious adverse effects were reported from the interventions. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Trials to date have been small and of poor methodological quality making it difficult to offer any definitive recommendations on the role, if any, of house dust mite avoidance measures in the management of house dust mite sensitive perennial allergic rhinitis. The results of these studies suggest that interventions designed to reduce house dust mite exposure in patients with house dust mite allergic perennial rhinitis may be of some benefit in reducing rhinitis symptoms. Data at present is only available for acaricides, HEPA filters and a bedroom-based environmental control program; therefore, if considered appropriate, these should be the interventions of choice.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Functional response of Euseius finlandicus and Amblyseius andersoni to Panonychus ulmi on apple and peach leaves in the laboratory.

The functional response of adult females of the predatory mites Euseius (Amblyseius) finlandicus and Amblyseius andersoni to larvae and adult females of the fruit tree red spider mite Panonychus ulmi was determined on apple and peach leaf disks in the laboratory at 25 degrees C and 16:8 (L:D). For adult females of P. ulmi the predation efficiency of E. finlandicus was higher on peach than on apple, whereas that of A. andersoni was higher on apple than on peach. Efficiency of predation on larvae of P. ulmi by either predator did not differ significantly between apple and peach. On both plants, A. andersoni had a higher predation rate than E. finlandicus on larvae of P. ulmi. It is concluded that in the laboratory the host plant has a substantial effect on predation efficiency of A. andersoni and E. finlandicus when they preyed on adults but not when they preyed on larvae of P. ulmi.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Domestic mites from an acarologic perspective.

Knowledge of the taxonomic, physiologic, biologic, and ecologic characteristics of allergenic domestic mites contributes to the understanding of the causation of many cases of allergic asthma, and to the measures to be taken to control excessive mite occurrence in homes. Domestic mites, i.e., the combined group of storage mites living in the home environment and of pyroglyphid house-dust mites, belong to the subclass of the acari. This comprises also many other mites of medical and economic importance, together with thousands of free-living mites. Because of some species-specific properties of their allergenic products, it is important that the producing mite is always correctly identified. In spite of their small size (approx. 0.5 mm), domestic mites have well-developed and elaborate systems of respiration, digestion, and water balance, enabling them to live and survive in the various habitats of the home environment. Knowledge of the effects of the various and changing ecologic conditions in the home environment is helpful in developing strategies to prevent the establishment and growth of large populations of allergenic domestic mites.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Laboratory evaluation of pathogenicity of entomogenous nematodes to African tick species.

Five strains of entomogenous nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae strains DD, Mexican, SR, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strains 1S5 and HP88, were tested for their pathogenicity to various developmental stages of five African tick species namely; Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. evertsi, Amblyomma variegatum, A. gemma, and Boophilus decoloratus. In engorged female R. appendiculatus, all nematodes at a concentration of 1,000 infective juveniles (IJ)/dish, except S. carpocapsae Mexican strain, induced high mortalities (56-100%), whereas in engorged female R. evertsi, only S. carpocapsae DD and H. bacteriophora HP88 induced high mortalities (78% and 56%, respectively). In engorged B. decoloratus, S. carpocapsae DD, Mexican, SR and H. bacteriophora HP88 (100 IJ/dish) induced mortalities of 85%, 65%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. In all cases, except for S. carpocapsae Mexican strain, a higher concentration (5,000 IJ/dish) did not result in higher mortality than occurred with 1,000 IJ/dish. Unfed females and immature stages of ticks were found to be generally resistant to the nematodes. The feasibility of using entomogenous nematodes for biological control of African tick species are briefly discussed.

Africa↗