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PubMed2004

Life style risks of Parkinson's disease: association between decreased water intake and constipation.

Gastrointestinal dysfunction, especially constipation, is one of the major problems in the daily life of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). About 60 to 80% of PD patients suffer from constipation. Several studies have proven that constipation appears about 10 to 20 years prior to motor symptoms. More recently, Abbott et al. have found from a large scale prospective study that lower frequency bowel movements predict the future risk of PD. Furthermore, Braak et al. have found that Lewy neuritis and Lewy bodies, the hallmarks of PD pathology, appear in the dorsal nucleus of vagus in the earliest stage of the disease and then extend upward through the brain stem to reach the substantia nigra in the third stage. They also hypothesize that some yet undefined toxins break through the mucosal barrier of the intestine and are incorporated into the axon terminal of the vagus nerve and transported in a retrograde manner to the vagus nucleus. In this study, we assessed bowel movements and nutritional status in Japanese patients with PD. We found that intake of water was significantly decreased in PD patients from early life and associated with their constipation. Ninety four patients with PD (M 50, F 44) were enrolled. Nutritional status was assessed using the Self-administered Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ). Total water intake was calculated from the consumption of coffee, green tea, and tea. We also questioned the behavior of water drinking from the early stage of life. The questionnaire for bowel movements concerned the frequency of defecation, age of onset of constipation, and age of onset of motor dysfunction. Less than one bowel movement in 3 days was defined as constipation. The nutritional status of PD patients did not differ significantly from those of controls though several studies have shown excess intake of animal fats or reduced consumption of coffee are risks in PD. In contrast, water intake was significantly lower in PD patients than controls (604.0+/-377.2 ml/d vs 909.5+/-531.6 ml/d; P<0.0001). Interestingly, PD patients tended not to feel thirsty and thus they had no desire to drink water throughout their life. Seventy four patients out of 94 (78.7 %) complained of constipation. Mean bowel frequency was once per 3.3+/-1.1 days and 71.1% of patients were defined as having constipation. Women suffered from constipation more frequently than men (82.4% vs 61.9 %). In 33 patients out of 74 (44.6 %), onset of constipation preceded motor disturbance by an average time of 18.1+/-18.8 years. Furthermore, the amount of water intake correlated inversely with the severity of constipation and the depletion of water intake preceded constipation in most cases. The present results support previous findings that constipation precedes the onset of motor dysfunction in PD. To our knowledge, this is the first report to point out latent water depletion in PD patients. It is not certain at present whether coffee or caffeine themselves are the protective factor for PD or alternatively the amount of water in coffee drinking is more essential. Prospective studies on a large scale are necessary to elucidate the real meaning of water depletion in PD.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[Perioperative fasting in children: current data].

Perioperative fasting aims at decreasing the incidence of gastric content inhalation during anesthesia. Current knowledge concerning gastric emptying and the epidemiology of pulmonary aspiration authorizes new perioperative fasting guidelines. If prolonged fasting does not guarantee gastric emptiness at the induction of anesthesia, shortening preoperative fasting by allowing clear fluids two hours before surgery does not modify gastric content and does not increase the risk of gastric content aspiration, while enhancing the patient comfort by reduction of the fasting period. On the other hand, after surgery, the mandatory intake of water significantly increases the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Therefore new guidelines may be applied for children operated in ambulatory surgery settings: 1) clear fluids may be allowed until 2-3 hours before operation, 10 ml.kg-1, or even ad libitum for some authors (by clear fluids one means water, tea, coffee, apple juice, syrup with water); 2) drinking is not absolutely necessary before discharge from day care surgery unit and should be left to the child's own assessment.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Elevated polyamines lead to selective induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumorigenesis by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in ODC/Ras transgenic mice.

Tea polyphenolic constituents induce apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells. To study the mechanism of this selective effect, we used the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)/Ras double transgenic mouse model that develops spontaneous skin tumors due to over-expression of ODC and a v-Ha-ras transgene. Administration of the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in the drinking water significantly decreased both tumor number and total tumor burden compared with untreated ODC/Ras mice without decreasing the elevated polyamine levels present in the ODC/Ras mice. EGCG selectively decreased both proliferation and survival of primary cultures of ODC over-expressing transgenic keratinocytes but not keratinocytes from normal littermates nor ras-infected keratinocytes. This decreased survival was due to EGCG-induced apoptosis and not terminal differentiation. Moreover, in skin from EGCG-treated ODC transgenic mice, caspase 3 (active form) was detected only in epidermal cells that possess very high levels of ODC protein. Since most transformed cells and tumor tissue possess higher levels of polyamines compared with normal cells or tissue, our data suggest that the elevated levels of polyamines in tumor cells sensitize them to EGCG-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that EGCG may be an effective chemopreventive agent in individuals with early, pre-neoplastic stages of cancer having higher levels of polyamines.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Induction of preneoplastic lung lesions in guinea pigs by cigarette smoke inhalation and their exacerbation by high dietary levels of vitamins C and E.

The development of effective chemopreventive agents against cigarette smoke-induced lung cancer could be greatly facilitated by the availability of suitable laboratory animal models. Here we report that male Hartley guinea pigs treated with cigarette smoke by inhalation twice a day for 28 days developed preneoplastic lung lesions, including bronchial hyperplasia, dysplasia and squamous metaplasia, analogous to those found in human smokers. The lesions were accompanied by increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt in the bronchial epithelium. In contrast, no lung lesions were found in guinea pigs ('sham smoked') that were submitted to identical procedures but without cigarettes. Compared with a diet low in vitamin C (50 p.p.m.) and vitamin E (15 p.p.m.), a diet high in vitamin C (4000 p.p.m.) and vitamin E (40 p.p.m.) significantly increased the incidence of these lesions. The inclusion of 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (p-XSC), a synthetic chemopreventive organoselenium compound, in the high vitamin C-high vitamin E diet at a level of 15 p.p.m. as selenium appeared to decrease the lesion incidence. Administration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a powerful green tea polyphenolic antioxidant, at 560 p.p.m. in the drinking water had no effect. As in human smokers, levels of ascorbate in blood plasma, lung, liver and the adrenal glands were significantly decreased by cigarette smoke inhalation. These results identify a relevant in vivo laboratory model of cigarette smoke-induced lung cancer, suggest that p-XSC may have activity as a chemopreventive agent against cigarette smoke-induced lung lesions and provide additional evidence that very high dietary levels of certain antioxidants can have co-carcinogenic activity in cigarette smoke-induced lung cancer.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sample preparation and determination of ginkgo terpene trilactones in selected beverage, snack, and dietary supplement products by liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection.

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been widely used in dietary supplements and more recently in some foods and beverages. Sample preparation procedures for determination of ginkgo terpene trilactones (including bilobalide and ginkgolides A, B, C, and J) in various sample matrixes were developed in this study. Ginkgo leaves and capsules were extracted with 5% KH2PO4 aqueous solution under sonication. Tea bags were extracted with boiling water, whereas drink samples were taken directly from the bottles. After filtration and the addition of NaCl to approximately 30% (w/v), the terpene trilactones in aqueous solutions were quantitatively extracted with ethyl acetate-tetrahydrofuran (4 + 1, v/v). Puff samples (a cereal-based fried snack item) were first defatted by using hexane or by using supercritical fluid extraction and then extracting under sonication with methanol-acetic acid (99 + 1, v/v). After evaporation of the organic phase, the terpene trilactones were redissolved in methanol and determined on a C18 reversed-phase column by liquid chromatography (LC) with evaporative light-scattering detection. The method of standard additions and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection were used for method validation. For most samples, the relative standard deviation was <10%. The identities of target compounds in ginkgo leaves and drink samples were confirmed by LC/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

Caffeine induces cytochrome P4501A2: induction of CYP1A2 by tea in rats.

Previous reports indicated that treatment of rats with green tea or black tea extracts increased CYP1A2 activity, but such an induction was not observed with decaffeinated green tea in our preliminary study. Herein we report a comparative study on the induction of CYP1A2 with different tea preparations and caffeine as an inducer. When green tea (2%) or black tea (2%) was given to male Fischer 344 rats as the sole source of drinking fluid for 21 days, a 2.4- or 2.7-fold induction, respectively, of CYP1A2-dependent O-methoxyresorufin demethylase (MROD) activity in liver microsomes was observed. Treating rats with caffeine (0.04%) also resulted in an 1.9-fold increase in the MROD activity, but decaffeinated green tea (0.8%) did not cause such an induction. Rats treated with green tea (2%) or caffeine (0.055%) as the sole source of drinking fluid for 1, 3, and 7 days also showed comparable induction (from 1.7- to 2.1-fold) of the MROD activity. The induction was also shown by intragastric administration of caffeine (100 mg/kg). The induced MROD activity caused by consumption of green tea, black tea, and caffeine corresponded to the increase in liver microsomal CYP1A2 protein, as determined by immunoblot analysis. The concentrations of tea polyphenols and caffeine in plasma were also measured. Close correlation of the increase in the MROD activity was observed only with the plasma caffeine level (r = 0.736, n = 10, p = 0.015), not with the combined tea polyphenol level (r = 0.058, n = 6, p = 0.913). The present study establishes caffeine as an inducer of CYP1A2 and demonstrates that caffeine, not tea polyphenols, is the component in tea responsible for the induction of this enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Content of carbohydrates and trace elements in a group of non-alcoholic drinks].

BACKGROUND: In order to elaborate recommendations for the dietetic care of diabetic patients and other clinical disorders we have measured the concentration of carbohydrates and trace elements in a group of non alcoholic refreshments of current use in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty refreshments were classified into 10 groups. Glucose and phosphate were measured by hexokinase and reduction of phospho-molybdate methods respectively in an autoanalyzer Dax-72. Glucose and fructose were analyzed by cellulose thin-layer chromatography; glucose, fructose and sucrose by gas chromatographys. Sodium and potassium by emission spectrophotometry and calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Light refreshments and soft drinks have no carbohydrates. Isotonic beverages, fruit juices, cool tea and non alcoholic beers had less than 10 g/dl. Tonic waters, Fanta, different coles, non alcoholic bitter and others had more than 10 g/dl. Sodium levels between 15-20 mEq/l were found in the isotonic beverages and 7-Up and levels of 7 mEq/l in the others. Potassium values between 15-40 mEq/l were found in the fruit juices, 3-4 mEq/l in Gatorade and less than 1 mEq/l in the others. CONCLUSIONS: Light refreshments and soft drinks contain low concentrations of carbohydrates and sodium. Fruit juices have high potassium concentration. Such information can be especially useful for dietetic care of diabetic patients.

Beverages↗
PubMed1999

Probable antagonism of warfarin by green tea.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of the inhibition of the effect of warfarin by green tea. CASE SUMMARY: A 44-year-old white man was receiving warfarin for thromboembolic prophylaxis secondary to a St. Jude mechanical valve replacement in the aortic position. The patient had an international normalized ratio (INR) of 3.20 approximately one month prior to entering our clinic, and an INR of 3.79 on entering our clinic. Twenty-two days later his INR was 1.37. One month later the patient's INR was 1.14. It was subsequently discovered that the patient began drinking one-half to one gallon of green tea per day about one week prior to the INR of 1.37. On discontinuation of the green tea, the patient's INR increased to 2.55. DISCUSSION: Warfarin produces anticoagulation by inhibiting production of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (i.e., factors II, VII, IX, X). The exogenous administration of vitamin K inhibits the effect of warfarin and reduces a patient's degree of anticoagulation. Green tea can be a significant source of vitamin K and thus antagonize the effect of warfarin. CONCLUSIONS: Warfarin is a highly effective oral anticoagulant, but it requires close monitoring to prevent complications. Patients receiving warfarin need to be routinely questioned about their intake of vitamin K-containing foods and beverages.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Protective effect of green tea against benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutations in the liver of Big Blue transgenic mice.

We assessed the ability of green tea to protect against benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced mutations in the liver of lacI transgenic male C57BL/6 Big Blue mice. The mice were given a 2% Japanese green tea hot water extract as their sole source of drinking water for 10 weeks. After 7 weeks, they received a total dose of 150 mg/kg B[a]P. Treatment with B[a]P resulted in a two-fold higher lacI mutant frequency than the untreated controls (8.6+/-0.8 x 10(-5) versus 4.0+/-0.7 x 10(-5), P=0.01). B[a]P increased the frequency of its characteristic mutation (GC-->TA transversions) nearly five-fold, from 0.75 x 10(-5) to 3.7 x 10(-5). In mice treated with green tea, the induced B[a]P mutant frequency decreased by 63%, while GC-->TA transversions were reduced by 54%. Thus, we report evidence that green tea extract significantly suppressed B[a]P-induced mutation by lowering its specific transversion mutation in the lacI transgene in vivo. Further studies will address the correlation between the modulation of metabolic enzymes and the protection against induced mutation by green tea.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Secular trends in children's sweetened-beverage consumption (1973 to 1994): the Bogalusa Heart Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether children's sweetened-beverage consumption has changed over a 21-year period (1973 to 1994) in Bogalusa, LA, and whether trends in energy intake, milk consumption, and body mass index (BMI) varied among the sweetened-beverage consumption groups. DESIGN: Information on food and nutrient intake was derived from a single 24-hour dietary recall collected from children who participated in one of seven cross-sectional surveys. SUBJECTS/SETTING: A total of 1,548 10-year-old children (65% white, 35% African American; 51% female, 49% male) were randomly selected to participate in the study. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: The Cochran-Armitage Trend test was applied to examine the trends in sweetened-beverage consumption by 10-year-old children over a 21-year period. A general linear model was used to examine the trend in milk consumption, energy intake, and BMI among the sweetened-beverage consumption groups. RESULTS: The percentage of children consuming sweetened beverages significantly decreased from 83% (1973) to 81% (1994) (P <.05), particularly consumption of soft drinks (P <.01) and coffee with sugar ( P <.0001). However, the mean gram amount of tea with sugar consumed significantly increased (P <.0001), with no changes in the mean gram amount of fruit drinks, soft drinks, and coffee with sugar consumed. When comparing tertiles of sweetened-beverage consumption over time, the mean gram consumption significantly increased from 1973 to 1994 for those children who were in the medium (P <.001) to high (P <.0001) tertiles. The mean BMI significantly increased (P <.001) from 1973 to 1994 in children within all of the sweetened-beverage consumption groups; however, there were no significant differences in total BMI across the sweetened-beverage consumption groups. The total gram amount of milk consumption was significantly lower in the medium to high sweetened-beverage consumption groups compared with the lower to no sweetened-beverage consumption groups. Total energy intake remained unchanged from 1973 to 1994 within all four sweetened-beverage consumption groups. Total energy intake was significantly higher in the high sweetened-beverage consumption group compared with the other three sweetened-beverage consumption groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children's sweetened-beverage consumption has changed over a 21-year period. The percentage of children consuming sweetened beverages decreased from 1973 to 1994, particularly consumption of soft drinks and coffee with sugar. Data suggest that there was no linear relationship between sweetened-beverage consumption and BMI and total energy intake. However, total milk consumption was lower in the medium to high sweetened-beverage consumption groups compared with the low to no consumption groups. More studies are needed to confirm these regional findings, which may not be reflective of national trends.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Preschool children's consumption of drinks: implications for dental health.

OBJECTIVE: To examine drinking patterns in pre-school children and their relationship to percentage of energy intake from non-milk extrinsic sugars. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from the national diet and nutrition survey (NDNS) relating to the dietary intakes of a representative sample of pre-school children in the UK. SUBJECTS: 1,675 children aged 1.5 to 4.5 years surveyed between July 1992 and June 1993. OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of consumers, average daily frequency of consumption and estimated seven day volume of consumption of different drinks. Percentage of average daily energy intake obtained from non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). RESULTS: Soft drinks were the most commonly consumed drinks followed by whole milk and diet or low sugar varieties of soft drinks. Half the sample were estimated to consume more than 1.5 litres of soft drinks and whole milk and over a litre of diet or low-sugar soft drinks per seven days. Fifty-six per cent of the children consumed soft drinks more than once a day. The youngest children (1.5-2.5 years) were more likely to consume whole milk and less likely to consume diet, soft drinks and skimmed milk than other age groups. Children from manual home backgrounds consumed more tea and coffee and were less likely to consume fruit juice than those from non-manual backgrounds. Drinks contributed 23% to total energy intake and 39% of NMES intake. Consumption of soft drinks, fruit juice and whole and semi-skimmed milk accounted for 59% of variance in percentage of energy from NMES. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of pre-school children consume considerable quantifies of soft drinks which have little or no nutritional value and are high in cariogenic non-milk extrinsic sugars. This has implications for children's dental and general health. Recommendations for drinks consumption should be included in food policy guidelines for pre-school children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA from leukocytes of healthy adults: relationship with cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, alcohol and coffee consumption.

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) has been widely used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in both animal and human studies. However, controversial data exist on the relationship between 8-OHdG formation and age, sex and tobacco smoking in humans, while few or no data are available on other exposures such as environmental tobacco smoke, alcohol, coffee and tea consumption. We investigated the level of 8-OHdG in DNA from peripheral leukocytes among 102 healthy adults living in Brescia province, North Italy, aged 25-45 (mean: 35.2 years), of which 51 were males. 8-OHdG levels expressed as a ratio to total deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG/106 dG) in DNA showed wide interindividual variation, the highest value (63.8) being 6. 2-fold greater than the lowest (10.3). Current smokers showed lower mean 8-OHdG values than subjects who never smoked (29.3 and 34.0, respectively, p<0.05), and an inverse relationship was found between 8-OHdG and lifetime smoking, which was independent of age, sex and body mass index. An inverse relationship was also found with coffee drinking while no association was observed with alcohol and tea consumption, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and use of vitamins in all subjects, and with use of oral contraceptives in females. The inverse relationship between smoking status and 8-OHdG levels could be explained by the presence of efficient repair processes for the oxidative damage induced by smoking. In this study, the smokers were relatively young (77% were less than 40 years) and only 7% smoked 30 or more cigarettes a day. In conclusion, it would appear that 8-OHdG levels in leukocytes may not provide a sensitive marker of exposure to tobacco smoking.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1993

Coffee and tea consumption and the prevalence of coronary heart disease in men and women: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim was to determine if there was a relationship between coffee or tea consumption and the prevalence of coronary heart disease in Scotland. DESIGN: The relationship between self reported coffee and tea consumption and the prevalence of coronary heart disease (history, symptoms, or electrocardiographic evidence) was investigated using multiple logistic regression analysis in the Scottish Heart Health Study (SHHS), a cross sectional study. SETTING: Twenty two Scottish districts were surveyed for the SHHS between 1984 and 1986. SUBJECTS: A total of 10,359 men and women aged 40-59 years were studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 9740 subjects who were assigned a category, 21.8% (2122) were classified as having indications of coronary heart disease. Men and women were combined in the odds ratio analysis because they showed almost identical patterns in the prevalence of coronary heart disease across the coffee and tea quarters (grouped according to consumption). Those who did not drink coffee had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) prevalence of coronary heart disease than the three groups for coffee drinkers. Adjustments for risk factors including cigarette smoking, total blood cholesterol, and diastolic blood pressure did not remove the significance of the odds ratios. There was a positive dose-response effect between tea consumption and coronary heart disease which was removed after adjustment for various risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support a positive relationship between coffee or tea consumption and coronary heart disease in this British study where most coffee consumed is instant coffee.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Psychotic illness following 'mabi bark tea' consumption.

A first episode of psychosis occurred in a young woman of West Indian parentage and one of identical twins following a brief period of high consumption of a drink made from Colubrina plant extract (mabi bark). The course of the psychosis is described and possible underlying mechanisms and the relationship to amphetamine psychosis are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[ Dietary intake of fluorine through of tea prepared by the traditional method in Senegal].

The consumption of tea in Senegal is known and called "trois normaux". The use of Thea sinensis as drink many times per day with a lot of sugar, may cause some public health problems. In the aim to face that situation, we have analysed the fluor level in the available tea samples in the senegalese market in respect of the ways of the preparation. The fluor level has been analysed by ionometric specific electrode. The concentrations were from 3.8 to 6.1 mg/l in the infusion and from 11.1 mg/l in the decoction. These results showed that the tea plant contain a high concentration of fluoride. In addition, the level of fluoride may be higher, when the water drink itself is rich in fluoride.

Fluorine↗
PubMed2003

Determination of tea components with antioxidant activity.

Levels of essential elements with antioxidant activity, as well as catechins, gallic acid, and caffeine levels, in a total of 45 samples of different teas commercialized in Spain have been evaluated. Chromium, manganese, selenium, and zinc were determined in the samples mineralized with HNO(3) and V(2)O(5), using ETAAS as the analytical technique. The reliability of the procedure was checked by analysis of a certified reference material. Large variations in the trace element composition of teas were observed. The levels ranged from 50.6 to 371.4 ng/g for Cr, from 76.1 to 987.6 microg/g for Mn, from 48.5 to 114.6 ng/g for Se, and from 56.3 to 78.6 ng/g for Zn. The four major catechins [(-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), and (-)-epicatechin (EC)], gallic acid (GA), and caffeine were simultaneously determined by a simple and fast HPLC method using a photodiode array detector. In all analyzed samples, EGCG ranged from 1.4 to 103.5 mg/g, EGC from 3.9 to 45.3 mg/g, ECG from 0.2 to 45.6 mg/g, and EC ranged from 0.6 to 21.2 mg/g. These results indicated that green tea has a higher content of catechins than both oolong and fermented teas (red and black teas); the fermentation process during tea manufacturing reduces the levels of catechins significantly. Gallic acid content ranged from 0.039 to 6.7 mg/g; the fermentation process also elevated remarkably gallic acid levels in black teas (mean level of 3.9 +/- 1.5 mg/g). The amount of caffeine in the analyzed samples ranged from 7.5 to 86.6 mg/g, and the lower values were detected in green and oolong teas. This study will be useful for the appraisal of trace elements and antioxidant components in various teas, and it will also be of interest for people who like drinking this beverage.

Antioxidants↗