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PubMed2000

Chemical polymorphism of the essential oils from populations of Thymus caespititius grown on the island S. Jorge (Azores).

The compositions of the essential oils obtained from ten populations of Thymus caespititius grown on S. Jorge (Azores) were studied by GC and GC-MS. All the oils analysed were dominated by their monoterpene fraction (69-9%). The sesquiterpene fraction was rather small (4-17%) and consisted mainly of oxygen-containing compounds (3-13%). Enantiomeric ratio of sabinene and alpha-terpineol was investigated in the oils from some populations. (+)-Sabinene was detected with high enatiomeric purity (96 99%). Although ( +)-alpha terpineol was the predominant enantiomer, its purity varied considerably (66-97%). Cluster analysis of all identified components grouped the oils into four main clusters that corresponded with their major components: alpha-terpineol (43-68%), carvacrol (32-52%), thymol (44-58%) and sabinene (41%). The essential oil from Th. caespititius showed a clear chemical polymorphism, that was particularly evident among four populations growing along a 200 m distance at Pico Verde.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2001

Volatile oil variability in Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis growing wild in Southeastern Spain.

Volatile oils from single plants of Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis were collected from Southeastern Spain and studied to check for chemical variability using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Many of the samples showed a phenolic chemotype, while another important group had significant levels of linalool. Geraniol, myrcene, caryophyllene oxide, terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole were commonly present. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) of this chemical variability separated two groups of plants characterized by either phenols or linalool, and an isolated third type with geraniol. A few samples were found to have both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds in high quantities, thus showing a mixed chemotype. Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) of the percentage concentration for each component of the essential oil showed that thymol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, borneol and geraniol have clear divergent vectors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Similar increases in extracellular lactic acid in the limbic system during epileptic and/or olfactory stimulation.

Previous studies have shown that physiological stimulation of brain activity increases anaerobic glucose consumption, both in humans and in experimental animals. To investigate this phenomenon further, we measured extracellular lactate levels within different rat brain regions, using microdialysis. Experiments were performed comparing the effects of natural, physiological olfactory stimulation of the limbic system with experimental limbic seizures. Olfactory stimulation was carried out by using different odors (i.e. both conventional odors: 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, green pepper essence; thymol; and 2-sec-butylthiazoline, a sexual pheromone). Limbic seizures were either induced by systemic injection of pilocarpine (200-400 mg/kg) or focally elicited by microinfusions of chemoconvulsants (bicuculline 118 pmol and cychlothiazide 1.2 nmol) within the anterior piriform cortex. Seizures induced by systemic pilocarpine tripled lactic acid within the hippocampus, whereas limbic seizures elicited by focal microinfusion of chemoconvulsants within the piriform cortex produced a less pronounced increase in extracellular lactic acid. Increases in extracellular lactate occurring during olfactory stimulation with the sexual pheromone (three times the baseline levels) were non-significantly different from those occurring after systemic pilocarpine. Increases in lactic acid following natural olfactory stimulation were abolished both by olfactory bulbectomy and by the focal microinfusion of tetrodotoxin, while they were significantly attenuated by the local application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist AP-5. Increases in hippocampal lactate induced by short-lasting stimuli (olfactory stimulation or microinfusion of subthreshold doses of chemoconvulsants, bicuculline 30 pmol) were reproducible after a short delay (1 h) and cumulated when applied sequentially. In contrast, limbic status epilepticus led to a long-lasting refractoriness to additional lactate-raising stimuli and there was no further increase in lactate levels when the olfactory stimulation was produced during status epilepticus. Increases in lactic acid following olfactory stimulation occurred with site specificity in the rhinencephalon (hippocampus, piriform and entorhinal cortex) but not in the dorsal striatum. Site specificity crucially relied on the quality of the stimulus. For instance, other natural stimuli (i.e. tail pinch) produced a similar increase in extracellular lactate in all brain areas under investigation. The major conclusion of this work is that the presentation of an odor known to be a rat pheromone results in lactate production as great as that induced by the systemic convulsant pylocarpine (maximum: 2.286+/-0.195 mM and 1.803+/-0.108 mM, respectively). This supports the notion that the great magnitude of lactate production known to accompany seizures can result from the intensified neural activity per se ("aerobic gycolysis"), not merely from local anoxia or other pathological changes.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed2001

Insecticidal activity of essential oils to the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura.

Twenty-one essential oils were tested for insecticidal activity via topical administration to third instar larvae of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Oils of Satureia hortensis, Thymus serpyllum and Origanum creticum produced >90% larval mortality at 24 h at a dose of 100 microg per larva. The LD(50) value for S. hortensis (48.4 microg) was comparable to that for Thymus vulgaris (46.9 microg). The monoterpenoid phenols thymol and carvacrol, major constituents of the oils of Thymus and Satureia species, likely account for the insecticidal action of the species.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The effect of terpene enhancer lipophilicity on the percutaneous permeation of hydrocortisone formulated in HPMC gel systems.

The percutaneous permeation of hydrocortisone (HC) was investigated in hairless mouse skin after application of an alcoholic hydrogel using a diffusion cell technique. The formulations contained one of 12 terpenes, the selection of which was based on an increase in their lipophilicity (log P 1.06-5.36). Flux, cumulative receptor concentrations, skin content, and lag time of HC were measured over 24 h and compared with control gels (containing no terpene). Furthermore, HC skin content and the solubility of HC in the alcoholic hydrogel solvent mixture in the presence of terpene were determined, and correlated to the enhancing activity of terpenes. The in vitro permeation experiments with hairless mouse skin revealed that the terpene enhancers varied in their ability to enhance the flux of HC. Nerolidol which possessed the highest lipophilicity (log P = 5.36+/-0.38) provided the greatest enhancement for HC flux (35.3-fold over control). Fenchone (log P = 2.13+/-0.30) exhibited the lowest enhancement of HC flux (10.1-fold over control). In addition, a linear relationship was established between the log P of terpenes and the cumulative amount of HC in the receptor after 24 h (Q(24)). Nerolidol, provided the highest Q(24) (1733+/-93 microg/cm(2)), whereas verbenone produced the lowest Q(24) (653+/-105 microg/cm(2)). Thymol provided the lowest HC skin content (1151+/-293 microg/g), while cineole produced the highest HC skin content (18999+/-5666 microg/g). No correlation was established between the log P of enhancers and HC skin content. A correlation however, existed between the log P of terpenes and the lag time. As log P increased, a linear decrease in lag time was observed. Cymene yielded the shortest HC lag time, while fenchone produced the longest lag time. Also, the increase in the log P of terpenes resulted in a proportional increase in HC solubility in the formulation solvent mixture.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The chemical composition of essential oils from 15 aromatic medicinal plant species growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo have been studied. More than 15 constituents in an amount higher than 0.1% were identified in each essential oil. 1,8-cineole, alpha and beta-pinene, p-cymene, myrcene, gamma-terpinene, alpha-terpineol and limonene were prevalent constituents in almost more than 10 selected plant species. Results from the antibacterial testing by the diffusion method indicate that all essential oils (5 microl per disc) inhibited the growth of selected bacteria at different extents. The most active antibacterial essential oils were those of the leaves of Eucalyptus camadulensis and Eucalyptus terticornis (12-30 mm zone diameter of inhibition). They showed particularly a most potent inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth (15-16 mm), followed by Eucalyptus robusta (12 mm). Essential oils from the leaves of Eucalyptus alba, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus deglupta, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus robusta, Aframomum stipulatum, Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum americanum and that of the seeds of Monodora myristica showed also a good antibacterial activity (10-18 mm). Eucalyptus propinqua, Eucalyptus urophylla and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils were the less active samples against the selected bacteria. No correlation between the amount of major constituents such as 1,8-cineol, alpha-pinene, p-cymene, cryptone or thymol and the antibacterial activity was observed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of seven Moroccan Labiatae against Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr.

Essential oils of seven Moroccan Labiatae were chemically analysed by GC-MS and evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. Among them, Origanum compactum and Thymus glandulosus greatly inhibited the growth of the mycelium. The inhibition of Botrytis cinerea was 100% for both oils at 100 ppm, while the IC(50)s were 35.1 and 79.2 ppm, respectively. Mentha pulegium exhibited moderate activity at 250 ppm since the inhibition of the mycelial growth was 58.5% and the IC(50) was 233.5 ppm. The main constituents of the studied oils were also examined. Thymol and carvacrol that are the two main constituents of Thymus glandulosus and Origanum compactum exhibited the strongest antifungal activity with 100% of inhibition at 100 ppm, respectively.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2002

Spectrophotometric determination of vitamin B1 in a pharmaceutical formulation using triphenylmethane acid dyes.

A highly sensitive colour reaction has been developed, based on the fact that vitamin B(1) reacted with a triphenylmethane acid dye such as thymol blue, bromothymol blue, bromophenol blue, bromocresol green, phenol red or cresol red to form an ion-association complex in a weak-base aqueous solution in the presence of some solubilization agents e.g. polyvinyl alcohol, emulgent OP, Triton X-100 or Tween-20. The wavelengths of maximum absorbance of the six ion-association complexes were between 420 and 450 nm, and fading reaction appeared at the longer wavelength and the maximum fading wavelengths were between 550 and 620 nm. The reactions had highly sensitivities and their apparent molar absorptivities of the colour reactions were (0.82-1.65) x 10(5) l mol(-1) cm(-1) and those of fading reactions were (1.26-3.92) x 10(5) l mol(-1) cm(-1) depending on the different dye systems. The composition ratio of the ion-association complex was vitamin B(1):dye = 1:1 as established by Job's and equilibrium shift methods. The method had good selectivity and could be applied to direct spectrophotometric determination of vitamin B(1) in aqueous phase without using organic solvent extraction. Therefore, the method was simple and rapid. The colour reaction mechanism was discussed with the quantum chemistry method.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1999

Spectrophotometric determination of fluoxetine hydrochloride in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulations.

Two new rapid, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of fluoxetine hydrochloride in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulations. Both methods are based on the formation of a yellow ion-pair complex due to the action of methyl orange (MO) and thymol blue (TM) on fluoxetine in acidic (pH 4.0) and basic (pH 8.0) medium, respectively. Under optimised conditions they show an absorption maxima at 433 nm (MO) and 410 nm (TB), with molar absorptivities of 2.12 x 10(-4) and 4.207 x 10(-3) l mol(-1) cm(-1) and Sandell's Sensitivities of 1.64 x 10(-2) and 0.082 microg cm(-2) per 0.001 absorbance unit for MO and TB, respectively. The colour is stable for 5 min after extraction. In both cases Beer's Law is obeyed at 1-20 microg mol(-1) with MO and 4-24 microg mol(-1) with TB. The proposal method was successfully extended to pharmaceutical preparations capsules. The results obtained by both the agreement and E.P. (3rd edition) were in good agreement and statistical comparison by Student's t-test and variance ratio F-test showed no significant difference in the three methods.

Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation↗
PubMed1999

High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the pharmacologically active quinones and related compounds in the oil of the black seed (Nigella sativa L.).

An HPLC method for quantifying the putative pharmacologically active constituents: thymoquinone (TQ), dithymoquinone (DTQ), thymohydroquinone (THQ), and thymol (THY), in the oil of Nigella sativa seed is described. Extraction of the constituents from the oil was carried out using C18 PrepSep mini columns followed by quantification of the recovered constituents by HPLC on a reversed-phase muBondapak C18 analytical column, using an isocratic mobile phase of water:methanol:2-propanol (50:45:5% v/v) at a flow rate of 2 ml min(-1). UV detection was at 254 nm for TQ, DTQ, and THY, and at 294 nm for THQ. The above four compounds were separated with good resolution, reproducibility, and sensitivity under these conditions. This analytical method was used to quantify the above four constituents in a commercial sample of N. sativa seed oil, and provides a good quality control methodology for the pharmacologically active components in this widely used natural remedy.

Calibration↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of a new light-cured orthodontic bonding adhesive.

The purpose of this study was to compare a new light-cured bonding system that used a hybrid adhesive containing a resin reinforced glass ionomer (Fuji Ortho LC, GC America, Inc.) with a more traditional light-cured bonding system (Transbond, 3M Unitek) that contained resin material only. Seventy-five recently extracted human molars were collected and stored in a solution of 0.1% (weight/volume) thymol. The teeth were randomly separated into five groups of 15 molars each: Group I--using Transbond adhesive system with the enamel etched and dried before bonding. Group II--using Fuji Ortho LC (FOLC) adhesive system with no etch and the enamel wet with water before bonding. Group III--using FOLC adhesive system with the enamel etched and wet with water before bonding. Group IV--using FOLC adhesive system with no etch and the enamel wet with saliva before bonding. Group V--using FOLC adhesive system with the enamel etched and wet with saliva before bonding. The shear bond strength was performed after thermal cycling between 5 degrees +/- 2 degrees C and 50 degrees +/- 2 degrees C for a total of 2000 cycles with the Zwick test machine (Zwick Gm bH & Co.). After debonding, the teeth and brackets were examined under x10 magnification to evaluate the site of bond failure and the presence of residual adhesive. The analysis of variance was used to determine whether significant differences existed between the various groups. The findings indicated that there were no statistically significant differences among the three experimental groups I, III, and V that had the enamel surface etched before bonding, regardless of the adhesive used or the enamel surface contamination with water or saliva. On the other hand, the two experimental groups that did not have the enamel etched before bonding (II and IV) had significantly lower bond strengths. In conclusion, etching the enamel surface is a critical variable that affects shear bond strength as well as bond failure location when using the new adhesive system.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1999

Effect of time on the shear bond strength of glass ionomer and composite orthodontic adhesives.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of time on the shear bond strength of a resin-reinforced glass ionomer and a composite adhesive system specifically (1) within half an hour after bonding the bracket to the tooth and (2) at least 24 hours from the time of bonding when the adhesive has achieved most of its bond strength. Ninety-one freshly extracted human molars were collected and stored in a solution of 0.1% (weight/volume) thymol. The teeth were cleaned and polished. The teeth were randomly separated into four groups: Group I, glass ionomer adhesive debonded within 30 minutes from initial bonding; Group II, glass ionomer adhesive debonded after 24 hours immersion in deionized water at 37 degrees C; Group III, composite adhesive debonded within 30 minutes from initial bonding; Group IV, composite adhesive debonded after 24 hours immersion in deionized water at 37 degrees C. The results of the analysis of variance comparing the 4 experimental groups (F = 59. 3) indicated the presence of significant differences between the 4 groups (P =.0001). In general, the shear bond strengths were significantly greater in the 2 groups debonded after 24 hours. This was true for both the resin-modified glass ionomer (x = 8.8 +/- 3.6 MPa) and the composite (x = 10.4 +/- 2.8 MPa) adhesives. On the other hand, the shear bond strengths were significantly lower in the 2 groups debonded within 30 minutes of their initial bonding. The bond strength of the resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive (x = 0.4 +/- 1.0 MPa) was significantly lower than that for the composite (x = 5.2 +/- 2.9 MPa) adhesive. The present findings indicated that the resin reinforced glass ionomer adhesive has a significantly lower initial bond strength but increased more than 20-fold within 24 hours. In comparison, the composite adhesive has a significantly larger initial bond strength that doubled within 24 hours. The clinician needs to take these properties into consideration when ligating the initial arch wires.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2003

In vitro analysis of the properties of Beiqishen tea.

OBJECTIVE: Chinese Beiqishen tea was studied in an in vitro test system. METHODS: Phytochemical screening, trace element analysis, and the analysis of antioxidant properties were carried out. Characteristic constituents were determined by chromatographic (capillary gas chromatography and GCQ Ion Trap mass spectrometry) and spectrometric (ultraviolet and UV-VIS) methods. Element concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Antioxidant capacity was studied by spectrophotometric and luminometric techniques using a Berthold Lumat 9501 luminometer. Hydrogen-donating activity, reducing power, and total scavenger capacity were measured. RESULTS: Total polyphenol content was 20.77 +/- 0.52 g/100 g of drug; total flavonoid content was 0.485 +/- 0.036 g/100 g of drug; and tannin content was 9.063 +/- 0.782 g/100 g of drug. Caffeine content was 1.08 mg/100 g of drug. Essential oils were identified by gas chromatography: (+)-limonene (21%), p-cymene (1.7%), estragol (3.2%), beta-ocimene (1.4%), and thymol (2.6%). Metallic ion analysis showed significantly high concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Ti in the drug. Antioxidant and scavenger properties were identified as a function of concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The tea infusion contained some non-desirable trace elements and caffeine in addition to polyphenols and tannins in high concentrations. Therefore, the consumption of this tea may involve risks.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of clinical laboratory liver tests between asymptomatic HBV and HCV carriers with persistently normal aminotransferase serum levels.

We examined the clinicopathological state in asymptomatic hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers with persistently normal aminotransferase serum levels in comparison with asymptomatic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. The findings showed that the thymol turbidity test (TTT) values and zinc sulfate turbidity test (ZTT) values were significantly higher in asymptomatic HCV carriers than in asymptomatic HBV carriers, whose values were within the normal limits. Multivariate analysis showed that the independent predictor of serum TTT and ZTT levels was the HCV infection. In clinical state, simple and cheap tests such as TTT and ZTT are useful for mass screening to detect HCV carriers in medical check-ups of healthy workers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of pesticide residues on museum objects repatriated to the Hupa tribe of California.

In the past, it was common practice for museum professionals and private collectors to apply a variety of pesticide agents to objects in their collections to preserve them from depredations by microorganisms, fungi, and other pests. The Native American Graves Repatriation and Protection Act allows federally recognized tribes to request that museums return objects taken from their ancestors. Given that poor records were kept on the treatment of individual objects, it is unknown whether specific objects are contaminated with these pesticide agents. Although chemical analysis represents the only reliable means to determine the types and levels of pesticides on these objects, surprisingly few publications document the extent of this contamination in museum collections. This paper reports on the determination of arsenic, mercury, and several organic pesticides on 17 objects that were recently repatriated to the Hupa tribe in northern California. Four samples were taken from each object: two for arsenic and mercury analysis via flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and two for organic pesticide analysis via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Percent levels (wt/wt) of mercury were detected on many samples, and 0.001 to 0.183% (wt/wt) levels of p-dichlorobenzene, naphthalene, thymol, lindane, and/or DDT were detected on many of the samples. These results indicate that Hupa tribal members should not wear these objects in religious ceremonies, proper precautions should be followed when dealing with potentially contaminated objects, and that more serious consideration should be given to this issue at a national level.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2002

Thermal and photochemical rearrangement of bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-one to the ketonic tautomer of phenol. Computational evidence for the formation of a diradical rather than a zwitterionic intermediate.

The ground state (S(0)) and lowest-energy triplet state (T(1)) potential energy surfaces (PESs) concerning the thermal and photochemical rearrangement of bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-one (8) to the ketonic tautomer of phenol (11) have been extensively explored using ab initio CASSCF and CASPT2 calculations with several basis sets. State T(1) is predicted to be a triplet pipi lying 66.5 kcal/mol above the energy of the S(0) state. On the S(0) PES, the rearrangement of 8 to 11 is predicted to occur via a two-step mechanism where the internal cyclopropane C-C bond is broken first through a high energy transition structure (TS1-S(0)()), leading to a singlet intermediate (10-S(0)()) lying 25.0 kcal/mol above the ground state of 8. Subsequently, this intermediate undergoes a 1,2-hydrogen shift to yield 11 by surmounting an energy barrier of only 2.7 kcal/mol at 0 K. The rate-determining step of the global rearrangement is the opening of the three-membered ring in 8, which involves an energy barrier of 41.2 kcal/mol at 0 K. This high energy barrier is consistent with the fact that the thermal rearrangement of umbellulone to thymol is carried out by heating at 280 degrees C. Regarding the photochemical rearangement, our results suggest that the most efficient route from the T(1) state of 8 to ground state 11 is the essentially barrierless cleavage of the internal cyclopropane C-C bond followed by radiationless decay to the S(0) state PES via intersystem crossing (ISC) at a crossing point (S(0)()/T(1)()-1) located at almost the same geometry as TS1-S(0)(), leading to the formation of 10-S(0)() and the subsequent low-barrier 1,2-hydrogen shift. The computed small spin-orbit coupling between the T(1) and S(0) PESs at S(0)()/T(1)()-1 (1.2 cm(-)(1)) suggests that the ISC between these PESs is the rate-determining step of the photochemical rearrangement 8 --> 11. Finally, computational evidence indicates that singlet intermediate 10-S(0)() should not be drawn as a zwitterion, but rather as a diradical having a polarized C=O bond.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Essential oils from Mediterranean lamiaceae as weed germination inhibitors.

The essential oils obtained from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and savory (Satureja montana L.) and the four monoterpenes that are their major constituents have been analyzed by GC and GC-MS and tested for their allelopathic properties on the seeds of three different annual weeds (Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea, and Echinochloa crus-galli) and three crops (Raphanus sativus, Capsicum annuum, and Lactuca sativa), with the aim to evaluate in vitro their potential as germination inhibitors. The essential oil composition varied with the species, thymol being the main constituent (44%) of thyme and carvacrol (57%) that of savory oil. Differences in essential oil composition were observed within two different rosemary ecotypes, type A, with alpha-pinene (37%) and 1,8-cineole (23%), and type B, characterized by a 2-fold content of 1,8-cineole (47%). This latest essential oil inhibited completely the germination of weeds while concurrently displaying little effect on pepper. The other two oils showed less selective action. S. montana essential oil, with 57% carvacrol, is the most active compound, completely inhibiting germination both of crops and weeds. Borneol, one of the main constituents of the oil of rosemary type B, showed an activity comparable to that of the whole oil. Crop and weed seeds treated with 1,8-cineole showed germination values that were not significantly different from controls, even if a slowing of the germination process expressed in terms of a significant increase in mean germination time was observed. Monoterpene compounds also present in the essential oils mainly represented the volatile fraction released from the crops and their residues into the soil.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2003

In vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of herbal parts and callus cultures of Satureja hortensis L.

The present study was designated to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil, obtained by using a Clevenger distillation apparatus, water soluble (polar) and water insoluble (nonpolar) subfractions of the methanol extracts from aerial parts of Satureja hortensis L. plants, and methanol extract from calli established from the seeds using Gamborg's B5 basal media supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (1.0 ppm), 6-benzylaminopurine (N(6)-benzyladenine) (1.0 ppm), and sucrose (2.5%). The antimicrobial test results showed that the essential oil of S. hortensis had great potential antimicrobial activities against all 23 bacteria and 15 fungi and yeast species tested. In contrast, the methanol extract from callus cultures and water soluble subfraction of the methanol extract did not show antimicrobial activities, but the nonpolar subfraction had antibacterial activity against only five out of 23 bacterial species, which were Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus fecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Antioxidant studies suggested that the polar subfractions of the methanol extract of intact plant and methanol extract of callus cultures were able to reduce the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl to the yellow-colored diphenylpicrylhydrazine. In this assay, the strongest effect was observed for the tissue culture extract, with an IC(50) value of 23.76 +/- 0.80 microgram/mL, which could be compared with the synthetic antioxidant agent butylated hydroxytoluene. On the other hand, linoleic acid oxidation was 95% inhibited in the presence of the essential oil while the inhibition was 90% with the chloroform subfraction of the intact plant. The chemical composition of a hydrodistilled essential oil of S. hortensis was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)/flame ionization detection (FID) and a GC-mass spectrometry system. A total 22 constituents representing 99.9% of the essential oil were identified by GC-FID analaysis. Thymol (29.0%), carvacrol (26.5%), gamma-terpinene (22.6%), and p-cymene (9.3%) were the main components.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗