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PubMed1985

Growth hormone secretion during long-term thiopental anesthesia in the adult male rat.

To study the secretory pattern of growth hormone (GH) in the adult male rat in a continuous sleep state, the GH concentration was measured in blood sampled at 10-min intervals through an intracardiac cannula for 9-10 h long-term anesthesia with thiopental sodium. The cortical EEG was monitored to maintain stable EEG sleep throughout the sampling period. In 41 animals subjected to anesthesia, 32 showed an apparent fluctuation in GH levels. The analysis of the time series of the GH concentration in blood by the power spectrum and least-squares method revealed that 27 animals had periodicities within the mean +/- 2SD range obtained for the unanesthetized, but similarly sampled, animals from 2.40 to 3.85 h. The mean (+/- SE) of the periodicities for 27 animals was 3.01 +/- 0.06 h, similar to that obtained for the unanesthetized animals, approximately 3.0 h. The results indicate that, although the GH-controlling mechanism in the rat is facilitated under sleep, it has a 3.0-hour period ultradian rhythm mechanism that is independent from that for sleep.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1980

Behavioral desensitization of phobic anxiety using thiopental sodium.

The author evaluated a random sample of 25 patients suffering from a variety of phobic anxiety states who were treated with desensitization using thiopental sodium combined with progressive reduction in the use of oral anxiolytic medication. At 24-week follow-up, 11 of the patients reported mild symptoms of phobic anxiety and 14 reported none; 9 of the patients reported their use of tranquilizers had decreased and 15 reported they had used non for at least 2 weeks. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the treatment in producing sustained reduction of phobic anxiety and tranquilizer use.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Comparative effects of nitric oxide inhibition on the coronary vasomotor responses to etomidate, propofol, and thiopental in anesthetized dogs.

We examined the hypothesis that the coronary vasomotor responses to etomidate (ETO), propofol (PRO), and sodium thiopental (STP) are mediated through contrasting effects on the resting nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilator tone that opposes adrenergic vasoconstrictor activity in the intact dog. Circumflex flow (CxF) responses to randomized intracoronary microinjections (0.3 mL) of normal saline (NS), alkalinized saline (AS), intralipid (IL), adenosine (ADE, 17 micrograms), acetylcholine (ACh, 1.25 micrograms), ETO (6, 12, 60 micrograms), PRO (30, 60, 300 micrograms), and STP (75, 150, 750 micrograms) were quantified in eight isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with fixed ventricular rates (100 bpm). Injections were repeated during intravenous (IV) infusion (50 mg/kg + 1 mg.kg-1.min-1) of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). ADE and ACh transiently increased CxF to 305% +/- 20% (P < 0.001) and 310% +/- 29% (P < 0.001) of resting values, respectively. ETO had no effect, whereas PRO (300 micrograms) provoked small transient increases in CxF to 135% +/- 4% (P < 0.05) of control. Responses to STP (750 micrograms) were characterized by momentary decreases to 74% +/- 4% (P < 0.001), followed immediately by increases to 183% +/- 11% (P < 0.001) of resting values; NS AS, and IL had no effect. The momentary decreases with STP (750 micrograms) were significantly augmented during NO inhibition with CxF declining to 49% +/- 7% (P < 0.001) of resting values, whereas the secondary increase was unchanged. With L-NAME, CxF responses to ACh were attenuated to 32% +/- 3% (P < 0.001) of control, whereas responses to ADE, ETO, and PRO were unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2003

Suppression of natural killer cell activity and promotion of tumor metastasis by ketamine, thiopental, and halothane, but not by propofol: mediating mechanisms and prophylactic measures.

UNLABELLED: Postoperative immunosuppression is partly ascribed to anesthesia and has been suggested to compromise patients' resistance to infection and tumor metastasis. We compared the effects of various anesthetics on natural killer (NK) cell activity and on resistance to experimental metastasis, and studied mediating mechanisms and prophylactic measures. Fischer 344 rats served as controls or were anesthetized for 1 h with ketamine, thiopental, halothane, or propofol. Anesthetized rats were either maintained in normothermia or left to spontaneously reach 33 degrees C-35 degrees C. Rats were then injected IV with MADB106 tumor cells, and 24 h later lung tumor retention was assessed, or 3 wk later, lung metastases were counted. Additionally, the number and activity of circulating NK cells were assessed after anesthesia. All anesthetics, except propofol, significantly reduced NK activity and increased MADB106 lung tumor retention or lung metastases. Hypothermia had no significant effects. Ketamine increased metastasis most potently, and this effect was markedly reduced in rats pretreated with a beta-adrenergic antagonist (nadolol) or with chronic small doses of an immunostimulator (polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid). Overall, the marked variation in the NK-suppressive effects of anesthetics seems to underlie their differential promotion of MADB106 metastasis. Prophylactic measures may include perioperative immunostimulation and the use of beta-blockers. IMPLICATIONS: This study in a rat model of pulmonary metastasis demonstrates that some anesthetics, but not others, increase susceptibility to tumor metastasis, apparently by suppressing natural killer cell activity. Ketamine was most deleterious, and its effects were prevented by peripheral blockade of beta-adrenoceptors combined with low levels of immunostimulation.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1982

Large dose thiopental anesthesia for intracranial aneurysm surgery.

Twenty patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm clipping were anesthetized with doses of thiopental sufficient to produce electroencephalographic burst suppression, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and morphine sulfate. Diuresis was induced with a combination of furosemide and mannitol. The cardiovascular effects of this anesthetic technique were studied. The central venous, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery wedge, and systemic arterial blood pressures and the cardiac output were determined. The cardiac index and the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance were calculated. The systemic blood pressure remained unchanged throughout the procedure except during the period of induced hypotension. The cardiac index decreased on the average from 3.3 during the control period to 2.15 litres/minute/m2 after the induction of anesthesia and diuresis (P less than 0.05). During sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension, there was a further decrease in the cardiac index to 1.81 litres/minute/m2 (P less than 0.05). Changes in the cardiac index were associated with a significant decrease in the central venous and pulmonary artery wedge pressures from 2.5 to 0.1 and 5.9 to 0.2 torr, respectively) and an increased systemic vascular resistance. Cardiovascular performance recovered quickly after termination of the induced hypotension and remained stable in the postoperative period. This anesthetic technique seems to be useful in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Sevoflurane anesthesia following administration of atropine-guaifenesin-thiopental in spontaneous-breathing adult cattle.

The effect of sevoflurane-oxygen anesthesia at surgical depth on clinically important features was evaluated in spontaneously breathing cattle given atropine-guaifenesin-thiopental. The mean end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 2.0% for 75 min maintenance. Recovery from anesthesia was extremely rapid and smooth. Heart rate increased and arterial pressure was higher during anesthesia, but respiratory rate did not change significantly. Arrhythmia was not observed. Minute ventilation was low due to decreased tidal volume during anesthesia, and changes in blood gases and pH showed mild respiratory acidosis. There were no marked changes in hematologic or serum biochemical values for 7 days postanesthesia. These findings suggest that sevoflurane is an effective inhalant anesthetic showing rapid recovery from anesthesia.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1983

Thiopental monitoring by gas-chromatography.

A gaschromatographic method is presented for the determination of thiopental (and of its metabolite pentobarbital) in cases of severe head injuries treated by induction of therapeutic barbiturate coma. To 1 ml serum the internal standard and saturated ammonium sulphate solution are added. The mixture is extracted by chloroform and the concentrated organic phase is injected into the gaschromatograph (stationary phase: SP 2510 DA). Imprecision from day to day: Coefficient of variation 7.7%; recovery 97%. The specificity was checked by comparison with the retention time of more than 80 drugs. One determination is accomplished within 1 hour.

Barbiturates↗
PubMed2004

An accidental intra-arterial injection of thiopental on the dorsum of the foot--a case report.

Since its maiden clinical use decades back, innumerable instances of accidental intra-arterial injection of the drug have been reported mostly in the upper extremities. We report an accidental intra-arterial injection of thiopental into one of the tributaries of the arterial arch of the dorsum of the foot, but timely and prompt treatment with lidocaine and heparin together with leg rising prevented a gangrenous episode of the extremity and resulted in an uneventful recovery. This report emphasizes the importance of extreme caution while cannulating the veins on the dorsum of the foot. Attention should be focused on the patient's reactions, the feeling of an intense pain and withdrawal of the leg during injection so that timely therapeutic measures are undertaken and the sad episode is prevented.

Accidents↗
PubMed1991

[A comparison between thiopental, midazolam-ketalar and midazolam-ketalar-aneksat for anesthesia during cesarean section].

The effect of dormicum-ketalar and dormicum-ketalar-anexat in comparison with thiopental was studied on 45 parturients at 39-40 weeks' pregnancy, operated electively, divided into three groups as each group consisted of 15 women. The representative groups were compared by the following parameters: duration of the operation, age, weight, duration of induction in anaesthesia-extraction of the fetus, premedication, anaesthesia after the extraction of the fetus. Usage of dormicum ketalar for induction in anaesthesia during cesarean section did not affect the basic metabolic parameters of the parturients, fetus and amniotic fluid. Such a combination of preparations during simultaneous neutralization of the action of dormicum by anexat affects positively the fetal state, transport of O2 and activity of enzymes, in order that the fetus could survive more favourably this critical state.

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of optically active thiopental, thiamylal, and their metabolites in human urine.

Methods involving solvent extraction and gas-liquid chromatography have been developed for quantitative determination of certain thiobarbiturates and their major metabolites in urine. The structures of the metabolites identified were confirmed by the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The present analytic methods were applied to the quantitative determination of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-thiopental as well as (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-thiamylal and their major metabolites excreted in human urine. Minor metabolites were isolated and identified.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1979

[Effect of dibazol on the state of the hypophyseal-adrenal system in patients operated on under thiopental anesthesia].

In the observations over the patients subjected to operations on the limbs under thiopental narcosis and in the experiments on white rats exposed to a shockogenic trauma (by Kennon's method) it has been found that the prophylactic injection of 1--2 mg/kg dose of dibazol rises the non-specific resistance of the body. The hormones of the pituitary-adrenal system have been found to hold an important place in the mechanism of the effect of dibazol.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of calypsol, thiopental sodium and fentanyl on the functional status of the sinoatrial node and the heart conduction system in patients with paroxysmal arrhythmias].

64 patients with paroxysmal arrhythmias caused in 44 cases by collateral atrioventricular pathways have been studied. Endocardial programmed electrical cardiostimulation was applied. It has been established that calypsol at a dose of 2 mg/kg significantly improves the functional state of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular conduction and conduction in collateral atrioventricular pathways functioning both anterogradely and retrogradely. Fentanyl, already at a dose of 2.5 micrograms/kg inhibits considerably the functional state of the sinoatrial node, without affecting conduction in the normal AV system and in collateral atrioventricular pathways. Thiopental sodium at a dose of 7 mg/kg improves slightly the functional state of the sinoatrial node.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experimental validation of a procedure for modulated perfusion of thiopental].

The pharmacokinetics of sodium thiopental was studied in 9 normal dogs of various ages by the usual bolus method. Data were fittable by a two compartment open model in 8, three compartments were needed in one. Constant-rate infusions, as used in cerebral resuscitation, were performed in 6 of them. As expected, constant blood levels could not be obtained during the distribution phase which lasted about 6 hours. From the individual pharmacokinetic constants, the time equation of infusion rate intended to exactly compensate for distribution was calculated. The resulting "modulated infusions" succeeded in reducing the blood level trough from 50% to 20%. After the end of infusions, the decrease of plasma levels exhibited a non linear pattern which had not been noticeable in the elimination phase after boluses. Such unknown non linearity may lead to systematic errors when calculating pharmacokinetic parameters: this could explain why a complete correction was not obtained with modulated infusions. A better parametrization method in the case of non-linear elimination is under study.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Hematologic and biochemical changes in the blood of boars undergoing potentiated anesthesia with droperidol, fentanyl and thiopental].

Intravenous potentiated anesthesia was made with six clinically normal boars of the White Bulgarian breed, weighing 50 kg, premedication of Atropini sulfas (50 gamma/kg M., s/c) and of a mixture of Droperidol (0.25 mg/kg M.) and Fentanyl (0.05 mg/kg M.) introduced via Sinus venosus ophthalmicus being administered 15 min. prior to 13 mg/kg M. of 5% water solution of thiopental-sodium injected in the same sinus. Prior to and following anesthesia at the 1st, 3rd, and 24th hour and on the 4th and 7th day the blood was checked with regard to hemoglobin, erythrocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hematocrit, leukocytes and leukocyte formula, total protein and protein fractions, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorides, total and direct bilirubin, and fibrinogen. Hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and hematocrit were found to drop insignificantly mathematically. The rate of increase of the sedimentation did not fully correspond to the drop of the erythrocyte count. The increase in leukocytes was accompanied by transient neutrophilia, eosinopenia, and lymphopenia in the early hours following anesthesia. The changes in the total protein and protein fractions, fibrinogen, total and direct bilirubin, and the other element indices referred to were shown to be close to the physiologic levels.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMed1985

Comparative pharmacokinetics and anesthetic effects of methohexital, pentobarbital, thiamylal, and thiopental in Greyhound dogs and non-Greyhound, mixed-breed dogs.

Pharmacokinetics and duration of anesthesia of methohexital, pentobarbital, thiamylal, and thiopental in Greyhound and non-Greyhound, mixed-breed dogs were compared. In all dogs evaluated, pentobarbital induced the longest duration of anesthesia and methohexital induced the shortest duration. Pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital and methohexital were similar in both groups of dogs. Thiobarbiturates induced longer anesthetic effects in Greyhound dogs than in mixed-breed dogs. Plasma thiobarbiturate concentrations remained above normal longer in Greyhound dogs than in mixed-breed dogs. Disposition of thiobarbiturates in Greyhound dogs was characterized by nonlinearity from 45 minutes to 8 hours after dosing.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of hexenal and thiopental anesthesia on energy metabolism in different brain areas].

Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation were studied in dog mitochondria of visua and acoustic areas of brain cortex as well as of medial thalamus after hexenal and thiopental narcosis. The distinct increase in the respiratory activity, which was not accompanied by phosphate esterification, was observed in mitochondria of medial thalamus as compared with the organelles of brain cortex from visual and acoustic areas. The phenomenon was responsible for uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation processes.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of induction with propanidid plus succinylcholine and thiopental plus succinylcholine].

A comparative study was carried out in a group of patients on induction obtained by Propanidid + succinylcholine and by Thiopental + succinylcholine. Serum potassium variations were determined before narcosis and 2 and 4 minutes after succinylcholine. The study was done by means of Student's parameter noting unsignificant and significant increases and decreases, comparing the treated lots with the control lot, and the lots in terms of time, therefore the dynamic evolution of the process and the lots in terms of the drugs. It is demonstrated that in the patients with a high potassium intracellular release potential, the Propanidid + succinylcholine combination is more advantageous.

Adult↗