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The surgical technique for one-stage peri-talar correction of congenital clubfoot was modified by the author who introduced an accessory lateral approach to the tarsus. It enables true elimination of the soft tissue contracture maintaining deformity of the foot.
A series of observations is presented on the susceptibility or resistance to insecticides of Anopheles sacharovi in Greece, Iran, Italy, Romania and Turkey. High physiological resistance to DDT was observed in the Tarsus area of southern Turkey. In Greece very marked physiological resistance to dieldrin was found in all the areas examined and was associated, at least in the Peloponnese, with similar resistance to DDT, affecting, however, only a part of the sacharovi population. In Italy and Romania, after 10 years' use of DDT, sacharovi is still susceptible to it; long use of BHC in Romania has not resulted in the development of resistance to dieldrin or to BHC. Further investigation of the situation in Iran is considered necessary.The fact that the use of DDT in Greece, after the development of resistance to this insecticide in 1951, has not resulted in the formation of a highly resistant mosquito population is considered to be due to the irritant effect of the DDT on susceptible mosquitos, causing them to leave sprayed surfaces before they have picked up a lethal dose.The information to date points to the existence in A. sacharovi of two independent mechanisms of physiological resistance-one to DDT and another to dieldrin and BHC-which may or may not be present together.
Bone lesions that develop in the course of tertiary syphilis in the tarsus and the metatarsus are considered by most of the authors as being exceptionaly rare. In the author's statistics the tarso-metatarsal localizations are just as frequent as the tibial ones--generally recognized as elective localizations. A total of 10 cases are presented, of patients with tarso-metatarsal luetic osteoarthropathy, characterized by a mosaic of destructive lesions (osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, osteolysis, bone goma, spontaneous amputations of bone segments), coexisting with bone-constructive lesions (osteophitosis, compact layer condensation, osteosclerosis, peridiaphisal-epiphiseal muff), with periostal and articular reactions. The general clinical signs, the neurological symptoms, the local clinical signs and the specific serologic reactions fill in the nosological frame of the tarso-metatarsal luetic osteoarthropathy, a clinical entity clearly defined by the author. The fact is stressed that, as a rule, cutaneous lesions on the soles of the feet are wrongly taken for simple callosities, while, in fact, these are perforating lesions of the sole, a revealing peripheral sign, which, correctly interpreted, allows for making the diagnosis of tertiary syphilis with tarso-metatarsal osteoarthropathy.
Relationship between mating speed, an important component of fitness, and morphological characters such as lengths of wing, femur, tibia and first tarsus have been analysed in D. malerkotliana. Flies mating first have longer wings and forelegs and mating flies have lower coefficient of variability in wing length than nonmating ones. Age seems to have no detectable effect on the relationship between these metric traits and mating speed.
The authors' report a new surgical technique for partial isolated upper lid trichiasis. This ten minutes' time consuming procedure is easy to perform. It allows a fair cosmetic appearance of the operated eyelid and permits a reliable uneventful outcome. The technique consists to severe the lid margin and the tarsal plate on a distance of 3 to 4mm, at each part of it's trichiased area, in order to allow the pathological part of the eyelid to rotate like a shutter. The rotation of the ill eyelid segment is strengthen by a partial resection of the anterior lamella localizated here and there of the lid crease above the trichiased part of the eyelid, which allows to place everting sutures between the superior part of the tarsus and the two edges of the anterior lamella incision.
The function of several intrinsic muscles of the fore-and hind limbs of 5 ponies walking normally was evaluated via surface electromyography. Electromyographic signals were band-pass filtered, rectified, linear enveloped, and standardized to the stride duration. Mean data from the muscles of the left and right limbs that were obtained from at least 30 strides in 2 recording sessions were recorded as electromyographic signals-time curves. The timing of muscle activity was determined from these graphs. On the basis of the major peaks in the electromyographic signal, muscle functions were identified. In the forelimb, the extensor carpi radialis muscle was involved in extension of the carpus at the end of the swing phase of the stride, and it provided support to flexion of the cubital joint at the beginning of the swing phase. The common digital extensor muscle extended the distal joints of the forelimb at the end of the swing phase. The ulnaris lateralis muscle provided support to extension of the cubital joint at the beginning of the stance phase, and the flexor carpi radialis muscle flexed the carpus at the beginning of the swing phase. The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle extended the cubital joint at the end of the swing phase. In the hind limb, the long digital extensor muscle flexed the tarsus at the beginning of the swing phase and extended the digital joints preceding the stance phase. The deep digital flexor muscle prevented overextension of the distal interphalangeal joint during the stance phase and flexion of the digital joints during the swing phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Description of a modified surgical technique for blepharoptosis correction. The homogeneous opening of eye is obtained by a fascia lata transplant with an upside-down "y" shape that joins the tarsus with the levator palpebrae superioris muscle.
Sebaceous gland carcinoma is considered a relatively rare tumor and represents approximately 1 and 5% of all eyelid tumors. These tumors usually arise in the Meibomian glands of tarsus, in the Zeis glands, and the sebaceous glands of caruncle or eyebrow. In some instances it had multicentric origin, while in other cases the initial location was unable to be determined. It occurs more frequently in women than in men and presentation age varies from 50 to 90 years. Clinical diagnosis is difficult because is can be confused with chalazion, blepharoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, and basocellular carcinoma. Sebaceous gland carcinoma could go unnoticed; thus, it is necessary to carry out excision of conjunctiva as well as to inform the pathologist of the possibility of malignancy, because pagetoide spread can be easily incorrectly interpreted or not observed even by expert pathologists (up to 50%). Five-years mortality has been estimated at 30% due delayed diagnosis and treatment. The present work intends to describe incidence, and clinical and histopathologic presentation of sebaceous gland carcinoma during the last 40 years at the Dr. Luis Sanchez Bulnes Hospital, Association to Prevent Blindness in Mexico, as well as to review treatment modalities forecast for this entity.
The first tarsal segment of the taiga tick bears 4 general types of sensilla (except for sensilla forming the Haller's sensory organ on the dorsal surface of the tarsus): tactile mechanoreceptor sensilla of 3 types, contact chemo-mechanoreceptor sensilla of 2 types, and double-walled pore sensilla. One of these types, the chemo-mechanoreceptor upper-pore sensilla, was found only in the Ixodinae, and not found in the examined representatives of the Amblyomminae. This type of sensilla was also found in the palpal receptor organ of the ixodid and argasid ticks.
Senile ectropium and entropium are a result of progressive loss of tissue elasticity in the lower lid of the aging patient. In case of ectropium slackening takes place near the lid margin, whereas entropium may develop if this process occurs at a certain distance from the lid margin. Based on these facts, wedge tarsectomy together with a lateral blepharorrhaphy as described by Kuhnt-Blascovicz is the logical treatment for ectropium, while a wedge resection of the tarsus plus formation of a tight muscle sling of the infratarsal portion of the orbicularis muscle is our preferred method to correct the entropium.
Keratoconus has been associated with various ocular and systemic disorders. It has been linked, in a few cases, with floppy eyelid syndrome (a disorder characterized by a soft rubbery upper tarsus, papillary conjunctivitis and obesity). A 40-year-old male presented with a complaint of gradually decreasing vision in the right eye. An intermittent right exotropia had become constant and he was unable to maintain fixation voluntarily. Corneal findings were consistent with keratoconus. Floppy eyelid syndrome was also diagnosed. An underlying connective tissue disorder may link these two disorders.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical value of allograft acellular dermal matrix in the treatment of eyelid defects. METHODS: From November 2001 to November 2002, 10 patients (8 male and 2 female; age varied from 14 to 47) with 11 eyelids were treated by eyelid reconstruction in situ with implantation of 1 mm thick allograft acellular dermal matrix. In 11 eyelids with defects, 2 was totally defect, 8 was 2/3 defect, 1 was 1/3 defect. In these 10 patients, 9 were injured and 1 was congenital. These defective eyelids included 8 upper lids, 1 lower lid and 1 case with both upper and lower lids. The average follow-up time was 8 months. RESULTS: In the follow-up periods, the inflammation of the eyelid was slight and no implants shedding or infection happened postoperatively. The conjunctiva grew well on the surface of the acellular dermal matrix. Histology examination showed neovascularization and presence of fibroblasts in the acellular dermal matrix 6 months after the operation. By the end of the follow up period, the results were excellent in 8 eyelids, good in 2 eyelids and improved in 1 eyelid. The efficacy rate of this treatment was 91%. CONCLUSIONS: Acellular dermal matrix can be used as a substitute of the tarsus in supporting the eyelid, it invokes little immunological and inflammatory reaction, and therefore, it can act as a biological scaffold to guide the growth of collagen and neovascularization.
PURPOSE: To investigate the two-fold structure of the levator aponeurosis, which is partly composed of independent smooth muscles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen upper eyelids of 12 Asian postmortems, with age at death ranging from 72 to 91 years, were examined. In 9 eyelids, posterior lamella tissue of the upper eyelid was removed to observe the stratified structures of the levator aponeurosis. Six full-thickness eyelids were used to observe the attachment site or the continuity between the levator aponeurosis and its surrounding tissues. The eyelids were incised perpendicularly in the center of the eyelid; samples were stained with Masson trichrome and antismooth muscle actin antibody and examined microscopically. RESULTS: Masson trichrome staining demonstrated the two-layered nature of the levator aponeurosis. The anterior layer was characterized by thick, robust fibrous tissue, and the posterior by thinner fibrous tissue. Although both layers contained muscle structures, the posterior layer contained more than the anterior. Immunostaining with antismooth muscle actin antibody revealed that the muscle in both layers was smooth muscle. The anterior layer continued to the orbital septum and the submuscular fibroadipose tissue; the posterior layers, located in front of Müller muscle and its tendon, attached to the anterior inferior one-third of the tarsus. Part of the anterior layer went through the orbicularis oculi muscle and attached to the subcuticular tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The levator aponeurosis is stratified, consisting of two layers than contain smooth muscle components in their proximal portions. It pulls mainly the preaponeurotic fat and anterior eyelid lamella. This partially regulates the tension of the eyelid and contributes to the ordered movement of the upper eyelid.
PURPOSE: To investigate the two-fold structure of the levator aponeurosis, which is partly composed of independent smooth muscles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen upper eyelids of 12 Asian postmortems, with age at death ranging from 72 to 91 years, were examined. In 9 eyelids, posterior lamella tissue of the upper eyelid was removed to observe the stratified structures of the levator aponeurosis. Six full-thickness eyelids were used to observe the attachment site or the continuity between the levator aponeurosis and its surrounding tissues. The eyelids were incised perpendicularly in the center of the eyelid; samples were stained with Masson trichrome and antismooth muscle actin antibody and examined microscopically. RESULTS: Masson trichrome staining demonstrated the two-layered nature of the levator aponeurosis. The anterior layer was characterized by thick, robust fibrous tissue, and the posterior by thinner fibrous tissue. Although both layers contained muscle structures, the posterior layer contained more than the anterior. Immunostaining with antismooth muscle actin antibody revealed that the muscle in both layers was smooth muscle. The anterior layer continued to the orbital septum and the submuscular fibroadipose tissue; the posterior layers, located in front of Müller muscle and its tendon, attached to the anterior inferior one-third of the tarsus. Part of the anterior layer went through the orbicularis oculi muscle and attached to the subcuticular tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The levator aponeurosis is stratified, consisting of two layers than contain smooth muscle components in their proximal portions. It pulls mainly the preaponeurotic fat and anterior eyelid lamella. This partially regulates the tension of the eyelid and contributes to the ordered movement of the upper eyelid.
The isometry of the bipartite medial collateral ligament of the tarsus and two methods of stabilization by prosthetic ligament were assessed by measuring the change in distance between the origin and the insertion through full range of joint motion of the ligament and prosthetic ligaments. The single suture technique was isometric when the distal site was located at the centre of the trochlea of the talus. This site can only be used when the medial malleolus, which overlies the talus, is missing or removed. Whilst some length changes occur with hock motion, the double suture technique may be advocated in instances where the medial malleolus is present.
Four different needles were evaluated for percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB) of the synovial membrane (SM) in six different joints (carpus, tarsus, elbow, shoulder, stifle, hip) from eight dog cadavers. Needle biopsies were retrieved with the Parker-Pearson (PP), a novel modified Parker-Pearson (PPM), the Tru-Cut (TC), and the Franklin-Silverman (FS) needles. The success rate of PNB to produce biopsies, of adequate histological quality, was assessed for each needle type and joint. The joints were subsequently surgically opened and standard open SM biopsies were harvested from an adjacent area. The articular cartilage was inspected and graded for damage caused by PNB sampling. The length of the intact synovial lining cell layer (SLCL) and the histological quality of the needle biopsies were compared to the open surgical biopsies. Success rates for the different needles were 49.2% (PPM), 37.5% (PP), 26.7% (TC), and 1.7% (FS). The highest success rates were achieved in the carpus and stifle; the lowest success rate was found in the hip joint. The intact SLCL from the PNB samples was an average of 3.4 times shorter than that of the surgical biopsies. The proportion of the samples with adequate histological quality was 81% for open surgical biopsies and 62% for PNB samples. The FS was found to produce the highest incidence of articular cartilage damage. The application of PNB for SM sampling is a valuable alternative to the open surgical biopsy in dogs. Modifications of the Parker Pearson needle by Arassy and Schumacher and novel modifications introduced by the authors, offer encouraging results, and merit further clinical and research investigations.
Patterns of selection are widely believed to differ geographically, causing adaptation to local environmental conditions. However, few studies have investigated patterns of phenotypic selection across large spatial scales. We quantified the intensity of selection on morphology in a monogamous passerine bird, the barn swallow Hirundo rustica, using 6495 adults from 22 populations distributed across Europe and North Africa. According to the classical Darwin-Fisher mechanism of sexual selection in monogamous species, two important components of fitness due to sexual selection are the advantages that the most attractive males acquire by starting to breed early and their high annual fecundity. We estimated directional selection differentials on tail length (a secondary sexual character) and directional selection gradients after controlling for correlated selection on wing length and tarsus length with respect to these two fitness components. Phenotype and fitness components differed significantly among populations for which estimates were available for more than a single year. Likewise, selection differentials and selection gradients differed significantly among populations for tail length, but not for the other two characters. Sexual selection differentials differed significantly from zero across populations for tail length, particularly in males. Controlling statistically for the effects of age reduced the intensity of selection by 60 to 81%, although corrected and uncorrected estimates were strongly positively correlated. Selection differentials and gradients for tail length were positively correlated between the sexes among populations for selection acting on breeding date, but not for fecundity selection. The intensity of selection with respect to breeding date and fecundity were significantly correlated for tail length across populations. Sexual size dimorphism in tail length was significantly correlated with selection differentials with respect to breeding date for tail length in male barn swallows across populations. These findings suggest that patterns of sexual selection are consistent across large geographical scales, but also that they vary among populations. In addition, geographical patterns of phenotypic selection predict current patterns of phenotypic variation among populations, suggesting that consistent patterns of selection have been present for considerable amounts of time.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect of the eyelid reconstruction using hard palate mucosa graft after resection of malignant tumor of eyelid. METHODS: From January 1998 to October 2003, 18 cases of malignant tumor of eyelid underwent the eyelid reconstruction with local flap grafting and hard palate mucosa autotransplantation. Of 18 cases, there were 10 males and 8 females, aging from 35 to 67 years. The defect was caused by basal cell carcinoma of eyelid in 10 cases, by carcinoma of meibomian glands in 6 cases and by squamous cell carcinoma of eyelid in 2 cases, including 12 cases of complete eyelid defect and 6 cases of 2/3 eyelid defect. RESULTS: The appearance and function of the eyelid in all cases were almost normal after the eyelid reconstruction with hard palate mucosa autotransplantation in replacing posterior layer of eyelid. The complete eyelid closure and no entropion were observed in all cases. The infection and contracture of the graft, immunologic rejection were not observed in all cases during the follow-up period of 6 to 48 months. CONCLUSION: The eyelid reconstruction using autotransplantation with hard palate mucosa in replacing posterior layer of eyelid was easy-to-operate and has satisfactory clinical effect. The hard palate mucosa as substitute of tarsus is superior to the traditional substitute.