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PubMed1999

Increased left ventricular dimensions in patients with frequent nonsustained ventricular arrhythmia and no evidence of underlying heart disease.

INTRODUCTION: To test the hypothesis that frequent nonsustained ventricular premature beats (VPBs) in patients without underlying heart disease are the first marker of mild systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle, we evaluated whether a subclinical abnormality of left ventricular function and/or an intraventricular conduction defect was present at the first clinical documentation of the arrhythmia. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared 57 patients (mean age 46 +/- 14 years) with > 30 VPBs/hour and no heart disease (A) to 32 healthy volunteers (mean age 42 +/- 12 years) without arrhythmia (B). Left ventricular echocardiographic parameters and signal-averaged ECG were evaluated. Filtered QRS duration (98 +/- 10 msec in A vs 98 +/- 7 msec in B) was similar in the two groups. End-diastolic left ventricular diameter (EDLVD) was 50 +/- 6 mm in A versus 47 +/- 3 mm in B (P < 0.005); 15 patients (26%) and none of the controls had EDLVD > or = 55 mm (P < 0.005). Filtered QRS interval was longer in the subgroup of patients (n = 15) with increased EDLVD (> or = 55 mm) compared with the subgroup (n = 42) with EDLVD < 55 mm (106 +/- 9 msec vs 95 +/- 9 msec; P < 0.001) and was related to greater left ventricular mass. CONCLUSION: We documented a subclinical but significant increase of left ventricular dimensions that suggests that frequent VPBs may be an initial marker of mild systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle. However, an effect of VPBs per se in modifying left ventricular dimensions cannot be excluded.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of long-term monotherapy with enalapril, metoprolol, and digoxin on the progression of left ventricular dysfunction and dilation in dogs with reduced ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical trials have suggested that therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular (LV) function can significantly reduce the incidence of congestive heart failure compared with patients receiving placebo. In the present study, we examined the effects of long-term monotherapy with enalapril, metoprolol, and digoxin on the progression of LV systolic dysfunction and LV chamber enlargement in dogs with reduced LV ejection fraction (EF). METHODS AND RESULTS: LV dysfunction was produced in 28 dogs by multiple sequential intracoronary microembolizations. Embolizations were discontinued when LVEF was 30% to 40%. Three weeks after the last embolization, dogs were randomized to 3 months of oral therapy with enalapril (10 mg twice daily, n = 7), metoprolol (25 mg twice daily, n = 7), digoxin (0.25 mg once daily, n = 7), or no treatment (control, n = 7). As expected, in untreated dogs, LVEF decreased (36 +/- 1% versus 26 +/- 1%, P < .001) and LV end-systolic volume (ESV) and end-diastolic volume (EDV) increased during the 3-month follow-up period (39 +/- 4 versus 57 +/- 6 mL, P < .001, and 61 +/- 6 versus 78 +/- 8 mL, P < .002, respectively). In dogs treated with enalapril or metoprolol, LVEF remained unchanged or increased after therapy compared with before therapy (35 +/- 1% versus 38 +/- 3% and 35 +/- 1% versus 40 +/- 3%, respectively, P < .05), whereas ESV and EDV remained essentially unchanged. In dogs treated with digoxin, EF remained unchanged but ESV and EDV increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: In dogs with reduced LVEF, long-term therapy with enalapril or metoprolol prevents the progression of LV systolic dysfunction and LV chamber dilation. Therapy with digoxin maintains LV systolic function but does not prevent progressive LV enlargement.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Systolic dysfunction associated with chronic tachyarrhythmias, known as tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, is a reversible form of heart failure characterized by left ventricular dilatation that is usually reversible once the tachyarrhythmia is controlled. Its development is related to both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. The diagnosis is usually made following observation of a marked improvement in systolic function after normalization of heart rate. Clinicians should be aware that patients with unexplained systolic dysfunction may have tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, and that controlling the arrhythmia may result in improvement and even complete normalization of systolic function.

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated↗
PubMed1993

Discrepancy between systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

To assess the systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV) in relation to age and the severity of impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), we performed M-mode, two-dimensional and pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography in 45 male subjects with DMD aged 8 to 25 years and in 40 age-matched healthy controls. Systolic dysfunction started in the first decade of life, with some patients showing severe systolic dysfunction in their early teens. This dysfunction, however, did not always depend on the severity of the skeletal muscle disease. No patients with DMD showed an increase in peak atrial velocity and time-velocity integrals of the atrial contraction velocity curve, findings frequently reported to precede the abnormalities in many cardiac diseases; it was thought therefore that these patients had no increase in left atrial compensation. Diastolic dysfunction may not routinely precede or accompany the systolic dysfunction in DMD, in contrast with what is reported in patients with ischaemic or hypertensive heart disease. DMD patients usually show a predominant systolic dysfunction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Management of Mitral Regurgitation Due to Mitral Prolapse.

Notable advances have been made in the treatment of mitral regurgitation, especially the advances resulting from prolapse of the mitral valve with or without a flail leaflet. Prosthetic mitral valve replacement results in a high incidence of postoperative left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Recognition of the importance of the subvalvular apparatus for preserving contractile function has fostered development of new repair techniques that preserve native valve tissue and reduce or eliminate postoperative systolic dysfunction and the need for anticoagulation. Vasoactive medications have a very limited role in the management of patients with primary mitral regurgitation. Better screening tools enable detection of early ventricular decompensation, and appropriate operative interventions continue to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with mitral regurgitation. Mortality associated with ischemic mitral regurgitation resulting from annular ring dilatation or structural damage associated with rupture of a papillary muscle continues to be high, and the simplest and most expeditious operative intervention is emphasized.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Role of echocardiography in the evaluation of syncope: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of echocardiography in the stepwise evaluation of syncope. DESIGN: A prospective observational study with an 18 month follow up. SETTING: University teaching hospital providing primary and tertiary care. SUBJECTS: 650 consecutive patients with syncope and clinical suspicion of an obstructive valvar lesion, or with syncope not explained by history, physical examination, or a 12 lead ECG, who underwent bidimensional Doppler transthoracic echocardiography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The causes of syncope were assigned using published diagnostic criteria. Echocardiography was considered diagnostic when confirming a suspected diagnosis, or when revealing occult cardiac disease explaining the syncope. RESULTS: A systolic murmur was identified in 61 of the 650 patients (9%). Severe aortic stenosis was suspected in 20 of these and was confirmed by echocardiography in eight. Follow up excluded further cases of aortic stenosis. In patients with unexplained syncope (n = 155), routine echocardiography showed no abnormalities that established the cause of the syncope. Echocardiography was normal or non-relevant in all patients with a negative cardiac history and a normal ECG (n = 67). In patients with a positive cardiac history or an abnormal ECG (n = 88), echocardiography showed systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 40%) in 24 (27%) and minor non-relevant findings in the remaining 64. Arrhythmias were diagnosed in 12 of the 24 patients with systolic dysfunction (50%), and in 12 of the 64 remaining patients (19%) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiography was most useful for assessing the severity of the underlying cardiac disease and for risk stratification in patients with unexplained syncope but with a positive cardiac history or an abnormal ECG.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Prognosis of patients with left ventricular diastolic pressure abnormality: a long-term survival study in patients without coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Given that an elevated left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure reflects an abnormality of diastolic function, we analyzed the outcome of this finding in patients without coronary artery disease (CAD). HYPOTHESIS: The degree to which diastolic dysfunction influences mortality has been confounded in most studies by CAD and advanced age. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 876 patients with normal coronary arteries on arteriography. Of these, 115 patients had a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of > or = 15 mmHg with an ejection fraction (EF) > or = 50%. We compared the mortality in this group (Group A) with the reported outcome in the general population, adjusted for age, gender, and race, as well as the mortality of a group of patients from the same cohort (Group B) with both diastolic and systolic dysfunction (n = 60), defined as a LVEF < 50%. RESULTS: Follow-up was for a mean of 63 months. In Group A, all-cause mortality was 5% (six patients); two deaths were from cardiac causes. The mean annual mortality in this group (1.2%) was similar to the adjusted annual mortality of the general population (1.1%), and it was significantly lower than the annual mortality (6%) in Group B (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our study results indicate that diastolic dysfunction with a normal EF, in the absence of CAD and systolic dysfunction, has an excellent prognosis over a long period (5-6 years).

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Warfarin anticoagulation and survival: a cohort analysis from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the relation between warfarin anticoagulation and survival and morbidity from cardiac disease in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. BACKGROUND: Warfarin anticoagulation plays a major role in the management of patients who have had a large myocardial infarction and in those with atrial fibrillation. However, its use in patients with LV systolic dysfunction has been controversial. METHODS: We reviewed data on warfarin use in 6,797 patients enrolled in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trial and analyzed the relation between warfarin use and all-cause mortality, as well as the combined end point of death or hospital admission for heart failure. We used Cox regression to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics and to test for the interaction between warfarin use and selected patient variables in relation to outcome. RESULTS: On multivariate analysis, use of warfarin was associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65 to 0.89, p = 0.0006) and in the risk of death or hospital admission for heart failure (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.93, p = 0.0002). Risk reduction was observed when each trial or randomization arm was analyzed separately, as well as in both genders. It was not significantly influenced by the presence of atrial fibrillation, age, ejection fraction, New York Heart Association functional class or etiology. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with LV systolic dysfunction, warfarin use is associated with improved survival and reduced morbidity. This association is primarily due to a reduction in cardiac events and does not appear to be limited to any particular subgroup.

Angina, Unstable↗
PubMed1994

Clinical aspects of cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients.

The burden of cardiac disease in dialysis patients is high. Congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, and systolic dysfunction occur frequently and are associated with an adverse prognosis. In addition, during dialysis therapy anemia, hypoalbuminemia, low blood pressure, and lower serum creatinine levels are adverse predictors of mortality. Risk factors for systolic dysfunction include older age, ischemic heart disease, hyperparathyroidism, and smoking. Risk factors for left ventricular hypertrophy include older age, hypertension, anemia, and diabetes mellitus. Interventions with potential for improving cardiomyopathy include normalization of hematocrit with erythropoietin, improved uremia therapy, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Trials to determine the most appropriate interventions to reduce the impact of cardiac disease in chronic uremia are urgently required.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved survival in women with advanced heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with an improved prognosis in women with advanced heart failure (HF) and systolic dysfunction. BACKGROUND: There are about two million postmenopausal women in the U.S. with HF. However, limited data are available to assess the effects of HRT on survival in this large group of patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of women age 50 years and over entered into the Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST) was conducted using Cox regression analysis comparing survival in HRT users and non-users after correcting for baseline variables known to predict survival in women with HF and systolic dysfunction. RESULTS: In 493 women age 50 years and older, HRT was associated with a significant reduction in mortality-21% mortality in HRT users and 34% in non-users (p = 0.025). Multivariate analysis demonstrated a hazard ratio for mortality of 0.6 (95% confidence interval = 0.36 to 0.97) (p = 0.039) for HRT users. The benefits of HRT were noted only in women with a nonischemic etiology of HF (n = 237). CONCLUSIONS: Hormone replacement therapy is associated with a marked improvement in survival in postmenopausal women with advanced HF. A prospective, randomized trial of HRT should be performed in this large group of patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Boxers with a clinical diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) have increased plasma concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), compared with concentrations in clinically normal dogs. ANIMALS: 13 Boxers with ARVC, 9 clinically normal Boxers, 10 clinically normal non-Boxer dogs, and 5 hound dogs with systolic dysfunction. PROCEDURE: All Boxers were evaluated via 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography and echocardiography; the number of ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) per 24 hours was assessed. Hound dogs with cardiac pacing-induced systolic dysfunction (positive control dogs) and clinically normal non-Boxer dogs (negative control dogs) were evaluated echocardiographically. Three milliliters of blood was collected from each dog for measurement of plasma BNP concentration by use of a radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD plasma BNP concentration for the ARVC-affected Boxers, clinically normal Boxers, negative control dogs, and positive control dogs was 11.0 +/- 4.6 pg/mL, 7.9 +/- 3.2 pg/mL, 11.5 +/- 4.9 pg/mL, and 100.8 +/- 56.8 pg/mL, respectively. Compared with findings in the positive control group, plasma BNP concentration in each of the other 3 groups was significantly different. There was no significant difference in BNP concentration between the 2 groups of Boxers. A significant correlation between plasma BNP concentration and number of VPCs per 24 hours in the ARVC-affected Boxers was not identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A significant difference in BNP concentration between Boxers with ARVC and clinically normal Boxers was not identified. Results suggest that BNP concentration may not be an indicator of ARVC in Boxers.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The epidemiology of left ventricular hypertrophy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at greater cardiovascular risk than the general population. Although it is widely acknowledged that diabetes is a risk factor for coronary artery disease, the increased prevalence of potentially lethal left ventricular abnormalities in this population is less well appreciated. METHODS: We carried out an echocardiographic study of 500 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus to assess the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). We also assessed whether abnormalities in diastolic filling parameters were present. RESULTS: Of the 371 patients in whom left ventricular mass could be successfully assessed, 264 had LVH (71%). Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was much less common, being present in 16/385 patients (4.2%). Long axis contraction was abnormal in 29/429 patients (6.8%). Diastolic filling abnormalities were present in 178/435 (41%) of patients who could be classified using the selected criteria. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that left ventricular abnormalities are common in type 2 diabetic patients. As medical therapy is available for both LVH and LVSD and has been demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular death, these left ventricular abnormalities could be ideal targets for screening, followed by selective therapeutic intervention.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Association of inappropriate left ventricular mass with systolic and diastolic dysfunction: the HyperGEN study.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular mass (LVM) exceeding values appropriate for individual workload is associated with concentric LV geometry and systolic dysfunction at both the midwall and chamber levels, even independently of clearcut LV hypertrophy, and is a marker of adverse prognosis. No information is available on whether inappropriate LVM is associated with alterations of LV diastolic properties in unselected population-based studies. METHODS: We examined 1513 hypertensive participants from the HyperGEN population who were without prevalent cardiovascular disease. The LVM prediction from stroke work (systolic blood pressure x Doppler stroke volume), sex, and height (in meters2.7) was derived in 210 nonobese, normal individuals. Observed/predicted LVM >133% defined inappropriate LVM. RESULTS: Participants with inappropriate LVM (229 subjects [15%]) exhibited higher LV dimensions and relative wall thickness, lower ejection fraction, midwall shortening and cardiac output, and prolonged isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT; P < or = .001). Other diastolic abnormalities were not associated with inappropriate LVM. After accounting for demographic and hemodynamic confounders, IVRT was directly related to excess LVM, whereas deceleration time of E velocity was negatively related to excess LVM. Nonechocardiographic correlates of prolonged relaxation included aging, African American ethnicity, male gender, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The LVM exceeding the compensatory needs for workload is associated with delayed LV relaxation as well as mild midwall and chamber systolic dysfunction, independently of demographic, clinical, and hemodynamic confounders. Inappropriately high LVM also correlates with features of increased myocardial stiffness, coexisting with evidence of prolonged LV relaxation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Infarction of the right ventricle].

Anatomical studies have confirmed that isolated right ventricular and anterior biventricular infarcts are rare. However, RV extension is found in 36 to 50 per cent of cases of postero-inferior infarcts, which confirms the findings of invasive and non-invasive investigations which detect acute RV dysfunction with the same frequency after this type of infarct. It is difficult to create right ventricular infarction experimentally because of the relative protection against ischaemia of the RV. In man, this condition almost always implies an associated thrombosis of the proximal right coronary artery and significant stenosis of the IVA, which justifies the broad indications for coronary angiography. The two major haemodynamic consequences of right ventricular infarction are due to original pathophysiological mechanisms: the adiastole seems to be due to a limitation of RV dilatation by the pericardium, the reduced output is due to faulty LV filling as a result of RV systolic dysfunction and associated factors such as the absence of efficient and synchronous atrial systole secondary to AVB (60%) or to acute right atrial paralysis. The choice of treatment is based on these pathophysiological data. The diagnosis of infarction of the RV is straightforward, often suggested on clinical examination (RVI syndrome: reduced output in 45% of cases) and the surface E.C.G. (ST-T depression 1 mm in V3R-V4R-V5R). The diagnosis is confirmed by more sophisticated investigations which can evaluate the degree of systolic dysfunction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Echocardiography↗
PubMed1994

Assessment of left ventricular filling dynamics utilizing Doppler echocardiography in acute coronary syndrome.

To evaluate prolonged diastolic dysfunction in acute coronary syndrome, mitral inflow velocities and left ventricular wall motion were examined with pulsed-wave Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiography in 14 patients with successful reperfusion, 8 patients without reperfusion after acute myocardial infarction, and in 10 patients with prolonged angina. Early peak flow velocity and the ratio of early to atrial peak flow velocity increased gradually both after the onset of acute myocardial infarction with reperfusion and cessation of angina pectoris. However, in acute myocardial infarction without reperfusion, early peak flow velocity and the ratio of early to atrial peak flow velocity decreased significantly. Atrial peak flow velocity remained unchanged in acute myocardial infarction with reperfusion, while it was decreased in angina pectoris on the seventh day. Regional systolic dysfunction abated gradually in acute myocardial infarction with successful reperfusion, and regional systolic dysfunction was not detected in angina pectoris on the third day. Thus, abnormalities in left ventricular early diastolic filling persisted for several days after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction or cessation of angina. Left ventricular late filling remained unchanged in acute myocardial infarction, whereas, in angina pectoris, a compensatory increase in late filling diminished gradually with an increase in early filling. These results indicate that there are different types of recovery process after diastolic filling abnormalities in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1990

Influence of aging on pulmonary hemodynamics in a population free of coronary artery disease.

Previous studies showing an increase in pulmonary artery (PA) pressures and vascular resistance with aging have not systematically excluded subjects with coronary artery disease or left ventricular systolic dysfunction. To better determine the influence of aging on PA hemodynamics in the absence of disease, we identified 47 normal subjects angiographically free of coronary artery disease (18 men, 29 women) with normal left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction greater than or equal to 50% and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure less than 14 mm Hg) from 5,508 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography between September 10, 1982 and March 9, 1987. All subjects met a set of clinical and laboratory criteria identifying them as normal. In group I (age greater than or equal to 60 years) mean PA pressure was 16 +/- 3 mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance was 124 +/- 32 dynes s cm-5 and the pulmonary/systemic vascular resistance ratio was 0.099 +/- 0.046. In contrast, in group II (age less than 60 years), these values were lower at 12 +/- 2 mm Hg, 70 +/- 25 dynes s cm-5 and 0.057 +/- 0.019, respectively (all p values less than 0.01 to 0.001). All these parameters increased linearly with age (r = 0.69, p less than 0.001 for pulmonary vascular resistance). The differences were not attributable to body surface area or gender. There was no difference in cardiac output, PA wedge pressure, aortic pressure or systemic vascular resistance between the 2 groups. Thus, PA pressure and vascular resistance increase with aging, a change not attributable to coronary disease or left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relation of left ventricular diastolic properties to systolic function in arterial hypertension.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether impairment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic characteristics is independent of systolic dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: To address this issue, 159 consecutive hypertensive patients (44+/-11 years, 78 obese, 96 women) and 165 normotensive subjects (32+/-11 years, 84 obese, 110 women) were studied with the use of Doppler echocardiography. After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), and sex, we found that ejection fraction (EF; M-mode, z-derived) was higher in hypertensive (66. 6+/-5.2%) than in normotensive (63.9+/-4.4%, P<0.0001) subjects, whereas midwall shortening (MS) was lower (hypertensive patients 16. 9+/-2.0%, normotensive subjects 17.8+/-2.2%, P<0.02), even after correction for end-systolic wall stress (P<0.05). Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) was greater in hypertensive patients (103+/-14 ms) than in normotensive subjects (78+/-19 ms), as was deceleration time of E velocity and peak A velocity (all P<0.0001). In multivariate analysis, IVRT was unrelated to EF, but a negative relation was found with MS (P<0.001), independent of age, BMI, presence of arterial hypertension, LV geometry, and load (multiple R(2)=0.58). For comparable age, sex distribution, BMI, and blood pressure values, hypertensive patients with lower afterload-adjusted MS exhibited longer IVRT than patients with normal MS (P<0.005). However, IVRT remained higher than in normotensive control subjects after control for LV geometry and load. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler indices of delayed LV relaxation can be detected in the presence of normal or supranormal EF but are independently related to impaired MS. A less severely abnormal relaxation, however, can be also detected in the presence of normal midwall function, independent of LV geometry and load. Thus, diastolic abnormalities may occur before systolic dysfunction even when it is measured at the midwall.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of structural cardiac abnormalities in patients with myotonic dystrophy type I.

BACKGROUND: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a neurological disorder with known cardiac involvement, including conduction disturbances, arrhythmias, and ventricular dysfunction. We studied which clinical and electrocardiographic features are associated with structural cardiac abnormalities. METHODS: History, physical examination, electrocardiography, and genetic testing were performed on 382 patients with DM1, and cardiac imaging was performed on 100 of these patients. RESULTS: Clinical congestive heart failure was found in 7 of the 382 patients (1.8%). Structural cardiac abnormalities determined with cardiac imaging included left ventricular hypertrophy (19.8%), left ventricular dilatation (18.6%), left ventricular systolic dysfunction (14.0%), mitral valve prolapse (13.7%), regional wall motion abnormality (11.2%), and left atrial dilatation (6.3%). Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was associated with increasing age (relative risk [RR], 1.9 per decade; 95% CI, 1.1-3.2; P =.02), cytosine-thymine-guanine (CTG) repeat length (RR, 2.8 per 500 repeats; 95% CI, 1.3-6.3; P =.01), P-R >200 ms (RR, 14.7; 95% CI, 3.0-73.1; P =.001), and QRS >120 ms (RR, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.5-21.8; P =.01). P-R >200 ms was predictive of regional wall motion abnormalities. QRS >120 ms correlated with regional wall motion abnormalities and left atrial dilatation. CONCLUSIONS: Several clinical and electrocardiographic findings in patients with DM1 are significantly associated with structural heart abnormalities. These results suggest an underlying genetic and pathophysiologic correlate that may lead to cardiac disease in these patients.

Adolescent↗