Cerebral asymmetry in infants.
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Dominance, Cerebral↗
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Dichotic perception and laterality in neonates.
Groups of 4-day-old neonates were tested for dichotic discrimination and ear differences with the High-Amplitude-Sucking procedure. In the first experiment, dichotic speech discrimination was attested by comparison with a control group. Furthermore, among those subjects who showed a substantial recovery of sucking response at least after one of the two syllable changes, it was observed that significantly more subjects manifested a stronger reaction to a right-ear change than to a left-ear change. In the second experiment, 4-day-old neonates were tested on syllable and music timbre discrimination. The significant Stimulus Type x Ear interaction observed suggests perceptual asymmetries indicative of very precocious brain specialization.
Arousal↗
Effect of delivery room routines on success of first breast-feed.
72 infants delivered normally were observed for 2 h after birth. In the separation group (n = 34), the infant was placed on the mother's abdomen immediately after birth but removed after about 20 min for measuring and dressing. In the contact group (n = 38) contact between mother and infant was uninterrupted for at least 1 h. After about 20 min the infants began to make crawling movements towards the breast; the rooting reflex soon came into play, and at an average of 50 min after birth most of the infants were sucking at the breast. More infants in the contact group than in the separation group showed the correct sucking technique (24/38 vs 7/34). 40 (56%) of the 72 mothers had received pethidine during labour; the infants were also sedated and most of them (25/40) did not suck at all. It is suggested that contact between mother and infant should be uninterrupted during the first hour after birth or until the first breast-feed has been accomplished, and that use of drugs such as pethidine should be restricted.
Analgesia, Obstetrical↗
Failure to demonstrate morphologically the presence of colostral or milk cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract of the suckling neonatal mouse.
The possibility that intact cells may migrate from ingested colostrum and milk into the gut wall of the nursing neonate has been tested directly by means of radioautographic techniques. [3H]Thymidine was continuously infused into female mice throughout the last 6 days of their pregnancy. Upon delivery, their fully [3H]thymidine-labelled litters were removed and given to nurse from unlabelled surrogate mothers whose own litters were borne simultaneously. These unlabelled litters were similarly removed immediately upon birth and given to the [3H]thymidine-infused mothers to nurse. Infants labelled during gestation and mothers labelled during pregnancy continued to receive thrice-daily injections of isotope for 1-14 days and 1-18 h, respectively, after delivery. The stomach and adjacent portion of small intestine were removed from unlabelled infants nursing from labelled surrogate mothers at intervals of 1-18 h after beginning to suckle, subserially sectioned and prepared for radioautography. From days 1 to 14 after beginning to suckle, the same tissues were removed from labelled infants nursing from unlabelled surrogate mothers and similarly prepared for radioautography. The results indicate that transepithelial migration of intact cells of the colostrum and milk does not appear to be the method by which immunological functions are adoptively transferred to the nursing neonatal mouse.
Animals↗
Nutrition, lactation and fertility in two Mexican rural communities.
Policies are currently being pursued in Third World countries which promote lactation as both a fertility control measure and a means of improving child health and decreasing infant mortality rates. However, the relationship between nutrition, lactation and fertility in the human is a complex one in which social and psychological factors are involved as well as physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Little is known about the effects of these social and psychological variables on the biological processes. Observations made in the course of the anthropological fieldwork study reported in this paper raise questions regarding the assumption of the universal applicability of lactation policies in third world countries. Findings from this study are supported by the anthropological literature which indicates that breast feeding behaviour is culturally patterned and that there is a wide variation in such behaviour. The variations in environmental resources as well as in the ideological notions of nutrition which pattern the behaviour governing the exploitation of such resources as well as feeding behaviour is seen as advantageous in that they provide a 'natural laboratory' situation for examining the conflicting hypotheses concerning the relationship between nutrition, lactation and fertility.
Adolescent↗
Functional consequences of partial glossectomy.
The postsurgical deglutition, oral suction, and speech capabilities of 11 patients who had undergone partial glossectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the lateral aspect of the tongue were compared with that of 20 healthy control subjects. Volume swallowed per second and speech quality were significantly correlated with the area of tongue removed. Three patients subjected to a second operation to improve the mobility of the residual tongue regained almost normal speech intelligibility. In general, functional performance was better than expected, which justifies a radical surgical approach to this kind of tumor.
Aged↗
The neural regulation of tongue movements.
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Animals↗
Respiratory muscle EMG in newborns: a non-intrusive method.
A non-intrusive method of recording the EMG of respiratory muscles with electronic suppression of the ECG artifact and averaging with a running window was employed in newborn infants at term to study respiratory patterns in different behavioural states. There are clear state-related differences in the diphragmatic and intercostal activity patterns. During most of the time in state 1 (quiet sleep) sustained tonic activity is found in the diaphragm as well as in intercostal muscles, but is virtually absent during state 2 (active sleep). During state 1 intercostal activity slightly precedes diaphragmatic activity whereas in state 2 both muscles contract about synchronously and vary widely in their amplitude. During periodic breathing the inspiratory EMG activity is absent in the pauses, but tonic activity may be present during periodic breathing in state 1. Isolated respiratory pauses with silence in the respiratory muscles occur in state 1 after sighs and starties with deep inspirations. During state 2 many respiratory pauses accompany gross movements and simultaneous laryngeal muscle activity suggests upper airway occlusion. Respiratory pauses without movements cannot be due to general alpha-motoneuron inhibition, because chin muscle activity may be seen at the same time. Gross movements often act as a reset mechanism for increase or decrease in tonic activity and phasic respiratory activity. Some speculations on the neural mechanisms of respiratory control based on the preliminary findings from the EMG recordings are mentioned.
Apnea↗
Patterns of breath intervals during non-nutritive sucking in full-term and 'at risk' preterm infants with normal neurological examinations.
The interaction between respiration and non-nutritive sucking rhythms was investigated in 12 sleeping, normal full-term, newborn infants and in 14 preterm infants were were examined repeatedly at 34, 40 and 46 wk of conceptional age. Full-term infants showed a shortening of breath intervals in the middle of sucking bursts and a lengthening of the breath interval spanning the end of sucking bursts. The differences were more marked in females than males. A rhythm interaction between sucking and respiration was also observed in preterm infants as young as 34 wk of conceptional age. Clinical neurological examinations did not discriminate between preterm infants above and below a median score for optimal obstetric conditions, but the interaction between breathing and sucking rhythms made such discrimination, most clearly in females. Preterm infants with lower optimal obstetric scores showed less change of breath durations during sucking than preterms with higher scores. It was concluded that interaction of concurrent motor rhythms may be a sensitive index of central nervous system integrity in newborn infants, even when there are no clinical neurological signs of nervous system dysfunction.
Circadian Rhythm↗
Sucking patterns of human babies on the breast.
Twenty-seven 5--8-day-old babies were filmed during normal breast feeding (one feed each). Sucking patterns were determined from the film from a total sample of 17,676 sucks. Intersuck interals fell on two distributions: one of intervals between sucks during bursts of sucking (1.3 sec and less), and the other of rests between bursts of sucking (1.3 to greater than 12 sec). As the milk flow dropped towards the end of the feed on each breast, the sucking rate within bursts increased (P less than 0.05), but there were more (P less than 0.001) and longer (P less than 0.001) rests between bursts of sucking. This study provides normative data on a normal population for use in studies of breast feeding.
Breast Feeding↗
Effect of a traditional and of a new nipple shield on sucking patterns and milk flow.
The effect of a traditional (Mexican Hat) and of a new (Thin Latex) nipple shield on the sucking patterns and milk intake of 5-8-day-old babies was examined. Milk intake was determined accurately by test weighing using a Sartorius electronic balance with animal weighing keyboard, and sucking patterns by filming the mouth of the baby. The Mexican Hat reduced milk transfer by 58% (P is less than 0.01), and increased sucking rate (P is less than 0.05) and time spent resting (P is less than 0.01). The Thin Latex nipple shield reduced milk intake by a smaller amount (22%), and had no significant effect on sucking patterns.
Breast Feeding↗
The nipple-shield sampling system: a device for measuring the dietary intake of breast-fed infants.
We have devised a method for the determination of the composition of the milk infants obtain from the breast during suckling itself, suckled breast milk (SBM). The method involves the use of a nipple-shield sampling system, together with data on the pattern of milk flow from mother to infant derived from a cross-sectional analysis of test weighings during feeding. In this study, marked changes were demonstrated in milk fat the sixth day postpartum. From this information the total intake of fat and energy during the feed was calculated. These preliminary findings suggest that published information on the dietary intake of breast-fed infants may need some revision.
Breast Feeding↗
Heart rate changes during gauge feeding of neonates.
One hundred and one electrocardiographs (ECGs) were performed on 38 babies, before, during and after gavage feeds. Forty ECGs taken from 22 babies showed a significant bradycardia occurring after tube passage. The risk of this occurring appeared higher with preterms and with babies below 2.5 kg. It is recommended that gavage feeding be restricted to babies above 2.5kg.
Bradycardia↗
The continuous measurement of milk intake at a feed in breast-fed babies.
A method for the continuous measurement of milk intake during a breast-feed is described. A miniature Doppler ultrasound flow transducer, located in the tip of a latex nipple shield, is interposed between mother and baby during feeding. Preliminary results indicate the scope and current limitations of the method in terms of both populations and individual mother/infant pairs. An initial analysis of individual feeds indicates that two factors may contribute to the curtailment of intake during a feed from one breast: a progressive reduction in intake volume per suck, and/or an increase in the proportion of time spent pausing between bursts of sucking.
Breast Feeding↗
Neonatal sucking as an outcome variable: comparison of quantitative and clinical assessments.
A quantitative neonatal sucking measure and a clinical neonatal sucking measure were significantly related to one another, but only the quantitative measure was significantly related to prenatal alcohol and nicotine exposure. The clinical measure did not provide adequate precision to warrant its recommendation as an outcome variable at moderate exposure levels.
Alcohol Drinking↗
The initiation of lactation: the effect of early versus delayed contact for suckling on milk intake in the first week post-partum. A study in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand.
The effect of reducing the length of routine mother/infant separation following delivery on milk intake in the first week of life was examined prospectively in 22 term infants in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. Infants were randomly assigned to two groups: a late contact group (control) who followed routine hospital policy (mean separation between mother and baby 25.1 h), and an early contact group (experimental) in which mother and baby were re-united as soon as possible following standard clinical observations (mean separation after delivery of 3.6 h). Despite a difference of 22.4 in the mean age at which babies in the two groups were first suckled, no experimental difference was found in milk volume transfer over post-partum days 2-5 determined by test weighing at a morning feed with an integrating electronic balance. An observational study was performed concurrently, which showed that early contact group mothers were likely to have given 8 additional breast feeds during the extra 21.5 h they had with their infant.
Adult↗
The emergence of fetal behaviour. II. Quantitative aspects.
In a longitudinal study of 12 healthy nulliparous women the developmental course of specific fetal movement patterns was investigated in the first half of gestation, using real-time ultrasound. The rate of occurrence of all movement patterns emerging during this period is presented. There were large differences in incidence between the various movements. In most of them a developmental trend was found, either a gradual increase in incidence as the fetus grew older (breathing movements, head rotations, jaw openings, sucking and swallowings), an increase in incidence until a plateau was reached (general movements, isolated arm movements), or an increase in incidence followed by a decrease (startles, hiccups, hand/face contacts, retroflexions of the head). In a few infrequently occurring movements no developmental trends could be observed (isolated leg movements, anteflexions of the head, yawns, stretches) whereas in some of the more frequently occurring movements a lower limit of the normal range could be defined. A few movement patterns were found to be generated at a more or less regular interval: hiccups occurred with a preference interval of one to three seconds and isolated arm movements with an interval of about 1 s. Breathing movements showed a clear developmental shift in preference interval. Between 10 and 19 weeks this changed from 2 to 3 s to less than 1 s. The majority of movements, however, seemed to occur at no regular interval or the regularity was missed because the burst length was too short. Quantification of fetal quiescence showed that in between 8 and 19 weeks total absence of movements never lasted longer than 13 min.
Arm↗
The automatic sampling shield: a device for sampling suckled breast milk.
The automatic sampling shield uses the negative pressure exerted by the breast-feeding baby during sucking to withdraw a series of small samples from the milk stream. Shield performance was studied at four feeds for each of 13 babies. Acceptance of the shield was good (96% of feeds) and samples were obtained in 88% of feeds. Sample weight was large enough for micro-biochemical analysis of composition (median weight 1.3 g), without depriving the baby of important amounts of milk (median percentage of weight of milk intake was 4.3% and sample weight was less than 5 g in all cases). The shield should sample a constant proportion throughout the feed, in order to obtain a sample that is representative of the infant's nutrient intake. Fractional test-weighing of feeds showed a tendency for a larger proportion of the feed to be collected at slower flow rates. Modelling on the basis of the observed flow profiles in conjunction with a theoretical fat concentration profile showed that the observed 'disproportionality' would have over-estimated fat intake by a mean of 2.6% per feed (S.D.9.1 range -18.9% to + 16.9%). Using the shield in random sequence at two out of the first four feeds after 0800 h, showed that an infant's mean milk intake with the shield was on average 32% less than on control feeds. Allowing for possible compensation by the infant when control feeds followed low shield intakes, mean milk intakes with the shield were 17% smaller than without the shield.
Breast Feeding↗