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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Mortality after the death of a spouse: rates and causes of death in a large Finnish cohort.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines excess mortality among Finnish persons after the death of a spouse, by sex, the subject's cause of death, duration of bereavement, and age. METHODS: The subjects were 1580000 married Finnish persons aged 35 through 84 years who were followed up from 1986 through 1991. RESULTS: Excess mortality among the bereaved was high from accidental, violent, and alcohol-related causes (50% to 150%), moderate for chronic ischemic heart disease and lung cancer (20% to 35%), and small for other causes (5% to 15%). Excess mortality was greater at short ( < 6 months) rather than long durations of bereavement and among younger rather than older bereaved persons for most causes of death; it was also greater among men that women. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with the hypothesis that excess mortality after the death of a spouse is partly caused by stress. The loss of social support or the inability to cope with stress may explain why men suffer from bereavement more than do women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Alienation of elderly Korean American immigrants as related to place of residence, gender, age, years of education, time in the U.S., living with or without children, and living with or without a spouse.

Dean's Alienation Scale (DAS) was administered to 137 Korean immigrants, aged sixty years or older, who had resided in the United States for at least one year but not more than fifteen years. The study was made in order to determine the relationship of alienation to the independent variables of place of residence (an ethnically homogeneous Korean community in Los Angeles vs. ethnically heterogeneous communities in Oklahoma), gender, age, years of education, time in the United States, living with or without children, and living with or without a spouse. Significant relationships (p less than .01) were found between one or more of the subscales of the DAS (powerlessness, normlessness, social isolation, and total alienation) and place of residence, age, time in the United States, and whether living with or without a spouse. Simultaneous regression analyses were performed to determine the relative contribution of the independent variables to each of the subscales.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Type II diabetic subjects lose less weight than their overweight nondiabetic spouses.

To determine whether diabetic individuals have more difficulty losing weight than nondiabetic individuals, 12 overweight diabetic subjects (6 men, 6 women) and their overweight nondiabetic spouses were treated together in a behavioral weight-control program. Diabetic and nondiabetic subjects did not differ in age, weight, or percent overweight. Weight losses of nondiabetic spouses were significantly greater than those of diabetic patients (13.4 +/- 1.7 vs. 7.5 +/- 1.4 kg; P less than .01). Differences emerged by wk 5 and became greater over the 20-wk program. Nondiabetic subjects reduced their intake significantly more than diabetics, suggesting that differences in dietary adherence were responsible for the differences in weight loss.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1990

Patients' and spouses' religious problem-solving styles and their physiological health.

From 55 patients after myocardial infarctions and their spouses, responses--metabolic entry and exit scores (1 to 48 mo. postinfarct) and scores on three religious problem-solving styles--showed no problem-solving styles were associated with patients' early improvement but, as time passed, scores on collaboration with God decreased as did those on deferring to God, while self-direction increased. Patients scored lower on collaboration and higher on self-direction than spouses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

A longitudinal study comparing bereavement phenomena in recently bereaved spouses, adult children and parents.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated previous research findings and clinical impressions which indicated that the intensity of grief for parents who had lost a child was likely to be higher than that for widows/widowers, who in turn were likely to have more intense reactions than adult children losing a parent. METHOD: In order to compare the intensities of the bereavement reactions among representative community samples of bereaved spouses (n = 44), adult children (n = 40) and parents (n = 36), and to follow the course of such phenomena, a detailed Bereavement Questionnaire was administered at four time points over a 13-month period following the loss. RESULTS: Measures based on items central to the construct of bereavement showed significant time and group differences in accordance with the proposed hypothesis. More global items associated with the construct of resolution showed a significant time effect, but without significant group differences. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this study supports the hypothesis that in non-clinical, community-based populations the frequency with which core bereavement phenomena are experienced is in the order: bereaved parents > bereaved spouses > bereaved adult children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy by Danish women and their spouses--a potential source of fetal morbidity.

The relationship between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption behavior during pregnancy was examined in a select group of Danish women and their spouses. Five-hundred consecutive women who had uncomplicated pregnancies and delivered full-term babies were interviewed 3+ days postpartum. Information was collected about smoking and drinking behavior of all household members during pregnancy. We found (1) a high percentage of Danish women (70%) and their spouses (80%) consume alcohol during pregnancy, and (2) a significant correlation between maternal and paternal smoking (r = .25, P .0001) and maternal and paternal drinking (r = .35, P .0001). These data suggest that even though the potential dangers of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy have been well publicized, there is still a high percentage of women who participate in such behaviors. There may also exist an important role for the father in affecting these two behaviors and therefore indirectly affecting fetal development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

In sickness and in health: an exploration of the perceived quality of the marital relationship, coping, and depression in caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer's disease.

Caring for a spouse with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex task influenced by numerous factors including the quality of the past and present marital relationship. Assessment of both the caregiver's perception of the quality of the past marital relationship and how he or she traditionally coped with marital discord is important for planning effective interventions. AD support groups that work with both the caregiver and the afflicted spouse on problem-solving skills may strengthen or help preserve the marital relationship.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patient and spouse acceptance and adaptation to implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Although electrophysiologic devices have been available since 1932 for managing sudden cardiac death, it was not until 1980 that the predecessor to the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator was introduced. Subsequently, questions about psychosocial adaptation have prevented wide acceptance of these devices. To study this issue, 69 patients with treatment-resistant ventricular arrhythmias were sent a questionnaire following cardioverter implantation; spouses also received questionnaires. Of these, 42 patients and 38 spouses completed and returned questionnaires. The questionnaire was designed to elucidate psychosocial adaptation. Results suggest that patients and couples adapt to the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators adequately, but not without some specific reservations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Male-mediated spontaneous abortion among spouses of stainless steel welders.

OBJECTIVES: Male-mediated spontaneous abortion has never been documented for humans. The welding of stainless steel is associated with the pulmonary absorption of hexavalent chromium, which has genotoxic effects on germ cells in rodents. Clinical and early subclinical spontaneous abortions were examined among spouses of stainless-steel welders. METHODS: A cohort of first-pregnancy planners was recruited from members of the union of metal workers and 3 other trade unions. The cohort was followed for 6 menstrual cycles from the cessation of contraceptive use. Altogether, 280 pregnancies were conceived, of which 35 were detected by human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone analysis and did not survive to a clinically recognized pregnancy. Information on exposure was collected prospectively in relation to the outcome and was available for all cycles resulting in a pregnancy. Information on pregnancy outcome was collected for all 245 clinically recognized pregnancies. RESULTS: Increased risk of spontaneous abortion was found for pregnancies with exposure to paternal stainless-steel welding (adjusted relative risk 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.3-9.1). The results were consistent in analyses of both biochemically and clinically recognized abortions. There was no increased risk for spontaneous abortion in pregnancies with paternal exposure to the welding of metals other than stainless steel. CONCLUSIONS: Male welding of stainless steel was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in spouses. A mutagenic effect of hexavalent chromium has been found previously in both somatic and germ cells, and the findings could be due to mutations in the male genome.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concordance of blood pressure in spouses.

It has been known for some years that familial aggregation of blood pressure levels occurs in adults. The question of how much of this aggregation can be attributed to genetical inheritance, and how much to a shared environment, is not yet resolved. Evidence of the influence of a common environment on blood pressure levels can be gained from examining spouses who are not genetically related. In a family study of blood pressure levels in children, 452 of the parents had had a single continuous marriage. These spouses had a small but significant association with respect to blood pressure, and this association varied with length of marriage. Different interpretations of this result are discussed in relation to those from longitudinal studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Health Care Financing Administration: Medicaid program; deeming of income between spouses. Final rule.

These regulations revise current Medicaid rules for determining financial eligibility and the level of Medicaid payments for institutional care for aged, blind, and disabled individuals, when one spouse is institutionalized and the other spouse is not. The change will affect those States that, as permitted by statute, use more restrictive eligibility criteria than those applied nationally under the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. It will also apply in Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands.

Eligibility Determination↗
PubMed1983

Medicare program; limitations on payment for services furnished to employed aged and their spouses--Health Care Financing Administration. Final rule with comment period.

These regulations set forth policies and procedures under which Medicare payment will be made for health care items or services furnished to employed individuals age 65 through 69 and their spouses age 65 through 69, who are covered under an employer group health plan. These regulations implement section 116(b) of Pub. L. 97--248, the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982. The purpose of these provisions is to make Medicare benefits secondary to benefits payable under an employer group health plan for services furnished to employed individuals and their spouses age 65 through 69.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Medicare program; limitation on payment for services furnished to employed aged and aged spouses of employed individuals--HCFA. Final rule.

These regulations amend and respond to comments on the final Medicare rules published on April 13, 1983 which set forth policies and procedures under which Medicare is secondary paper for health care items and services furnished to employed individuals age 65 through 69 and their spouses age 65 through 69, who are covered under employer group health plans of employers which employ 20 or more employees. The April 1983 regulations implemented section 116(b) of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (Pub. L. 97-248). These regulations also have been changed to include provisions of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (Pub. L. 98-369), enacted July 18, 1984, which modified application of these rules to employees' spouses age 65 through 69 and changed the age limit for individuals subject to the secondary payer provisions to the month before the month the individual attains age 70. Previously the age limit was the month in which the individual attained age 70.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Psychosocial adjustments of coronary artery disease patients and their spouses: nursing implications.

Nurses caring for the patient with CAD are most effective when they recognize that many factors affect psychosocial adjustment to heart disease, with age and gender as two prominent influences. Likewise, spouses of patients with CAD require special attention and assessment so that their caregiving and recovery from a cardiac-related event is successful. Caregiving spouses have been found to have more mood disturbance, less satisfaction with marriage and family, and lower levels of social support than patients, suggesting that attention to their concerns is paramount.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Self-reported smoking and exercising behaviours during the postnatal period: assessing congruence between spouses.

The aim of the study was to assess the congruence between women's self-reported behaviours during the postnatal period and the answers provided by their husbands. One hundred nineteen couples participated. Firstly, women reported their own smoking and exercising behaviours for four months following childbirth. Subsequently, husbands evaluated their spouses' behaviours over the same period of time. Smoking behaviour was assessed on 5-category scale ranging from non-smoker to daily smoker whereas physical activity was measured on a 6-category scale ranging from no physical activity to regular physical activity. The polychoric correlation coefficients and the weighted Kappa indexes indicated that the degree of congruence between respondent pairs were appropriate, but better for smoking than exercising. The results of the present study support the idea that the information obtained from spouses can be helpful in the assessment of the reliability of the answers provided by their live-in partner, particularly in surveys regarding smoking.

Exercise↗
PubMed1991

Gender and changing generational relations: spouse choice in Indonesia.

Many Asian societies are undergoing a nuptiality transition that is not only tied integrally to other aspects of family organization, but is also often more complex than standard studies of female age at marriage can reveal. To comprehend some of this complexity, we focus on the patterns of spouse choice for both men and women in central Java. The extent of parental control over mate selection is examined for change over time, gender differences, and likely determinants, including family class, education, premarital work, and residence. It is argued that the current marriage transition in Indonesia reflects both gender and generational hierarchies in the Javanese family system. The analysis is conducted using a multinomial logit model; in general, it yields results strongly supportive of the argument that the determinants of spouse selection differ by gender. The results also show that although there is a dramatic shift towards self-choice marriages, it is occurring within the context of historical and institutional factors specific to Javanese society.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Holding death at bay: the experience of the spouses of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

This study utilized a grounded theory design to investigate the experiences related to being the spouse of a cardiovascular surgical patient during five subject-identified phases: a) finding out the surgery was necessary, b) waiting for surgery, c) waiting during surgery, d) the intensive care unit (ICU) experience, and e) the recovery period before hospital discharge. Data were collected from each of eight subjects via three unstructured, tape-recorded interviews conducted a) on the day of the patients' hospital admission, b) during the first 48 hours of the patients' ICU stay and c) just before the patients' hospital discharge. Holding Death at Bay was identified as the core category. Three main categories: uncertainty, helping commitment and reorganization emerged from the data and were apparent in each of the five subject-identified phases of the spouses' experience. Main categories and subcategories of the core category emerging from the data are described. Implications of this research for nursing practice and further nursing research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Support patterns for spouse-caregivers of cancer patients. The effect of the presence of minor children.

This study examines the support received by spouse-caregivers of cancer patients with minor children. The pattern of help encountered by these caregivers is compared to that of other caregivers, either living alone with the cancer patient or together with their adult children. This comparison leads to an exploration of compensatory support patterns depending on the source of help and the living arrangements. The study is based on a convenience sample of 232 spouse-caregivers of cancer patients in the Midwest. The findings suggest that other family members are willing to provide additional support when minor children are present in the household of the caregiver-patient dyad. However, this compensatory pattern does not extend to the situation of caregiver and patient living alone, nor do friends and neighbors engage in compensatory support behavior.

Adult↗