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PubMed1998

Drug use pathways among high school students of Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: This study surveyed high school student drug users in urban areas of Mexico to describe use patterns and drug-related behaviors among adolescents and to develop predictor models of pathways to underage drug use. SUBJECT/DESIGN: A National School Survey was conducted among high school students where data are provided by the State. Only urban sites were considered for this study (n = 40,521). Stratified two-stage cluster sampling was used; schools and groups within the schools were the sampling units. CONCLUSIONS: Male adolescents who have worked the previous year, have high exposure within the family and are affiliated with drug using peers are at increased risk of becoming drug users and subject to depression and suicidal ideation as well as drug-related social problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The psychosocial consequences of androgenetic alopecia: a review of the research literature.

Androgenetic alopecia is a common dermatological condition, with potentially adverse psychosocial sequelae. The present review critically examines scientific evidence concerning the effects of androgenetic hair loss on social processes and psychological functioning, as well as the psychosocial outcomes of medical treatments. Research confirms a negative but modest effect of visible hair loss on social perceptions. More importantly, androgenetic alopecia is typically experienced as a moderately stressful condition that diminishes body image satisfaction. Deleterious effects on self-esteem and certain facets of psychological adjustment are more apparent among women than men and among treatment-seeking patients. Various 'risk factors' vis-à-vis the psychological adversity of androgenetic alopecia are identified. Medical treatments, i.e. minoxidil and finasteride, appear to have some psychological efficacy. A conceptual model is delineated to explain the psychological effects of hair loss and its treatment. Directions for needed research are discussed. Strategies are presented for the clinical management of psychological issues among these patients.

Alopecia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children and adolescents' internal models of food-sharing behavior include complex evaluations of contextual factors.

This study examined internal representations of food sharing in 589 children and adolescents (8-19 years of age). Questionnaires, depicting a variety of contexts in which one person was asked to share a resource with another, were used to examine participants' expectations of food-sharing behavior. Factors that were varied included the value of the resource, the relation between the two depicted actors, the quality of this relation, and gender. Results indicate that internal models of food-sharing behavior showed systematic patterns of variation, demonstrating that individuals have complex contextually based internal models at all ages, including the youngest. Examination of developmental changes in use of individual patterns is consistent with the idea that internal models reflect age-specific patterns of interactions while undergoing a process of progressive consolidation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality of life and related factors among elderly nursing home residents in Southern Taiwan.

This study explored subjectively perceived quality of life and related factors of elderly nursing home residents. In this study, 161 residents aged 65 and older were selected from 10 nursing homes in Southern Taiwan. The results showed: (1) the mean score of quality of life was 15.86 and the standardized score was 52.87, a medium rating for the overall sample; (2) different educational levels, and socioeconomic status were significantly different in the quality of life, the other sociodemographic variables were not significantly different in the quality of life. (3) length of residence in the nursing home was significantly negative relative to the quality of life. Physical function, activities of daily living, social support from nurses, social support from nursing aides, social support from families, and frequency of family interaction were significantly positive relative to the quality of life. (4) Activities of daily living, social support from nurses, socioeconomic status, and physical function were the significant predictors in the quality of life, which explained 40.1% of the total amount of variance. Activities of daily living, social support from nursing aids, socioeconomic status, physical function and frequency of interaction with family were the significant predictors in the quality of life, which explained 39.5% of the total amount of variance. Results generated from this study may act as a reference for the staff of nursing homes to understand the quality of life and related factors among elderly residents. This study also acts as a reference for future intervention programs in this field.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

[The right of the client in geriatric psychiatry to a personal, individual world view. How can we, as caregivers, learn to share this?].

"Validation" after Naomi Feil is the name of a method which is used and recognized the world over as an appreciative way of dealing with the highly aged. Validation is based on universally valid humanist principles. A person is viewed as an individual being having a good reason for his current behavior. This is true for "still oriented" as well as for "non-oriented" persons. It is necessary to recognize and categorize the different behavioral patterns in the various phases of disorientation. Here we speak of the physical and psychological characteristics of the four phases of disorientation. The target group is persons who are just still oriented, but deny their current situation and thus react peculiaryly. The next group is the time and place disoriented persons. Subsequently the group of persons who can express themselves solely by nonverbal means, i.e. repetitive movements, follows. The last group is motionless persons who simply vegetate. In addition, there are suitable verbal and nonverbal techniques that can be used in a most sensible and appreciative way of dealing with these highly aged. The aged persons are not corrected and not oriented according to reality, but are escorted in their world. We call this: "walking in the shoes of the other person". It is necessary to take emotions seriously and to share them with others. We do not take position, we do not judge and we also do not offer hasty solutions. We are honest and do not use well-meant lies. The goal of applying validation is on the one hand the relief and improvement of the work situation of family and the people taking care of these aged persons, and on the other hand a noticeable and measurable increase of these highly aged persons welfare and quality of life.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

["Anti-stigma campaign from below" at schools--experience of the initiative "Irre menschlich Hamburg e.V."].

In the process of stigmatisation psychiatry is not neutral but it is up-to-date as well as historically involved. That is why it is responsible to influence not only the social perception of psychiatry but also the public picture of mentally disturbed people in a positive way. Doing so it is dependent on the help of psychosis-experienced persons and relatives. Only working together a plausible enlightenment, that points beyond the status quo, can be achieved. Anti-stigma work must critically reflect the interactions in psychiatry itself. After an analysis of the different concepts of stigmatisation and anti-stigma work there follows the evaluation of an information campaign at schools in Hamburg, which emerged from the Hamburg psychosis seminar. The personal meeting of students and psychosis experienced persons is of immediate importance. In addition to that media about the subject "being different, madness, mental disturbation" are being placed at the teachers disposal according to their wishes. In the meantime experience is there of more then 50 teaching units in primary advanced and secondary education as well as of a special open day attended by over 500 students. The response of students and teachers is definitely positive. For the psychosis experienced persons involved there is a special benefit in the sense of empowerment. The more health politically based motives of the anti-stigma work have meanwhile been completed by educational justifications. This way of open meeting is also being discussed as a completion to the symptom based early diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Stigmatization of mentally ill patients by the society].

In our society, people with mental illness are exposed to various forms of discrimination. In principle, individual and structural discrimination plus discrimination due so self-stigmatisation can be distinguished. All three forms of discrimination will be illustrated based on results from our own studies. Next, negative consequences of discrimination for those afflicted will be described such as lack of self-confidence and reduced subjective well-being as well as social disadvantages and disadvantages with regard to treatment and rehabilitation. Finally, using the association "Irrsinnig menschlich" ("Madly human") in Leipzig as an example, approaches to reduce discrimination of mentally ill people will be presented.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2002

Culture, the 'sick role' and the consumption of health.

This paper revisits Parsons's conception of the 'sick role' and examines the relevance of his writings on the cultural understanding of sickness to the consumption of health in the contemporary era. In terms of current developments, I focus on the development of pro-active approaches towards the healthy body, and the growth of 'information rich' consumers of health care. These have become prominent themes in sociology, and while Parsons's writings are usually viewed as anachronistic I argue they remain highly pertinent to understanding the emergence of informed, body conscious lay people. If Parsons's analysis of health is more relevant to current circumstances than many critics assume, however, it is not unproblematic. The residual categories associated with the sick role obscure the continued utility of his work on the general cultural values informing health care. It is Parsons's analysis of these values, I suggest, that needs rescuing from restricted understandings of the sick role and highlighting as an important resource for contemporary theorists.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2003

Improving the ability of elementary school-age children to identify emotion in facial expression.

The authors evaluated an intervention program developed to remediate children's deficits in reading emotions in facial expressions. Thirty children from 2 elementary schools in suburban Atlanta participated in 6 30-min sessions over 4 weeks in which they were taught to discriminate, identify, express, and apply facial expression cues. The ability to read emotion in facial expressions significantly improved for the intervention group compared with the control group. Improvement on identifying facial expressions was associated with increased feelings of lower social anxiety and higher self-worth for girls. Boys' self-concept was negatively related to improvement. On the basis of the results, the authors suggested that structured interventions like the present one could be used to improve students' nonverbal processing abilities within public school settings, but with some cautions regarding the impact of new learning for boys.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Development of social problem solving in early childhood: stability, change, and associations with social competence.

Kindergarten and 1st-grade boys were administered social cognitive interviews in 2 consecutive years to investigate the response-generation step of N. R. Crick and K. A. Dodge's (1994) social information processing model. Boys generated responses to 4 types of hypothetical social dilemmas. Responses to these situations were primarily prosocial, with a large minority of avoidant and antisocial solutions. In general, older boys provided more effective solutions than did their younger peers, and stabilities were modest but significant for subcategories of both prosocial and antisocial responses. Boys who were accepted by their peers provided more prosocial and effective solutions than did boys of lower peer status, but no status differences emerged for antisocial responses. The data also suggest that young children view aggression as an acceptable means to solving peer conflict.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Psychological consequences of majority-minority status: a questionnaire study of two high schools.

A questionnaire survey of high school students investigated the psychological phenomena associated with teenagers' membership in majority and minority groups. In the majority group, the socioeconomic status of parents was consonant with that of the high school; in the minority group, the status was dissonant with that of the school. The psychological impact of attending high schools that were consonant or dissonant with the student's family background was examined. The results are discussed in terms of the students' personal adjustments: views of their parents; and political, social, and personal attitudes and values. Minority teenagers were found to be more oriented to the home (especially to the mother) and to scholastic and future achievement, whereas majority teenagers were more oriented to their school peer group. Gender differences were also examined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Development of thinking about things and people: social and nonsocial cognition during adolescence.

Among a group of 90 adolescents, the tendency to use organizing terms in free descriptions of persons was positively associated with a measure of formal operations. This association endured when age and mental age were statistically partialled out of the relationship. The results are taken to support the notion that basic cognitive developments also manifest themselves in the social-cognitive area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Others' actions can reflect on the self: a developmental study of extended identity.

This study was an investigation of children's understanding that others' judgments of the self can be based on the actions of another person with whom one is associated. Five-, 8-, and 11-year-old children in Scotland were presented with hypothetical scenarios that indicated that they were responsible for a toddler who breached normative expectations of behavior. The children were required to make a variety of judgments, most notably concerning their likely emotion and its causes, and what others would think of them. The majority recognized that others would make negative judgments of the self. However, emotional self-attributions indicated that only among the 11-year-olds was there a widespread tendency to be self-punitive-that is, to attribute reflexive emotions such as embarrassment. Particularly among the 5-year-olds, punitive responses (e.g., anger) were directed only at the norm-violating toddler, implying that, unlike the oldest children, they did not view the toddler as constituting part of their extended identity. Eight-year-olds appeared to represent an intermediate step between the younger and older groups. In the light of these findings it is suggested that a mature form of extended identity may be a relatively late development.

Anger↗
PubMed1997

The association between receptive nonverbal processing abilities and internalizing/externalizing problems in girls and boys.

Social adjustment correlates of individual differences in receptive nonverbal processing abilities in boys and girls were investigated. Participants were 26 boys and 13 girls, mean age 12.04 years, who were in a custodial care institution for the treatment of a wide range of psychological difficulties. They completed the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy (DANVA; Nowicki & Duke, 1994), a standardized test of receptive nonverbal processing abilities. Trained raters used institutional records to assess the number and type of problems (internalizing or externalizing) experienced by each child. Teachers completed a social adjustment scale for each child. Girls' scores on the DANVA tests of child facial expression, child and adult facial expression combined, posture, and total DANVA accuracy as well as teacher ratings of social adjustment were significantly related to the number of externalizing problems they had. No other relations were significant. The findings suggest that receptive nonverbal processing skills may be more important for social adjustment for girls than for boys.

Adolescent↗