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PubMed2002

Interventions to facilitate social interaction for young children with autism: review of available research and recommendations for educational intervention and future research.

The purpose of this paper is to review the knowledge available from aggregated research (primarily through 2000) on the characteristics of social interactions and social relationships among young children with autism, with special attention to strategies and tactics that promote competence or improved performance in this area. In its commissioning letter for the initial version of this paper, the Committee on Educational Interventions for Children with Autism of the National Research Council requested "a critical, scholarly review of the empirical research on interventions to facilitate the social interactions of children with autism, considering adult-child interactions (where information is available) as well as child-child interactions, and including treatment of [one specific question]: What is the empirical evidence that social irregularities of children with autism are amenable to remediation?" To do this, the paper (a) reviews the extent and quality of empirical literature on social interaction for young children with autism; (b) reviews existing descriptive and experimental research that may inform us of relations between autism and characteristics that support social development, and efforts to promote improved social outcomes (including claims for effectiveness for several specific types of intervention); (c) highlights some possible directions for future research; and (d) summarizes recommendations for educational practices that can be drawn from this research.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1992

Effect of incest on self and social functioning: a developmental psychopathology perspective.

The effects of child sexual abuse have become a leading concern of mental health service providers. Despite an explosion of studies, one major difficulty in this research is the lack of a developmentally sensitive model for conceptualizing short- and long-term effects and continuity and discontinuity of effects over time. This article proposes a model based in the perspective of developmental psychopathology. It is argued that incest has its unique negative effects in the domains of self and social functioning, specifically in jeopardizing self-definition and integration, self-regulatory processes, and a sense of security and trust in relationships. Studies with clinical samples indicate that diagnostic conditions associated uniquely with a history of incest reflect serious self- and social impairments. A review of the developmental literature on self and social development summarizes each major developmental transition from infancy to middle adulthood, and the implications for the negative effects of incest on development are discussed. Finally, implications for developmentally sensitive research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Reality and social interpretation of health].

The health profile of a human society depends upon its social development and in particular upon current social and cultural conditions. Health can be defined in many ways; both the pathogenetic and the salutogenetic approaches have their merits. Partial aspects of reality are offered for example by attempts to describe health conditions quantitatively by means of health indicators such als life expectancy, mortality, morbidity, incapacity to work, use made of medical services, and the like. The description of health must encompass the entire range of its objective and subjective experience in its somatic, mental and social dimensions. Epidemiological data must always be supplemented by the results of phenomenological observations to obtain a true picture of the experience of reality and the acceptance of the results by the group under observation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Modeling the early course of schizophrenia.

Using the Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia (IRAOS), we assessed 170 first illness episodes with a nonpsychotic prodromal stage (73% of the population-based Age, Beginning, Course [ABC] study sample of 232 first illness episodes of schizophrenia from a German population of about 1.5 million). Conrad's (1958) and Docherty et al.'s (1978) stage models of the early course presume unidirectional and compelling patterns of symptom manifestation. Using structural equation modeling, we tested the explanatory power of the stages as latent variables and to what extent these models tally with each other and with data on symptom onset. The models neither converged nor were they confirmed. The reasons for and possible implications of this result will be discussed. We also tested, using various techniques, a causal model of the determinants of social course. The only significant predictors of 5-year social outcome turned out to be social development at psychosis onset and the socially adverse illness behavior of young men. The influence of the traditional predictors, age and gender, type of onset (chronic, acute), and symptomatology, was mediated by these two variables assessed at the end of the prodromal stage.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sociocultural aspects of eating disorders.

Eating disorders, though recognized for centuries, are increasing in prevalence. The increase in rate is particularly remarkable over the last 30-40 years. The article considers how social function stems from biological function and evolution, and how biological function may hamper social development to the detriment of individuals. Social and cultural influences relevant to this change are examined, especially the changing position of women within society as a whole and the multiplication of conflicting roles which women find themselves balancing. Reference is made to the representation of women in the arts and media. Reference is also made to the role of those external agencies which have historically controlled populations (both men and women), such as religious bodies and governments, but which to some extent have been rejected. Evidence from in-depth studies of women with eating disorders and from transcultural studies are included to support the authors' ideas.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social inequalities in health. A partnership of research and education].

The Chair on Health Inequality is one of the 12 Chairs created by the CHSRF. Resulting from a partnership between l'Université de Montréal, together with the Direction de la santé publique of the Régie régionale de la santé et des services sociaux Montréal-centre, the Chair will create a research program that will document and assess the role of public health programs based on social development in urban districts, in reducing social health inequality. This research infrastructure will support two training programs: 1) a post-doctoral training program that will introduce newly minted social science PhDs to collaborative research in public health; and 2) a professional doctorate program for public health professionals. The decision-makers and policy-makers targeted by the Chair's knowledge diffusion program are Directors of public health organizations.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Community-based prevention of substance abuse.

Substance abuse is pervasive in a number of countries throughout the world, placing an enormous burden and strain on their healthcare systems. The relationship between crime and illicit drug use increases the significance of the problem facing countries worldwide. Jamaica has not only become a trans-shipment point for cocaine from South America, but recent Drug Enforcement Agency figures show Jamaica being responsible for 30% of cocaine trafficking into the United States of America. Though all segments of society are involved, disadvantaged groups are disproportionately affected. Substance use and abuse among adolescents is of particular concern. Supply reduction approaches have not been effective enough in reducing the prevalence of substance use and abuse in many countries throughout the world. Substance abuse prevention research over 25 years has led to the identification of a number of factors differentiating substance abusers from others. The presence of risk factors and the absence of protective facts contribute to an increase potential for drug abuse. The impact that these factors have is also determined by the level of psychological and social development of an individual. The presence of risk factors as well as the absence of protective factors leads to increased "exposure opportunity", exposure to a potential substance of abuse being closely associated with the potential for initial drug use, transition from initiation to regular use and subsequently dependence. One method of reducing "exposure opportunity" is community prevention. The basic aim of community prevention programmes is to decrease the rate of drug use in a population by enhancing protective factors and reversing or reducing risk factors.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed1988

The infant as a member of society.

An analysis of the social development of the infant and young child offers a salutary view of human nature. To defend that claim I use as an example a recent study of how boys and girls in the second year of life assist their mothers and fathers and other persons in performing some everyday tasks. Although the behavior falls under the rubric of social behavior, it will be examined by the different components comprising it. In turn I consider the social, emotional, cognitive, and motor components of the children's helping and briefly trace their development. Their behavior revealed a well-developed concept of self and despite the children's immaturity deserved the appellation of prosocial. Although wide differences appeared among pairs of children and parents, no differences were found by sex of child or parent, and no differences by culture are anticipated. No current theory of the development of social behavior encompasses all the facets of the whole child here portrayed as active and perceptive, enterprising and creative, and above all responsive. The parents of this study, as well as those of other studies, such as sharing and caregiving, and even obeying, by children in the second year of life, seemed scarcely aware of these socially valued behaviors. In fact, parents, like the rest of us, tend to ignore what goes right and fasten on what goes wrong. Not only a good start to mental health but a better start can come from recognizing and rewarding such behaviors at their onset. If we wait until we think children are ready to be taught them, we pay the penalty of a lost opportunity. At any age children are indeed important members of families, but above all they qualify as members of society by providing a glimpse of what could be accomplished by nurturing the early and spontaneous development of their praiseworthy behavior.

Child Development↗
PubMed1997

Creating roles for social work in changing health care organizations: organizational development perspective.

Social work has historically been influenced by and influential in periods of social change. The current health care environment poses challenges to the profession whose function is to maximize adaptation. In addition to helping patients and families adapt to a rapidly changing health delivery system, social workers can develop roles that affect the direction and impact of organizational change, substantively if not fundamentally. This includes assisting staff to work professionally and maintain client-focus during organizational stress and chaos. This article develops one example of how social work expanded its role during a time of transition through staff education of another discipline at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City, USA. The authors conceptualize the need for such practice, describe and analyze the program, and extrapolate practice principles for expanding social work roles in a changing work organization.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The peer group as a context: moderating effects on relations between maternal parenting and social and school adjustment in chinese children.

This 2-year longitudinal study examined, in a sample of Chinese children (initial M age = 11 years), the moderating effects of the peer group on relations between maternal supportive parenting and social and school adjustment. Data were collected from multiple sources including peer assessments, teacher ratings, school records, and maternal reports. It was found that whereas group prosocial-cooperative functioning strengthened the role of supportive parenting in helping children develop social and school competence, group antisocial-destructive functioning undermined the contributions of supportive parenting to children's social and academic achievement. The results indicated the significance of the peer group as a social context for socialization and development in Chinese children.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Social and emotional development from a cultural perspective.

The study of social and emotional development is recognized for its complexity. To better understand developmental norms, and deviations thereof, researchers typically focus on individual (e.g., temperament), interactional (e.g., parenting behaviors), and relational (e.g., attachment, friendship) levels of analysis. Often forgotten, however, is the extent to which cultural beliefs and norms play a role in the interpretation of the acceptability of individual characteristics and the types and the ranges of interactions and relationships that are likely or permissible. This special issue comprises four sections in which culture is examined insofar as it relates to the aforementioned levels of social analysis: "Emotional Development," "Parenting and Parent-Child Relationships," "Social Cognition and Social Relationships," and "Social and Emotional Adjustment and Maladjustment." Each section is followed by a commentary.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Influence of day care experiences and demographic variables on social behavior in kindergarten.

Investigation of teacher ratings of kindergarten behavior indicated more negative scores for children who had attended day care. When demographic variables were included in the analysis, however, the relationship between day care and behavior was not significant. The need to consider children's ecological context in determining day care influence on developing social behavior is discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Sustainable water future with global implications: everyone's responsibility.

The current use and management of freshwater is not sustainable in many countries and regions of the world. If current trends are maintained, about two-thirds of the world's population will face moderate to severe water stress by 2025 compared to one-third at present. This water stress will hamper economic and social development unless action is taken to deal with the emerging problems. The Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World, prepared by the UN and the Stockholm Environment Institute, calls for immediate action to prevent further deterioration of freshwater resources. Although most problems related to water quantity and quality require national and regional solutions, only a global commitment can achieve the necessary agreement on principles, as well as financial means to attain sustainability. Due to the central and integrated role played by water in human activities, any measures taken need to incorporate a wide range of social, ecological and economic factors and needs. The Assessment thus addresses the many issues related to freshwater use, such as integrated land and water management at the watershed level, global food security, water supply and sanitation, ecosystem requirements, pollution, strengthening of major groups, and national water resource assessment capabilities and monitoring networks. Governments are urged to work towards a consensus regarding global principles and guidelines for integrated water management, and towards their implementation in local and regional water management situations. The alternative development options available to countries facing water stress, or the risk thereof, needs to be considered in all aspects of development planning.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2005

Measures of positive adult behavior and their relationship to crime and substance use.

Drawing on diverse approaches to the study of youth development and adult functioning, as well as social capital and citizenship, this investigation identifies measures of positive adult behavior. Although prevention researchers study protective factors, as well as risk factors, for problem behaviors and other negative outcomes, less attention is given to positive behavior outcomes and there is little understanding of the relationships between positive and negative outcomes. Analyses included 765 participants from the Seattle Social Development Project interviewed at age 21. Seven measures of positive adult behavior were identified: volunteerism, group involvement, neighborliness, interpersonal connection, constructive engagement, financial responsibility, and honesty. Measures related to distal social relationships (group involvement and neighborliness) had relatively weak associations with crime and substance use. In contrast, the measures of constructive engagement, financial responsibility, and honesty had significant negative associations with multiple measures of crime and substance use. Results indicate that the seven measures provide relatively independent variables useful for assessing positive adult behavior. These measures can be used to assess positive outcomes in adulthood of intervention studies, or to assess the prevalence of positive adult behavior in different populations or groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Normal children as tutors to teach social responses to withdrawn mentally retarded schoolmates: training, maintenance, and generalization.

The findings of the three experiments reported herein indicate that normal children can successfully teach social responses (i.e., delayed imitation cooperative play, and verbalization of positive comments) to withdrawn mentally retarded peers. The effects of the intervention generalized across stimulus and response conditions, while the trained and generalized levels of responding were maintained after the end of the intervention. Moreover, the subjects developed social responding within their classrooms and play areas parallel to the intervention and continued to increase such responding after the interruption of the intervention. Direct edible reinforcement appeared to be necessary at least during the initial period of the intervention. Vicarious edible reinforcement seemed useful to prompt the appearance of responding. Vicarious social reinforcement was ineffective at the beginning of the intervention, but apparently acquired prompting power at a later stage of training. Generalization results indicated that the similarity between the response occasions used for training and those used for testing generalization played an important role. Yet, the extensiveness of training and the development of responding within the classrooms and play areas may also have had a relevant effect. The development of social responding within the classrooms and play areas appeared to be mainly the effect of new learning. This was perhaps due to vicarious and direct social reinforcement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Institutional contexts and mortality: the case of Peru.

"This analysis examines the institutional context of infant mortality in Peru using economic, social, health care, and public health measures as indicators of development and equity. Using linked data from population and economic censuses, government agencies, and health surveys on twenty-four Peruvian provinces, I explore how economic development and institutional contexts influence health outcomes. Regional inequities based on rural population, subsistence activity, women's illiteracy, monthly income, Gross Domestic Product, medical care, and health facilities are compared. Then a cluster analysis identifies institutional contexts that have internal similarities.... My conclusion is that understanding regional inequities--defined in terms of economic development, social institutions, and health services--leads to enhanced explanations of disparities in health outcomes."

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Is population growth a deterrent to development in the South Pacific?

"Some have argued that population growth deters development, while others claim that population growth either aids development or has no significant effect on development. In a sample of South Pacific nations, population growth and size were found to be unrelated to economic development, defined as GDP per capita. However, when indices of quality of life or social development such as mortality, health services and education were used, population growth and size were found to be negatively related to these indices. If these 'quality of life' indices are valued by nations, an argument may exist for policy support for family planning."

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1977

Stability and oscillation in interpersonal awareness: a clinical-developmental analysis.

This paper has examined the research questions and strategies used by those who attempt to study social development from a cognitive-developmental orientation. It began by pointing to the need to integrate the descriptive work done by social-cognitive developmental researchers with some of the approaches taken by clinical and social psychologists in studying the same general phenomenon: interpersonal relations. An issue-by-stage social-cognitive map developed on the basis of both conceptual and empirical investigations was described, as were some of the properties which defined these stages. Following this, empirical evidence was cited from several ongoing studies which both supported the theoretical claims of logical coherence and pointed research in several new directions. One direction of particular importance is the naturalistic study of social and interpersonal reasoning and relating. Taken together, the interview data and the naturalistic observations appear to present a paradox. Evidence from the descriptive research appears to support the principle of stage consistency across categories of experience. On the other hand, the impact of the naturalistic findings is to point out oscillations in reasoning across varying real-life conditions. It should be noted, however, that several of the children in the classroom study did reason fairly consistently across a wide range of contexts; these children, perhaps not coincidentally, were the ones who had shown the greatest improvement in their interpersonal functioning and were soon to return to a more traditional educational milieu. Such clinical evidence points to the strong need to study better-adjusted children under similar conditions to see if real-life oscillation is as pronounced as it is in more pathological groups (Inhelder, 1943/1968). Our conclusion is that the cognitive-developmental approach, viewed in the proper perspective, can accommodate and make coherent data which suggest both variability and uniformity of reasoning, but that for such an accommodation to take place, greater attention must be paid to the critical social psychological and clinical variables which reciprocally interact with level of social-cognitive capability.

Adolescent↗