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PubMedDate not supplied

[Survey on risky sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases among adolescent students from Havana City, 1996].

The observed increase of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in Cuba aroused the interest of carrying out a study aimed at exploring risky sexual behaviours and attitudes, and histories of STD. A crosswise descriptive study was undertaken using a randomized sample taken from the universe of adolescent students in the City of Havana during 1995-96 school year. The sample was made up by 2,793 teenagers aged 11-19 years (1,370 females and 1,423 males). Previously trained experts linked to this field collected data by means of a structured interview which had been drawn up for this end. It was confirmed that more than half of adolescent students did not use condom in their sexual intercourse 57% had more than one sexual partner along the year, 40% believed it was difficult to keep only one partner whereas 35% had more than one sexual partner at the same time. Risk and protected sexual habits were noticed, with 39% for oral-genital and 21.4% for genital-anal. 22% for the interviewed adolescent said they had histories of STD.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is cervical cancer in Ethiopian women the result of a sexually transmitted disease?

Cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer of women in Ethiopia and sexually transmitted diseases are highly prevalent in the country. In order to establish a possible cause and effect relationship between sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer, likely etiological socio-economic factors for these two conditions have been analysed. While residence, income, age at first coitus, age, number of sexual partners, marital status/profession and duration of sexual life affect both conditions, there is a significant difference between the most important factors in the etiology of the separate conditions. Serological testing shows a high prevalence of gonorrhea, which was used as a marker of STD. Women with gonococcal antibodies had evidence of increased exposure to other STD; there was no such correlation for cervical cancer. Our results indicate that STD per se is unlikely to be a primary cause of CC in Ethiopia. It appears probable that the etiology of CC in Ethiopia is multifactorial. Early exposure of the immature cervical epithelium to STD, the trauma of repeated childbirth, and multiple sexual partners in women whose defence factors are impaired by chronic malnutrition, add up to a major medico-socio-economic factor. The evidence presented here suggests that CC in Ethiopia is not so much the result of a sexually transmitted disease, but a sociosexual disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

HIV-related sexual behaviour among migrants and non-migrants in a rural area of China: role of rural-to-urban migration.

OBJECTIVE: To compare human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related sexual risks between temporary rural-to-urban migrants and non-migrants, and to explore the role of migration in HIV transmission in a rural area of China. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 605 (302.5 couples, one male missing) marriage licence applicants. METHODS: A two-part anonymous questionnaire was used. The first part included non-sensitive questions including demographics and HIV knowledge. Sensitive questions related to sexual behaviours were administered in the second part of the questionnaire using a tape recorder, earphones and an answer sheet. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent (399/605) of the study subjects had migrated to a city for a temporary job. The proportions of migrants who had premarital sex (62%, 247/399) and multiple sexual partners (12%, 47/399) were significantly higher than those of non-migrants (52 and 6%, respectively). Among those who had multiple sexual partners, only 9% (4/47) of migrants and 8% (1/12) of non-migrants reported often or always using condoms with sexual partners other than their spouse. A low level of knowledge regarding HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was observed in both groups. Very few migrants (15%, 61/399) and non-migrants (10%, 20/206) perceived themselves to be at risk of HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: As both migrants and non-migrants are at risk of HIV infection, intervention programmes targeting reduction of HIV sexual risk behaviour should cover both groups in rural areas of China.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sexual behaviour of women attending an inner-city STD clinic before and after a general campaign for safer sex in Denmark.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the sexual behaviour and the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among females attending an inner-city STD clinic before and after safer sex campaigns. SUBJECTS: In 1984 981 women and in 1988 684 women were interviewed immediately after the venerological examination. SETTING: Department of Dermato-Venereology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. METHODS: In a face to face interview, details of symptoms, age at coitarche, number of sexual partners (lifetime and during the last year), obstetric history, and contraceptive methods were recorded. RESULTS: A substantially higher proportion of women used condoms in 1988 than in 1984. A dramatic decrease in the prevalence of gonorrhoea occurred (from 22% in 1984 to 6% in 1988, p < 0.01), whereas an increase in the number of patients with genital warts was observed (from 4% in 1984 to 10% in 1988, p < 0.05). The prevalence of chlamydia, genital herpes, and cervical dysplasia remained unchanged. No significant changes in the number of sexual partners, or the frequency of sexual intercourse or unplanned pregnancy could be detected from 1984 to 1988. CONCLUSIONS: The safer sex campaigns have only been partly successful, as a general reduction in all sexually transmitted diseases should be expected as a result of the increased use of condoms. Future campaigns should focus on the correct use of condoms, and encourage a lifestyle with stable sexual relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Obesity stigma in sexual relationships.

OBJECTIVE: Obese children are stigmatized in same-sex relationships. This study examines whether, in adulthood, obesity stigma exists in adults when they are asked to rank order preferences for a sexual partner. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Following the methods of Richardson et al. (Richardson SA, Goodman N, Hastorf AH, Dornbusch SM. Cultural uniformity in reaction to physical disabilities. Am Sociol Rev. 1961;26:241-247) and Latner and Stunkard (Latner J, Stunkard AJ, Wilson GT. Age, ethnic and gender differences in stigmatization of obesity. Orlando, FL: International Conference on Eating Disorders; 2004), 449 college students were asked to rank order six drawings of potential sexual partners. The drawings included an obese partner, partners with various other disabilities, and a healthy partner. RESULTS: The least-preferred partners were obese. Men, compared with women, provided significantly lower ranks for obese partners (U = 20,180.00, z = -2.84, p = 0.01). DISCUSSION: Despite the fact that the majority of adults in the U.S. are overweight, discrimination on the basis of weight occurs in making a choice of a sexual partner. Males particularly make choices of partner based on their weight. Obesity stigma may specifically affect women in sexual relationships. Weight-related stigma needs to be addressed in the treatment of binge eating disorder or weight management. Finding ways to change attitudes and behavior toward the overweight is a goal for future research in the area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Associations between the sexual behaviour of men who have sex with men and the structure and composition of their social networks.

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study identified associations between the number of sexual partners reported by men who have sex with men (MSM) and the structure and composition of their social networks. METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted of men recruited as key informants, through advertising and chain referral. A face to face interview was conducted with 206 MSM. The interview included information on the number of sexual partners in the previous year and sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics of the participant. Social networks were enumerated and network size and density were calculated. Ordered logistic regression was used to assess the associations between number of sexual partners and personal and network characteristics. RESULTS: The number of anal sex partners reported was higher if the participant had injected drugs in the past year rather than never having injected (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 3.23, 1.28 to 8.15), decreased with network density (0.014, 0.002 to 0.008) and increased if the network did not comprise only HIV negative people (1.77, 1.05 to 2.99). The number of additional oral sex partners increased with network size (1.06, 1.02 to 1.10) and decreased with increased network density (0.034, 0.006 to 0.205). In addition to similar effects of network size (1.05, 1.01 to 1.09) and network density (0.086, 0.013 to 0.563) the model for the number of additional manual sex partners also included age (1.03, 1.01 to 1.05). CONCLUSION: The density of the social networks of MSM appears strongly and consistently associated with patterns of sexual behaviour. This underlines the importance of using network approaches to understanding the sexual behaviour of MSM and their potential value in identifying novel strategies for intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection from unprotected receptive anal intercourse increases with decline in immunologic status of infected partners.

To determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection among unprotected receptive anal partners of HIV type 1-infected men varies by the immunologic status of the HIV type 1-infected index case, 187 sexual partners of 164 HIV type 1-infected index subjects were enrolled at a community health center in Boston, Massachusetts, from 1985-1990. All subjects were interviewed regarding their sexual practices and tested for HIV type 1. Fifty-seven of the 187 sexual partners were infected with HIV type 1. The strongest risk factor for HIV type 1 infection among these partners was unprotected receptive anal intercourse with a known HIV type 1-infected index subject (odds ratio (OR) = 7.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-16.3). The risk of unprotected receptive anal intercourse was highest among partners of HIV-infected index subjects who had a T lymphocyte subset ratio of 0.50 or less (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 3.0-43.5) compared with partners of HIV type 1-infected index subjects with a T cell ratio of greater than 0.50 (OR = 5.3, 95% CI 1.9-15.2). After adjustment for confounding, the risk of HIV type 1 infection remained substantially higher among sexual partners who had had unprotected receptive anal intercourse with infected index subjects with a T lymphocyte subset ratio of less than or equal to 0.50 (OR = 7.0, 95% CI 1.8-28.0) compared with partners who had had unprotected receptive anal intercourse with infected index subjects with a T cell ratio of greater than 0.50 (OR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.1-10.0). It would appear that the risk of HIV type 1 infection from unprotected receptive anal intercourse increases as the immunologic status of the HIV type 1-infected insertive anal partner decreases.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Risk reduction counseling is associated with decreased HIV transmission-associated behaviors in high-risk Indian heterosexuals.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of HIV and study the impact of risk-reduction counseling (RRC) in a cohort of people with high-risk behavior for HIV transmission in Chennai, India. DESIGN: Prospective cohort follow-up of 500 HIV-negative people (250 men and 250 women) at increased risk for HIV acquisition in Chennai, India for a maximum of 1 year was conducted. They received RRC at 0, 6, and 12 months. Generalized estimating equation methodology was used to determine the statistical significance of differences reported in behavior between baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. RESULTS: The overall HIV incidence in this cohort was 0.44 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval: 0.05-1.60). In the course of the study, both male and female participants reported statistically significant decreases in the number of different sexual partners, the number of new partners, and the proportion of sexual encounters with nonprimary partners. Participants who had more than 3 different partners at baseline and/or exchanged money for sex in the 6 months before enrollment demonstrated the greatest reductions in the number of different sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS: Individualized sexual RRC seems to be a useful intervention to reduce risk-taking behavior among at-risk heterosexuals in India.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Human T-cell lymphotropic virus in family members of seropositive blood donors: silent dissemination].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate human T-cell lymphotropic virus transmission among family members of asymptomatic carriers identified through blood donor screening tests; and to determine the most likely direction of transmission in sexual partners having the same (concordant) serological diagnosis. METHODS: Between March 1997 and June 2003 the relatives and steady sexual partners of seropositive, asymptomatic blood donors were investigated for the presence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II. Diagnosis was based on enzyme-linked immunoassay and Western blot. To determine the direction of transmission, demographic and behavioral data were obtained through questionnaires. All participants lived in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte capital of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type was 25.9% among 352 relatives of 343 seropositive patients. The prevalence rates in mothers, sexual partners, and children of seropositive donors were 36.6% (15/41), 35.9% (42/117), and 17.5% (34/194), respectively. The demographic and behavioral data obtained suggest greater efficiency of male-to-female transmission. CONCLUSION: The observed prevalence rates suggest there is familial aggregation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus infection. The main transmission mode was horizontal (sexual). It is important to identify the presence of the virus in family members of infected individuals, even if they are asymptomatic. Doing so may lead to a better understanding of how the virus spreads and more efficient measure for preventing disease transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Secretive females or swaggering males? An assessment of the quality of sexual partnership reporting in rural Tanzania.

In population-based surveys on sexual behaviour, men consistently report higher numbers of sexual partners than women, which may be associated with male exaggeration or female under-reporting or with issues related to sampling, such as exclusion of female sex workers. This paper presents an analysis of data collected in the context of a longitudinal study in rural Tanzania, where a sexual partnership module was applied to all participating men and women in the study population. Since the study design included all men and women of reproductive ages and did not involve sampling, these data provide a unique opportunity to compare the consistency of aggregate measures of sexual behaviour between men and women living in the same villages. The analysis shows that non-marital partnerships were common amongst single people of both sexes--around 70% of unmarried men and women report at least one sexual partner in the last year. However, 40% of married men also report having non-marital partners, but only 3% of married women did so. Single women reported about half as many multiple partnerships in the last year as men. Under-reporting of non-marital partnerships was much more common among single women than among married women and men. Furthermore, women were more likely to report longer duration partnerships and partnership with urban men or more educated men than with others. If a woman reports multiple partners, biological data indicate that she is at high risk of contracting HIV. For men, however, there is only a weak association between number of partnerships and the risk of HIV, and it cannot be excluded that men, especially single men, exaggerate the number of sexual partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Human papillomavirus infection in sexually active adolescent females: prevalence and risk factors.

We examined the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and associated risk factors for infection with HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35, in 661 sexually active adolescent females attending family planning clinics. Fifteen percent were positive for HPV DNA by RNA-DNA dot-blot hybridization. More than 60% of the HPV-positive subjects harbored at least one of the following cancer-related HPV types: 16, 18, 31, 33, or 35. Those with HPV had a mean range of four to 10 lifetime sexual partners compared with a mean range of one to three in those without HPV (p less than 0.001). After the analysis was adjusted for number of lifetime sexual partners, no other risk factor was associated with HPV infection. We conclude that oncogenic-related HPV types are common sexually transmitted organisms found in our population. The strong relationship with number of sexual partners suggests that acquisition of HPV infection is predominantly influenced by sexual behavior. However, in our population, confounders such as oral contraceptive use, past history of Chlamydia trachomatis infection, or substance abuse were not found to be significant independent risk factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Street youth in Los Angeles. Profile of a group at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize an urban street youth population, their self-reported rates of drug use, and their involvement in behaviors that put them at risk for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. DESIGN: A brief structured interview was administered to 409 youths who had been living on the streets for 2 or more consecutive months, or who were fully integrated into the "street economy." SETTING: Thirty percent of the sample were recruited from community-based service sites and 70% were recruited from street locations and at natural hangouts. PARTICIPANTS: Youths were aged 12 to 23 years; 74% were male, 48% were ethnic minorities, 72% were homeless, 14% were gang affiliated, 20% were involved in drug dealing, 43% were engaged in survival sex (ie, the exchange of a sexual favor for money, food, a place to stay, clothes, and/or drugs), and 40% were homosexual or bisexual. RESULTS: Seventy percent of the youths were sexually active, with an average of 11.7 sexual partners (past 30 days). Youths with multiple sexual partners were more likely to have had a previous sexually transmitted disease (P < .01), to use drugs during sex (P < .001), and to be involved in survival sex (P < .001). Marijuana (55%), methamphetamine (62%), and crack (38%) were the drugs of choice, with 30% of the sample reporting injecting drug use (58% of this subset reported injecting drug use within the past 30 days). Substance-abusing youth were 3.6 times more likely to use drugs during sex, 2.2 times more likely to engage in survival sex, and 2.5 times more likely to have been diagnosed as having a sexually transmitted disease. CONCLUSIONS: High-risk sexual and drug use behaviors were prevalent and interrelated in this urban street youth sample. This suggests the need for new and innovative educational promotions and prevention interventions targeted to this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Risk factors for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and prevention practices among US heterosexual adults: changes from 1990 to 1992.

OBJECTIVES: The National AIDS Behavioral Survey (1990-1992) of heterosexual adults (18-49 years) measured human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk factors, condom use, and HIV antibody testing, with a focus on major "high-risk" cities. METHODS: A longitudinal survey was conducted. RESULTS: There was little reduction in the overall prevalence of HIV risk factors in the national or high-risk cities cohorts over time. Despite this picture of stability, approximately 39% of the population at risk for HIV because of multiple sexual partners turns over annually. There was little change in HIV test-seeking or in consistent condom use with primary sexual partners. Although the majority of at-risk respondents used condoms sporadically or not at all (65%), a significant increase in condom use was found among those reporting multiple sexual partners in both waves, particularly among Black heterosexuals. Data from other surveys and condom sales nationally support the findings. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for a series of surveys in this area to assess the reliability of the present findings and to monitor the general US population's response to prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The male street prostitute: a vector for transmission of HIV infection into the heterosexual world.

Two hundred and eleven New Orleans male street prostitutes were interviewed and tested for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The subjects' lifestyle characteristics and their sex and drug use practices were evaluated to determine the prostitutes' potential to function as a vector for transmission of HIV into populations with currently low infection rates. Information about the customers of the male prostitutes was also obtained from the sample. The period prevalence of HIV in the sample was 175/1000. Many of the male prostitutes reported having wives or girlfriends, some of whom were prostitutes themselves. The prostitutes perceived a majority of their male customers to be heterosexual or bisexual (indicating sexual contact with women as well as men), many (39%) were thought to be married. Results from the study support the argument that male prostitutes serve as a bridge of HIV infection into populations with currently low infection rates through contact with both non-customer sexual partners and customers and thus indirectly to spouses and sexual partners of these individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Hepatitis C virus among high and low risk pregnant women in Dundee: unlinked anonymous testing.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of the hepatitis C virus among pregnant women, to gauge the non-injecting, particularly sexual, risk of them being hepatitis C virus infected and to assess the potential impact of selective antenatal screening. POPULATION: Antenatal clinic attenders and women undergoing termination of pregnancy in 1997. SETTING: Ninewells Hospital, Dundee. DESIGN: Unlinked anonymous hepatitis C virus antibody testing of residual sera from specimens sent to the virus laboratory for routine serological testing. The results were linked to non-identifying risk information. RESULTS: Overall anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence was 0.6% (23/3,548). Prevalences among injecting drug users, non-injectors who had a sexual partner who injected, and those with neither risk respectively were 41% (7/17), 15% (5/33) and 0.3% (11/3,498). Relative risks for being an injector and a sexual partner of an injector respectively were 131 (95% CI 58-297) and 48 (95% CI 5-32). It is estimated that one of the 18 antenatal clinic attenders gave birth to an infected child. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that non-injecting partners of injectors may be at considerable risk of acquiring hepatitis C virus sexually. Efforts to promote the use of condoms among injectors and their sexual partners should be increased. Selective anti-hepatitis C virus screening of women who reported high risk behaviour would have failed to detect half the cases. Research to gauge the views of women of childbearing age on anti-hepatitis C virus testing is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Bacterial vaginosis in lesbians: evidence for lack of sexual transmission.

The effect of non-heterosexual factors on the vaginal flora has been studied. Ninety-one lesbians attending a specialist genitourinary medicine service for lesbians were studied. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was diagnosed in 51.6% of them. While most of the women had previously had a male sexual partner, the presence of BV was not associated with a male sexual partner in the previous 12 months. A detailed analysis of lesbian sexual practices in the group did not relate BV to any sexual practice which would have the propensity to pass vaginal secretions from one to the other.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Role of sexual behavior in the acquisition of asymptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: The natural history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is poorly defined. We report the prevalence and subsequent incidence of EBV infection in a cohort of sexually active young women and explore the social and sexual determinants of incident infections. METHODS: The study population was drawn from a cohort of young women, who were recruited for a longitudinal study of risk factors for early cervical neoplasia. A case-control analysis, nested within the cohort of 45 women for whom the first EBV sample tested was EBV-negative and who had further follow-up, was undertaken. EBV serostatus was determined in serum with a synthetic peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; EBV DNA was measured in cervical smears with the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of 1023 women 15-19 years of age included in this analysis, 978 (95.6%) tested positive for antibodies to EBV in their first serum sample. Of 45 women who tested negative, 22 subsequently acquired an asymptomatic EBV infection; the median time to seroconversion was 25 months (range, 1-60 months), and the median age at seroconversion was 18 years (range, 16-21 years). The risk of seroconversion increased with increasing number of sexual partners [compared with 1 partner, odds ratio (OR) was 1.28 for 2 partners and 2.23 for 3 or more; chiTREND 5.02; df 1; P < 0.05] and was greatest when a new sexual partner had been acquired in the 2 years before seroconversion (OR 4.78; chi 4.62; df 1; P < 0.05). EBV DNA was detected in 9 of 14 women who seroconverted and who also provided cervical samples. CONCLUSIONS: In susceptible young women, the acquisition of EBV infection is associated with their sexual behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in female college students.

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from genital specimens from 21 (4.9%) of 431 female college students. Antibody to C. trachomatis was found in the genital secretions of 52 (11.9%) of 437 women. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed race, number of sexual partners, and use of barrier methods of contraception to be predictive of infection with C. trachomatis. Logistic regression analysis found race, number of sexual partners, use of barrier methods of contraception, and presence of cervical erythema to be predictive of local chlamydial antibody. White participants were infected less often (12 of 388 (3.1%)) than black participants (9 of 43 (20.9%)) (p less than 0.001) and were less likely to have local chlamydial antibody. None of the sexually inexperienced women were infected or had local antibody. Among the sexually experienced women, chlamydial infection and local chlamydial antibody increased with increasing number of sexual partners only for women who were not using barrier methods of contraception. Sexually experienced women who used barrier methods of contraception (condom, diaphragm) were less likely to be infected (one of 105 (1.0%)) than were sexually experienced women who used other contraceptive measures or who did not use contraception (20 of 276 (7.2%)) (p = 0.031). Women who used barrier methods of contraception also were less likely to have local chlamydial antibody. Women with cervical erythema were more likely to have local chlamydial antibody (4 of 11 (36.4%)) than women without cervical erythema (48 of 426 (11.3%)). Vaginal colonization with other sexually transmitted microorganisms (Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis) was noted more often among women with chlamydial infection than among uninfected women.

Adult↗