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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Two genes encode the adenine nucleotide translocator of maize mitochondria. Isolation, characterisation and expression of the structural genes.

Southern blot hybridisation of maize (Zea mays) genomic DNA with a specific cDNA probe and sequence analysis of several cDNAs have revealed that the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator (ADP/ATP carrier) is encoded by two genes, both of which are expressed in dark-grown coleoptile tissue. The structural genes (designated ANT-G1 and ANT-G2), encoding the two translocator polypeptides, have been isolated from a maize genomic library and characterised by DNA sequence analysis, mung bean nuclease mapping and primer extension. The two genes each contain two introns and encode very similar proteins. Transcripts from both genes have long (approximately 200 nucleotides) 5' untranslated leaders which are unusual in that they contain several ATG codons upstream of the initiation codon. Transcript analysis of RNA extracted from serial sections of developing maize leaves reveals that the translocator genes are most actively transcribed in the basal meristem, while transcripts were undetectable in green leaves.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1975

Estimates of orthodontic treatment need in Danish schoolchildren.

Orthodontic treatment need has been assessed on the basis of complete orthodontic records in a random sample of 293 Danish children aged 13-17 years by a group of postgraduate orthodontic students and by three orthodontists. The estimates of treatment need ranged from 45% to 61%. Interexaminer agreement in pairs was observed in 77%-92% (mean 83%) of the cases. Uniformity in four individual assessments was reached in 69% of the cases: 38% were considered in need of treatment and 31% were considered not to present such need; conversely, 31% gave rise to disagreement. It is argued that, at present, the orthodontist's subjective estimate of treatment need probably constitutes a more realistic approach to the problem of assigning treatment priority than the various indices of malocclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1961

Indole-like urinary stress reactant in man.

Paper chromatograms on extracts from serial 6-hr urine samples from humans of both sexes on indole-controlled diets revealed either the appearance of or marked increment in "spot 32" (1) after ACTH gel injections. This corresponds in time and duration with the rise in 17-hydroxycorticoid excretion. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 28 other urinary indoles failed to show this rise predictably.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of unusual escape variants of hepatitis B virus isolated from a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative subject.

Hepatitis B virus DNA was extracted from serial serum samples of a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative patient with antibodies to the core protein as the only marker of an infection with hepatitis B virus. This patient showed no symptoms of hepatic injury. Sequencing of the amplified viral DNA demonstrated multiple amino acid changes clustering in surface-exposed regions of the surface protein. Synthesis and association of the middle (M) and small (S) surface proteins could be shown in vitro. The variant surface antigens were recognized neither by monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigen nor by the vaccinee's sera. Consequences for hepatitis B surface antigen testing and vaccine development are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Keratin expression during normal epidermal differentiation.

The four major epidermal keratins (65-67K, 58K, 56K, and 50K) have been localized in various cell layers of normal human epidermis. Guinea pig antisera and mouse monoclonal antibodies were prepared against human epidermal keratins and were characterized with respect to their specificity to individual keratin polypeptides by the immunoblot technique. These antibodies were used to stain vertical frozen sections of skin, and to identify keratins extracted from serial, horizontal skin sections. The results indicate that: (1) a 65-67K keratin component is limited to the suprabasal layers, (2) a 58K keratin is present throughout the epidermis, (3) a 56K keratin appears to be made only in cells above the basal layer, possibly in the upper spinous or granular layer, and (4) a 50K keratin is present in all living layers but is largely eliminated during stratum corneum formation. The 65-67K and 56K keratins, which are characteristic of suprabasal, terminally differentiated keratinocytes, may be regarded as molecular markers of keratinization.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1972

Phenobarbital-induced alterations in vitamin D metabolism.

The metabolic fate of intravenously injected vitamin D(3)-1,2-(3)H (D(3)-(3)H) was studied in two normal individuals on chronic phenobarbital therapy. Silicic acid column chromatography of lipid-soluble plasma extracts obtained serially for 96 hr after D(3)-(3)H injection demonstrated a decreased plasma D(3)-(3)H half-life and increased conversion to more polar metabolites. The polar metabolites formed included several with chromatographic mobility similar to known biologically inactive vitamin D metabolites and one with chromatographic mobility identical to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Disappearance of this latter material was also accelerated. A child with rickets and a normal volunteer studied before and after a 2 wk course of phenobarbital therapy demonstrated similar alterations in D(3)-(3)H metabolism. When liver microsomes from 3-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats treated with phenobarbital were incubated with D(3)-(3)H, polar metabolites were produced with chromatographic mobility similar to the plasma D(3)-(3)H metabolites from phenobarbital-treated humans. Similar incubations employing 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol-26-27-(3)H as the substrate also demonstrated an increased conversion to polar metabolites. The data suggest that the reported increased incidence of osteomalacia observed in patients on chronic anticonvulsant therapy may be the result of an accelerated conversion of vitamin D and its active metabolite, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, to polar metabolites by druginduced liver microsomal enzymes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The isolation and characterization of a Norwalk virus-specific cDNA.

Norwalk virus, an important cause of epidemic, acute, nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults and children, has eluded adaptation to tissue culture, the development of an animal model, and molecular cloning. In this study, a portion of the Norwalk viral genome encoding an immunoreactive region was cloned from very small quantities of infected stool using sequence-independent single primer amplification. Six overlapping complementary DNA (cDNA) clones were isolated by immunologic screening. The expressed recombinant protein from a representative clone reacted with six of seven high titer. Norwalk-specific, postinfection sera but not with corresponding preinfection sera. Nucleic acid sequence for all clones defined a single open reading frame contiguous with the lambda gt11-expressed beta-galactosidase protein. Only oligonucleotide probes specific for the positive strand (defined by the open reading frame) hybridized to an RNaseA-sensitive, DNaseI-resistant nucleic acid sequence extracted from Norwalk-infected stool. Furthermore, RNA extracted from serial postinfection, but not preinfection, stools from three of five volunteers hybridized to a Norwalk virus cDNA probe. Clone-specific oligonucleotide probes hybridized with cesium chloride gradient fractions containing purified Norwalk virion. In conclusion, an antigenic, protein-coding region of the Norwalk virus genome has been identified. This epitope has potential utility in future sero- and molecular epidemiologic studies of Norwalk viral gastroenteritis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Orthodontic screening of nine-year-old children.

Two groups of nine-year-old children were examined for orthodontic problems using a Severity Index. Patients who had been referred by general dental practitioners to a Consultant Orthodontist had significantly more occlusal problems than the controls. Seventy-one per cent of the referred patients were assessed as needing immediate treatment. The results of this study cast doubt upon the need for routine screening of nine-year-olds in an area where the general dental service is efficiently run and has good liaison with the District Hospital.

Child↗
PubMed1989

A cephalometric investigation of overjet changes in fifty severe Class II division I malocclusions.

A retrospective cephalometric study of 50 consecutively completed Class II Division I malocclusion cases was carried out in order to analyse the resultant data for craniofacial features which might act as predictors for successful overjet reduction. All the patients had clinically measured overjets of between 10 mm and 15 mm at the start of treatment. The sample was subsequently divided into two groups depending on whether or not the overjet had been reduced to 4 mm or less at the end of treatment. No firm predictors were found, but the most favourable results were achieved with the Begg appliance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A profile of orthodontic treatment in the general dental service in Scotland 1979-1987.

The study casts and records of two samples of patients who had received orthodontic treatment involving the use of appliances within the General Dental Service (GDS) in Scotland during 1979/81 and 1986/87 were examined to study the pattern of treatment, and to determine whether there had been any change over this period. Both samples contained a wide range of malocclusions which were treated mostly with removable appliances. Although few fixed appliances were used and few lower arch treatments were carried out there was a trend towards a greater use of these appliances and an increase in these treatments in 1986/87 compared with 1979/81. There was no change in the infrequent use of headgear while functional appliances were used in only six of the treatments in the 1986/87 sample as compared to none in the 1979/81 sample. In the more recent sample many more treatments were undertaken by 'specialist' General Dental Practitioners (i.e. those who work in the GDS, but limit their practice to orthodontics) and fewer treatments were undertaken under the direction of a Consultant Orthodontist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A study of need and demand for orthodontic treatment in two contrasting National Health Service regions.

A study has been made of attitudes towards the need for orthodontic treatment and its acceptability to fifth year high school pupils in two regional health authorities in England, selected because of differences in the number of orthodontists practising in the regions and in the amount of General Dental Service orthodontics undertaken in each. The respondents in both regions showed similar levels of awareness to the need for treatment, but treatment was found to be less acceptable to those in the region where less orthodontic appliance therapy was being undertaken. The differences between regions were greater in girls than boys. In both regions, girls were more aware of malocclusions than boys and were more prepared to accept treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The initial use of a computer-controlled expert system in the treatment planning of Class II division 1 malocclusion.

A computer based expert system for providing orthodontic advice for Class II Division 1 malocclusion has been developed and evaluated. Treatment plans produced by the system for 31 non-prior approval cases drawn from material provided by the Dental Practice Board were compared with the treatments actually carried out by the practitioners. The shortcomings of the system are discussed.

Decision Trees↗
PubMed1992

The Barry Project--a cephalometric assessment of treatment change in a consecutive sample of malocclusion.

This is the last of a three-part series examining the results of orthodontic treatment in a consecutive sample of malocclusion from a Welsh town. The cephalometric changes are compared for the different treatment regimes which were employed. Where the variables being examined were common to both radiographs and study cast records the treatment changes observed for the regimes were similar. Only limited 'skeletal' change, interpreted as a change in a few cephalometric measurements, was found to occur during treatment. Perhaps of most interest was the consistent reduction of 'A' point in the full fixed appliance group.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1992

The prevalence and severity of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment in 9-, 12-, and 15-year-old Glasgow schoolchildren.

An epidemiological investigation involving 765 Glasgow schoolchildren aged nine, twelve, and fifteen years was undertaken to assess the severity of malocclusion, the need for orthodontic treatment, and the proportion of children in each age group who had previously received treatment. An index termed the Malocclusion Severity Index (MSI) was developed to establish objectively the severity of malocclusion in each individual. Fifty sets of orthodontic study models and six orthodontists assessed the reproducibility and validity of the index. Although there was a significant reduction in the proportion of children in need of orthodontic treatment between 9 and 15 years of age, a considerable number were still in need of treatment; crowding of their dentitions being responsible for the majority of the treatment requirement. The MSI was found to be as precise and valid as previously developed occlusal indices, for estimating the treatment needs of sample populations.

Adolescent↗