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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Husbandry and diseases of captive wild swine and peccaries.

Wild swine and peccaries are popular exhibit animals throughout the world, but the anatomy and behaviour of these species make it difficult to construct housing and enclosures which are suitable from an aesthetic and sanitation standpoint. African wild suids may serve as reservoir hosts for African swine fever. Likewise, African suids are susceptible to most of the viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases of domestic swine. Wild swine and peccaries are not an important source of zoonotic diseases. Despite having similar anatomy, peccaries differ from wild European and African suids in their susceptibility to diseases (e.g. peccaries are not affected by African swine fever.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

The public health risks associated with wild and feral swine.

Wild swine populations (Sus scrofa) are present in many regions of the world. Large feral populations in North America and Australia are principally derived from introduced domestic pigs. In Europe, most wild boar are found in Germany and Poland. While wild swine are certainly a significant reservoir of infection for domestic swine diseases (for example, African swine fever virus in wild boar in Sardinia), these swine generally do not constitute a major public health risk. Brucella suis infections and trichinellosis are the most important zoonotic threats to public health.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and swine in central Mexico.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogenic bacterium that can reside undetected in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle because colonization by this bacterium is asymptomatic. Recent research has indicated that swine can carry and transmit this pathogen as well. The development of more advanced and sensitive detection techniques has improved the limit of detection and increased sensitivity for this important pathogen. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle and swine in Mexico with the more sensitive detection technique of immunomagnetic bead separation. Samples (n = 60 per farm) were taken from four cattle and four swine farms (n = 240 cattle samples, n = 240 swine samples) located throughout central Mexico in October 2001. The prevalence of E. coli O157 was found to be only 1.25% on cattle farms and 2.1% on swine farms. The prevalence in cattle in this study is lower than that reported in the United States and could be related to the lower reported prevalence of E. coli O157 in humans in Mexico. However, further research is needed to verify prevalence throughout other regions of Mexico, as well as prevalence during other seasons of the year.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Visceral helminth communities of an insular population of feral swine.

Nine species of helminths, all nematodes, were recovered from the viscera of 48 feral swine (Sus scrofa) from Cumberland Island, Georgia. Both the overdispersed frequency distributions and the abundances of the four common species of helminths (Stephanurus dentatus, Metastrongylus apri, M. pudendotectus and Gongylonema pulchrum) did not vary significantly across the main and interactive effects of host sex and/or seasons. Whether or not the present low population densities of feral swine on Cumberland Island has influenced the pattern of fluctuations in abundances of helminth species across seasons as often observed in helminth communities from other hosts was not resolved. The apparent recent decline in prevalences and abundances, and the loss of certain species from the helminth communities of feral swine on the island may be explained partially by the decreasing transmission potentials of direct life cycle species caused by a recent marked reduction of numbers of individuals in the host population. Conversely, the apparent increased prevalence and abundance of three species of helminths (S. dentatus, M. apri and M. pudendotectus) may be related to their common utilization of earthworms as paratenic or intermediate hosts. Gongylonema pulchrum was the only helminth in which abundances seemed to remain unchanged. This was the only species that was not strictly host specific to feral swine. We found no evidence that helminth infections were responsible for morbidity or mortality in this feral swine population.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Serum haptoglobin concentration in swine naturally or experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

Serum haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations were measured in swine that were naturally or experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In swine from a specific-pathogen-free herd, mean serum concentration of Hp (+/- SD) was 5.79 +/- 1.06 mg of cyanmethemoglobin-binding capacity (CHBC)/dl. Serum Hp concentrations in paired samples were measured at 7-day intervals in 40 swine randomly selected from a conventional herd that was experiencing an acute episode of pneumonia and deaths caused by A pleuropneumoniae serotype-5 infection. Day-0 and -7 serum Hp concentrations were 24.58 +/- 1.38 and 23.10 +/- 1.12 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, with no significant difference between these measurements. In a second conventional herd with a history of chronic infection with A pleuropneumoniae serotype 5, serum concentrations of Hp measured in paired samples obtained 6 days apart were 12.36 +/- 0.81 and 18.63 +/- 0.76 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different from each other. Twenty-nine 12-week-old conventional swine were challenged intranasally with A pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 (n = 19) and serotype 5 (n = 10). Serum Hp concentration increased from prechallenge concentrations of 7.49 +/- 1.38 and 15.10 +/- 1.22 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, to 41.01 +/- 1.35 and 22.37 +/- 1.78 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, 72 hours after challenge. For these 29 swine, serum Hp concentration was positively correlated with rectal temperature (r = 0.34; P < 0.001) during the immediate postchallenge period.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2006

Oral vaccination against swine erysipelas--field experiences in Croatia.

In order to prove the effects of mass application of oral erysipelas vaccine via drinking water, in a farrow-to-finish production unit in Croatia, the growing-finishing animals were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows:--Group 1 (n=199) was vaccinated intramuscularly against swine erysipelas at 1 week and 3 weeks after arrival in the growing-finishing facility with a swine erysipelas bacterin.--Group 2 (n=199) were vaccinated at the same time with an avirulent culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae oral vaccine through drinking water.--Group 3 (n=200) was not vaccinated. Animals with clinical signs of swine erysipelas, chronic progressive arthritis at slaughter, mortality, average daily weight gain during the growing-finishing phase were evaluated. None of the pigs in the groups 1 and 2 showed clinical signs typical for acute swine erysipelas. Twenty-four of the pigs (12 %) in group 3 had pyrexia and skin lesions typical for swine erysipelas. Fifteen pigs in group 1, 13 pigs in group 2, and 63 pigs in group 3 had chronic progressive arthritis (group 1 and 2 vs. group 3: P < 0.01). No significant differences in mortality were recorded between the groups. Group 1 and 2 had higher (P < 0.05) average daily weight gains compared with the group 3.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Leukocyte-aggregation assay for transmissible gastroenteritis of swine.

An in vitro leukocyte-aggregation assay was developed to detect the exposure of swine to transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Leukocytes in heparinized blood samples aggregated when mixed with test antigen prepared from transmissible gastroenteritis-infected swine testicle cell cultures. Twenty-two of 23 swine exposed 3 days or more were positive or suspects in the assay; 6 nonexposed swine were negative. Aggregation was shown as early as 3 days postexposure in 1 sow and persisted for as long as 14 months in another. Persistence of the assay was proved by repeated evaluations on 2 experimentally exposed swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Study on the swine glomerulopathy resembling human IgA nephropathy].

Naturally occurring swine glomerulopathy was investigated and its glomerular tissue injury was compared with that of human IgA nephropathy. Mild proteinuria (30%) and microhematuria (17%) was found in 30 six-month-old swine. Serum creatinine level was 1.8 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- SD) mg/dl. Light microscopy (LM) disclosed diffuse or focal glomerulopathy with mesangial enlargement and hemispherical deposits in six-month-old swine. Electron microscopy revealed dense deposits in the mesangial, para-mesangial and sub-endothelium areas. On immunofluorescence+ (IF) staining findings, granular deposits of IgA (97%), IgG (97%), IgM (80%), C3 (100%), and mycoplasma hyorhinis (MH) antigen (90%) were found in the mesangial areas and along the capillary walls. One three-month-old pig and one five-year-old Goettingen mini pig were also found to have granular deposits of immunoglobulin and MH antigen in the glomerulus. In contrast, no glomerular lesion was found in all 4 new-born pigs and 4 fetal pigs by LM and IF study. In six-month-old swine anti-nuclear factor and anti-DNA antibody were negative, and no pathological lesion was found in the liver by LM. And IgA and MH antigen containing circling immune complexes were positive in sera by Raji cell assay, and moreover IgA and MH antigen was found co-depositing by the double stain techniques. These findings suggest that swine glomerulopathy is similar in appearance to human IgA nephropathy and MH antigen may contribute to the development of this nephropathy.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Epizootic of concurrent cutaneous streptococcal abscesses and swinepox in a herd of swine.

Concurrent cutaneous abscesses and swinepox were observed in a herd of swine. An ungroupable hemolytic streptococcus was isolated from the abscesses. Tests indicated that streptococci isolated from different swine were similar if not identical. Swinepox lesions were observed on swine only after weaning. Lice (Haematopinus suis) were numerous on the suckling and weaned swine and appeared to be resistant to lindane. Abscesses, swinepox, and lice were eliminated after the swine were treated with an organic phosphate insecticide and antibacterial agents were added to the rations.

Abscess↗
PubMed1978

Virus isolation and immune responses in susceptible swine exposed with pseudorabies virus (Shope strain).

Eighteen seronegative swine weighing from 9 to 11 kg were exposed intranasally with the Shope strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) and were observed for 21 days in an experiment to detect virus shedding and immune responses. All swine had PRV in their nasal passages at 7 days after exposure; they also had precipitating antibodies to PRV as determined by the microimmunodiffusion test (MIDT) and very low levels of virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies. The PRV was isolated from only 2 swine at postexposure day 14; all swine were MIDT positive, and VN titers ranged from 4 to 128. Virus was not isolated from the swine at 21 days after exposure, but all were MIDT positive; VN titers ranged between 8 and greater than or equal to 256.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Compensatory increase in calcium extrusion activity of untreated lymphocytes from swine susceptible to malignant hyperthermia.

We tested the hypothesis that lymphocytes from swine with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH) had calcium extrusion activity higher than unaffected swine. Cytoplasmic concentration of ionized calicum was determined by use of dual emission spectrofluorometry and measurement of the ratio of free to calcium-bound form of the fluorescent calcium dye indo-1. Net calcium accumulation and unidirectional calcium extrusion rate were dependent on intracellular calcium concentration. Calcium extrusion from calcium-loaded lymphocytes was monitored while calcium influx was inhibited by suspending the cells in calcium-free medium with a calcium chelator. Net calcium accumulation of untreated lymphocytes was monitored in calcium-replete medium. A novel method of calculation of ionized calcium was used. This method confirmed our previous findings of lower ionized calcium concentration (86 +/- 40 and 370 +/- 216 nmol/L; P less than 0.01) and slower rates of calcium accumulation 39 +/- 16 and 127 +/- 52 nmol/L/min) in untreated lymphocytes from MH-susceptible swine compared with controls. These changes were attributable to calcium extrusion activity two- to three-fold higher in lymphocytes of MH-susceptible swine (154 +/- 36 and 408 +/- 47 nmol/L/min at 175 nmol/L; 972 +/- 111 and 1,690 +/- 505 nmol/L/min at 425 nmol/L). These data were compatible with our model of higher calcium extrusion activity being a compensatory adaptation of MH-susceptible swine lymphocytes to their hypersensitivity to stimuli that increase cytoplasmic calcium concentration.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Antiviral effectiveness of butylated hydroxytoluene against pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus in cell culture, mice, and swine.

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was evaluated for antiviral effectiveness on pseudorabies virus (PRV) in cell culture, mice, and swine. When relatively small amounts of BHT were mixed with PRV and incubated at 37 C for 30 or 60 minutes before inoculation into cell cultures, the cell cultures did not become infected with virus. The PRV was not infectious when the virus was treated with BHT and then inoculated intraperitoneally into mice, but was infectious when BHT and PRV were inoculated simultaneously or when BHT was inoculated either 30 or 60 minutes before PRV. Swine fed BHT-medicated feed for 10 days before they were intranasally exposed with virulent PRV did not have overt signs of pseudorabies, had a lower concentration of PRV in nasal mucus than did control swine, and had acceptable blood enzyme and cholesterol concentrations during the experiment. The BHT was detected in tissues of 2 swine after they were fed BHT-medicated feed for 10 days, and higher concentrations of BHT were detected in tissues of 3 swine given BHT feed for 29 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Growth of Sinclair swine melanoma as a function of age, histopathological staging, and gonadal status.

We have analyzed the association between host hormonal status and growth rate of congenital exophytic melanomas of Sinclair swine. The growth of multiple exophytic lesions during the first year of life of intact males, orchiectomized males, intact females, and ovariectomized females was quantitated using a proliferative index which assigned a numerical value to fixed increments of gains or losses in tumor volume. The proliferative index from 6 wk (gonadectomy at 6 wk) to 52 wk of age of each treatment group was statistically increased from 0 (P less than 0.01) except that of gonadectomized females. The proliferative indices from lesions in gonadectomized females were significantly lower than those from intact males, intact females, and gonadectomized males. A total of 93 exophytic tumors from 63 swine were biopsied and histopathologically staged according to the degree of progression or regression and analyzed as a function of animal age. There were no Stage I and only two Stage II lesions at the time biopsies were taken. Twenty-six of 32 (81.2%) Stage III tumors were found in swine of both sexes less than 26 wk of age of which 71.8% were found less than 10 wk of age, while 20 of 29 (68.9%) were Stage IV, and only 3 of 32 (9%) were Stage V lesions present in this age group (P less than 0.001, chi 2). Only 20.7% of Stage IV tumors were present prior to 6 wk of age. Preliminary results suggest that castration of either sex also altered tumor histopathology. Our data suggest that a reduction in gonadal steroid secretion was associated with a decrease in exophytic tumor growth rate and regression in animals of both sexes during the first year of life in Sinclair swine. The effect in female swine was due to significant reduction in the proliferative index over the first 6 mo of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Synthesis of African swine fever (ASF) virus-specific antibodies in vitro in a porcine leucocyte system.

We have developed a system of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells for the synthesis of antibodies in vitro, induced by partially purified African swine fever virus particles inactivated with formaldehyde. The antibodies synthesized were detected by a radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 3 ng of immunoglobulin. Primary responses were dependent on supernatants from peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with concanavalin A, macrophages and T lymphocytes. Secondary responses did not require concanavalin A-conditioned medium. The kinetics of antibody synthesis was similar in both primary and secondary responses, but the extent of synthesis was four to five times larger in the secondary than in the primary response. The antibodies synthesized in vitro were specific for African swine fever virus antigens (and did not react with viral antigen other than that from African swine fever virus particles), in contrast to pokeweed mitogen-induced antibodies, which reacted with all the antigens tested. African swine fever virus-induced antibodies did not neutralize the virus. These results and the inability of the virus to stimulate a primary response in the absence of concanavalin A supernatants indicate that inactivated African swine fever virus is not a polyclonal stimulator.

African Swine Fever Virus↗
PubMed1965

Observations on a swine herd health program.

Observations on a swine herd health program are reported. A primary purpose was to show that such programs could provide economic benefits to swine breeders and sources for breeding stock of minimum disease status. The possible influence of diseases of swine, including atrophic rhinitis and virus pneumonia, on both aspects are discussed. The inadequacy of knowledge of diseases of swine, both specifically and generally, is pointed out. Veterinary supervision of a swine herd will result in economic benefits to an average capable owner. There is both merit and need for such programs, but as to what health standards would be reasonable, practical, and meaningful, is still not clearly defined.

Alberta↗
PubMed1967

African swine fever. IV. Demonstration of the viral antigen by means of immunofluorescence.

African swine fever immunofluorescent conjugates were prepared in swine and used successfully in the demonstration of viral antigen in frozen tissue sections and in inoculated tissue culture cells. Cross reactivity was observed with the six strains used in the inoculation of swine. The high antibody content of the serum of immune swine did not interfere with demonstration of the antigen in frozen tissue sections of certain of their organs. The localisation and extent of antigen varied with the stage of infection. The virus was demonstrated in spleen and other organs as early as after one day of pyrexia and until after death of the animal. A pool of hog cholera and African swine fever conjugates stained with dyes of different colours was used in the localisation of respective antigens in experimental mixed infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

The effect of vaccination with a live attenuated strain of Japanese encephalitis virus on stillbirths in swine in Taiwan.

Since an excellent candidate strain (M) for live virus vaccination of swine against Japanese encephalitis was developed, a number of large vaccination programmes have been implemented in Japan with the aim of controlling Japanese encephalitis epidemics in man by reducing the population size of nonimmune swine. Encouraging results have been obtained but no studies have been made on the benefits of live-virus vaccination to the industry. In order to determine the effect of vaccination upon the number of stillbirths occurring in the Japanese encephalitis post-emergence season, a total of 74 vaccinated, and subsequently mated, gilts at a large breeding farm in subtropical Taiwan were subjected to follow-up observations in comparison with a control group. The total incidence of litter stillbirths in the vaccinated group (1/74) was significantly lower than that in the control group (21/68). Over 92% of the newborn piglets from the vaccinated gilts were healthy, while 31.6-54.1% of the newborn piglets in the control groups were stillborn. The litter size of vaccinated gilts was larger than that of the control gilts. The vaccine was shown by tests in 22 swine to have an adequate degree of safety. Four weeks after vaccination with either 10(5.6) or 10(8.0) smicLD(50) of virus, all the swine developed an adequate level of antibody. The results indicate that live virus vaccination could benefit the industry in addition to achieving the main aim of controlling Japanese encephalitis viraemia in swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in swine infected with Mycobacterium avium.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting the antibodies in sera from swine experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium. Positive ELISA reactions were observed in the sera of each of six swine at postinoculation weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10; no reaction was observed in noninoculated controls. The ELISA reactions were observed in each of two swine at 4, 6, 8, 10 weeks following exposure to M avium-infected swine. Mycobacterium avium-purified protein derivative and killed cells of M avium serotype 4/8 and serotype 8 provided suitable ELISA reactions in M avium-infected swine.

Animals↗