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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Magnetic resonance imaging of experimentally-induced sialadenitis in rat submandibular glands.

OBJECTIVES: To correlate the features of magnetic resonance (MR) images of experimentally induced obstructive sialadenitis in rat submandibular glands with the histopathological changes. METHODS: Changes in MR images of ligated and non-ligated rat submandibular glands were compared with the histopathological changes and wet weight ratios. Spin echo T1 weighted images (SE T1WI), fast spin echo T2 weighted images (FSE T2WI), and gradient echo T2 weighted images (GE T2WI) were obtained at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 21 days after duct ligation with a 0.3 T MR imaging system. RESULTS: There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the signal intensity ratios of both ligated and non-ligated glands on each day, except at 21 days on GE T2WI. On SE T1WI, small interval changes of signal intensity ratios were observed on both glands, whereas there were large interval changes at 1 - 2 days, 4 - 7 days and 21 days after duct ligation with FSE T2WI. These three periods correlated highly with three phases of histopathological changes, swelling of acinar cells at 1 - 2 days, atrophy of acinar cells and increase of duct-like structures at 3 - 7 days, and proliferation of connective tissue at 21 days, and the changes in wet weight ratios. A similar tendency was observed on GE T2WI to FSE T2WI. CONCLUSIONS: As FSE T2WI showed large changes in signal intensity that correlated highly with histopathological three phases, it is recommended as the MR sequence of choice for diagnosing the degree of damage in obstructive sialadenitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Radiation induced cell loss in rat submandibular gland and its relation to gland function.

PURPOSE: To understand early and late radiation-induced loss of function of the submandibular gland, changes in cell number were documented and correlated with data on gland function. Modulation of the radiation effect by sialogogues was used to investigate possible mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were irradiated with a single dose of 15 Gy of X-rays after pre-treatment with either saline, the muscarinic receptor agonists methacholine or pilocarpine, the adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine or methacholine plus phenylephrine. Before and 1-240 days after irradiation, submandibular saliva flow rate was measured. At the same time points and from comparable animals submandibular glands were carefully extirpated, weighed and prepared for light microscopic examination. RESULTS: Soon after irradiation (<30 days) no significant loss of cells was observed, whereas the gland function was severely compromised. Sialogogue pre-treatment attenuated the radiation-induced loss of gland function. At later intervals a considerable loss of acinar cells and to a lesser extent loss of granular convoluted tubule cells were observed. Gland function subsequently declined slowly. Pre-treatment with sialogogues gave transient protection against cell loss and loss of gland function. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of cell loss observed soon after irradiation indicates that the observed reduction in gland function was caused by a compromised functioning of the acini. The later loss of cells is probably due to death of cells that normally proliferate, leading to a further reduced secretory capacity. Protection of gland morphology and function by sialogogues at later times must therefore involve resistance of progenitor cells to radiation-induced cell death.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1978

An ultrastructural study of the formation of "dark" and "light" cytoplasmic inclusions by murine cytomegalovirus in mouse submandibular gland.

Electron micrographs of acinar cells of the submandibular glands of CFW mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus, Smith strain, were studied. The resulting viral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were classified into two groups termed "light" (relatively electron-lucent) and "dark" (relatively electron-dense). It appeared that the "dark" type was the late stage of inclusion body maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Submandibular gland transfer for severe xerophthalmia.

OBJECTIVE: To report early clinical experience with a new microvascular reconstructive procedure for patients with severe xerophthalmia. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical series. METHODS: Patients with severe xerophthalmia were referred for treatment after having exhausted all conventional means of treatment. The ipsilateral submandibular gland was transferred to the temporal fossa, as described by Macleod et al., and revascularized using the superficial temporal artery and appropriate vein(s). The submandibular duct was directed to the superolateral fornix so that the saliva produced moistened the eye. Results and complications were reviewed. RESULTS: Seven microvascular submandibular gland transfer procedures were performed in five patients, ages 6 to 54. The etiology of severe xerophthalmia was Stevens-Johnson syndrome in four and chemical burn in one. Follow-up time was 4 to 20 months. Successful transfer with revascularization was achieved in six of seven (86%) cases. Schirmer's test scores improved from 1.3 pretransfer to 8.1 posttransfer (P = .005). Patients experienced symptomatic relief within 1 month, and the microenvironment of the eye surface improved enough to make them candidates for visual restorative eye surgery. There were no major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Microvascular submandibular gland transfer is an effective approach for correcting severe xerophthalmia. The procedure should be within the skills of any reconstructive microsurgeon. This procedure offers a unique opportunity for otolaryngologist-head and neck reconstructive surgeons to help restore vision to this unfortunate group of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Acidic beta-galactosidase in the developing mouse submandibular gland.

Acidic beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) is expressed at high concentrations in the salivary glands, where its function is unknown but probably related to lysosomal catabolism of glycolipids or glycoproteins such as mucin. Here, the developmental pattern of the enzyme activity in the submandibular gland of B10A/SGSNJ mice was investigated in relation to the expression of mucin. Biochemical studies indicated that the activity of acidic beta-gal increases significantly from birth to 3 weeks of age (P<0.05). Histochemical staining of the submandibular glands of embryonic day 15 (E15), E18, 3-week-old and adult mice showed a trend of increasing staining intensity accompanied by a change in the cellular distribution of enzyme activity from E15 to adulthood. Acidic beta-gal activity was first evident at E18, around the time mucin production starts, primarily in terminal-bud epithelial cells. The spatial and temporal coordination between the appearance of beta-gal and embryonic mucin in the terminal buds of acinar cells might be related to a role of this enzyme in lysosomal degradation of embryonic mucin. In contrast, in adult mice, beta-gal activity was primarily found in granular-duct cells. The function of beta-gal in duct cells is unclear, but the change in the cellular distribution of beta-gal in the mouse submandibular gland could reflect a change in the substrate specificity of this enzyme between E18 and adulthood.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

A correlative ultrastructural and histochemical study on the submandibular gland of the hare, Lepus europaeus.

A morphological and histochemical study was carried out on the submandibular gland of the hare (Lepus europaeus). The results indicated that it is a characteristic tubulo-acinar gland formed by terminal tracts, preterminal tracts and excretory ducts of various calibre. The striated ducts are formed by dark and pale cells with the pale cells predominating. The results of histochemical staining show that the preterminal tracts did not react to any of the methods used, while the terminal tracts reacted intensely to high or low iron diamine-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate and tannic acid-uranyl acetate, indicating the presence of sulphated, acidic and neutral glycoconjugates. In particular in the terminal tracts the different structural appearance of the electron-lucent granules corresponded to different reactivity. The morphological and histochemical data were compared to those of the rabbit submandibular gland and the functional significance of the cells in the terminal and preterminal tracts was discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[High and low affinity beta adrenergic receptor sites from submandibular glands of mice].

Beta-adrenergic receptors from submandibular glands of mice were studied by equilibrium binding experiments. Due to the fact that some discrepancies were previously observed among different author data, we compared two methods for non specific binding substruction, that represents the major source of errors in such experiments. Data were obtained strongly suggesting the presence of multiple population of binding sites and/or negative cooperativity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hormonal effects on hamster lacrimal gland female-specific major 20 kDa secretory protein and its immunological similarity with submandibular gland major male-specific proteins.

Hormonal regulation of a major 20 kDa protein of hamster exorbital lacrimal gland (LG) was studied by SDS-PAGE profile analysis and the purified protein's antisera was used to screen tissues of hamster and other species for crossreacting proteins. This protein was seen in female LG but not in males and late-pregnant or hCG-treated females. Low estrogen state in females after gonadectomy, prolonged light-deprivation, prolonged starvation or lactation increased its level several folds to approximately 20% of LG soluble proteins and similar levels were induced in males after gonadectomy (low androgen state). However, light-deprivation or melatonin treatment-induced low androgen state in males had no effect. In gonadectomized hamsters, this LG protein was obliterated on treatment with androgens, estrogens or thyroid hormones. Only estrogen inhibition of LG 20 kDa was prevented by simultaneous tamoxifen administration. Simultaneous treatment of gonadectomized hamsters with gonadotrophins and estrogen/androgen did not prevent the LG 20 kDa protein's inhibition. Relative potencies of estrogens (3.6 microg daily dose) were: estradiol-17beta approximately diethylstilbestrol > estrone > estradiol-17alpha, while estriol and chlorotrianisene had no effect. Dexamethasone, progesterone, prolactin, hypothyroid state or adrenalectomy had no effect on LG 20 kDa expression. Western blot studies confirmed the marked repression of LG 20 kDa by estrogen androgen and thyroid hormone and detected the protein in tears of females and gonadectomized hamsters but not in males. Interestingly, among other tissues tested, crossreaction was only seen with the estrogen-repressed 24 and 20.5 kDa major male-specific secretory proteins of hamster submandibular glands (SMG) which were previously reported by us. This strongly indicated that the LG and SMG proteins are products of the same or closely related genes. A possible role for these hamster sex-specific LG and SMG major secretory proteins in olfactory communication is suggested.

Androgens↗
PubMed1986

Inhibition of interleukin 1 activity by a factor in submandibular glands of rats.

With the sequential use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and chromatofocusing, we have partially purified from extracts of the submandibular glands of rats a factor (referred to as submandibular gland's immunosuppressive factor or SMG-ISF) capable of inhibiting the in vitro proliferation of mitogen- and antigen-stimulated murine lymphocytes. The semi-purified suppressor fractions had an isoelectric point of 4.4 to 4.5 and consisted of at least three molecular species. These active fractions suppressed the mitogenic effects of Concanavalin A phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide. In vitro immune reactions such as the mixed lymphocyte culture MLC reaction and the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) across major histocompatibility barriers in mice were also suppressed. These in vitro immunosuppressive effects required the addition of the suppressor fractions early after the initiation of the cultures and were reversed if the factor was removed from the cultures at least 48 to 72 hr before the completion of the assays. The active fractions did not affect the proliferation of CTLL 2 cells induced by interleukin 2 (IL 2), but inhibited the mitogenic and co-stimulatory effects of IL 1 on mouse thymocytes, and in this effect showed a dose-response relation suggestive of a competitive mechanism. These characteristics of SMG-ISF indicate a specific inhibition of the activity of IL 1.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Two types of exocytosis evoked by ACh in salivary acinar cells: a morphological observation in perfused submandibular gland of rats.

Exocytosis in the perfused rat submandibular gland was studied using electron microscopy. Stimulation with 1 microM acetylcholine (ACh) evoked exocytosis; i.e., the secretory granules fused with the luminal membrane and their contents were extruded into the luminal space, and watery vacuoles were observed in some acinar cells. Stimulation with 1 mM ACh also induced exocytosis, and led to a marked increase in the number of watery vacuoles. Some watery vacuoles were connected to the lumen and were thus suggested to be formed by the fusion of the granules. On the other hand, no watery vacuoles were observed in the acinar cells during 1 microM isoproterenol stimulation, while isoproterenol induced exocytosis and led to a marked decrease in the number of intracellular granules. Thus, the watery vacuolation is a characteristic response to the cholinergic stimulation, is dependent on the ACh dose in the submandibular acinar cells, and is regarded as a kind of exocytosis.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2001

Contributions of intercalated duct cells to the normal parenchyma of submandibular glands of adult rats.

The parenchyma of the submandibular gland in the adult male rat is self-renewing, with most newly formed acinar and granular duct cells believed to differentiate from the rapidly proliferating intercalated duct (ID) compartment. Since the ID cells are phenotypically diverse, based on their different expression of perinatal secretory proteins, we systemically injected tritiated thymidine for 24 hours, and followed the pattern of thymidine distribution in cells by autoradiography and immunocytochemistry of defined cellular phenotypes over a 1-month chase period. Proliferating cells were found within all parenchymal cell compartments; they were most numerous in ID, and primarily in those cells lacking immunoreactivity for the perinatal proteins SMG-B1, -C, and -D. The labeling index (LI) of the ID cells reached a peak at 7 days postinjection, and then decreased over the next 3 weeks. Concurrently, the LI increased significantly in those cells at the junctions of ID with both acini and granular ducts, and also within these larger parenchymal elements. We conclude that the ID cells not reactive for perinatal proteins proliferate to expand the ID compartment, and that ID cells at the ends of the ducts differentiate into both acinar and granular duct cells. Our data provide no evidence for the differentiation of ID cells into cells of striated ducts (SD); however, the small number of excretory duct (ED) profiles seen in our preparations showed extremely high LI (>25%), suggesting that more extensive data might reveal a precursor role for the ED in replacement of SD cells. In addition to the stepwise passage of cells from ID to other parenchymal elements at their junctions, the reported occurrence of occasional clusters of B1-positive acini (BAC) among the typical B1-negative acini had suggested an alternate pathway, in which entire segments of newly expanded ID might develop directly into a recapitulated perinatal stage of B1-reactive cell, pursuant to becoming mature acinar cells. Consistent with this suggestion, the BAC had a fourfold greater LI than typical adult acini; moreover, when analyzed by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, they appeared similar to the novel perinatal Type III cells both ultrastructurally and in their pattern of B1-immunogold labeling. In contrast, the less common acini showing a sublingual gland phenotype had no significant difference in LI from typical acinar cells. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of the nonimmunoreactive ID cells in normal cellular replacement, and the possibility that ID can undergo en bloc differentiation into replacement acini as well as incremental addition of single cells at the boundaries of ID with acini and with granular ducts.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Precocious induction of secretory granules by hormones in convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular glands.

Precocious differentiation of convoluted tubules of the submandibular glands of mice was induced by daily injection of thyroxine, insulin, hydrocortisone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone from day 4 after birth. This treatment induced enlargement of the tubules and synthesis of secretory granules in the tubules. Treatment with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone alone had no effect on enlargement of the tubules or synthesis of the granules. These findings suggest that, besides androgenic hormones, these three hormones are also involved in synthesis of granules in developing mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Tumors of the submandibular gland].

The authors have analyzed 148 cases with submandibular gland tumors treated surgically in ENT Department of County Hospital Nr 1 in Rzeszów from 1974 to 1994. Inflammatory tumors occurred in 123 (83%) patients, in this number non-specific inflammation caused by calculi occurred in 120 (97.5%) patients and specific inflammations (tuberculosis) in 3 (2.5%) ones. Neoplastic tumors occurred in 14 (56.0%) patients and non-malignant in 11 (44.0%) patients. Among malignant tumors adenoid cystic carcinoma occurs most frequently (8 cases, 57%), whereas among non-malignant ones pleomorphic adenoma is most frequent (10 cases, 91%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Histochemical and chronological analysis of mouse submandibular gland parenchyma subjected to abrupt reperfusion.

We examined the effects of abrupt reperfusion on the mouse submandibular gland parenchyma and determined the degree of recovery from tissue damage. A main trophic artery supplying the gland was ligated with silk thread, and the ligature was then released after a variable period. The gland was removed at various times after reperfusion and then examined immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. With reperfusion after 15 or 30 min of ligation, the tissue damage to the glands was slight or inapparent. With reperfusion after 1 or 3 h of ligation, collapse of the acini and the ducts was observed in parts of the lobules, but restoration of the parenchymal structures occurred, with the appearance of PCNA-positive cells, although there were differences in the level of restoration. After 6 h of ligation, most of the normal parenchymal cells had disappeared by the 5th and 7th days after reperfusion, and apoptosis and necrosis were present. These findings suggest that if interruption of the blood supply to the submandibular gland parenchyma is limited to within a few hours, then tissue repair after reperfusion is possible, although this will differ according to the level of damage, because the acini and the ducts reappear, probably with proliferation of parenchymal cells.

Alcian Blue↗
PubMed1982

Age-dependent decrease of beta-adrenoceptor density in the submandibular glands of mice and its modulation by the thymus.

Beta-adrenergic receptors were characterized in submandibular glands of ageing mice and old mice grafted with a neonatal thymus. No statistically significant changes of receptor affinity were found in the animal models investigated. On the contrary, receptor density showed a progressive decrease with advancing age. The age-related decrease has been found partially corrected in thymus-grafted old animals, which show a statistically significant recovery of receptor density when compared to their untreated littermates. Receptor modulation can be responsible for the age-related impairment and the thymus-dependent correction of beta-adrenergic responsiveness of submandibular glands previously observed in vivo. Hormonal balance and thyroid hormones, in particular, are suggested as being involved in the age- and thymus-dependent regulation of receptor density. In the accompanying Appendix, we describe the mathematical method used to calculate both specific and nonspecific binding from total binding data.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unilateral submandibular gland aplasia associated with ipsilateral sublingual gland hypertrophy.

Congenital absence of the major salivary glands is an infrequent disorder. Clinically, patients may be asymptomatic or may present with dryness of the mouth, difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and dental caries. The absence of the submandibular gland may be associated with hypertrophy of the contralateral submandibular gland. We report a case of ipsilateral sublingual hypertrophy associated with unilateral submandibular aplasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Studies on cellular autophagocytosis. Terminal tubule cells in rat submandibular gland].

During the postnatal development of the rat submandibular gland, the origin of the membranes of the cytoplasmic vacuoles in terminal tubule cells was studied by light and electron microscopy. The terminal tubule cells before weaning contained the extensive endoplasmic reticulum, the small Golgi apparatus and abundant granules. Slight vacuolization was seen in the perinuclear area just before weaning, and after weaning the vacuoles rapidly increased in number. Acid phosphatase activity was localized in lysosomes and in newly formed vacuoles. The enzyme reaction product was also observed in the vesicles within the vacuoles. Using unbuffered osmium method, very intense staining was observed in the newly formed vacuoles as well as in the outer cisternae, the vesicles of Golgi apparatus and frequently in cavity between the double membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. The newly formed vacuoles were a double membrane surrounding sacs which contained clearly recognizable cell organelles and/or secretory granules. Within the large vacuoles several organelles were present. Therefore, the cytoplasmic vacuoles in terminal tubule cells corresponded to crinophagy. These results suggest that the autophagic vacuoles in terminal tubule cells are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and fused with lysosomes and then the inner membrane is gradually digested.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Enzymatic activity of rat submandibular gland kallikrein released into blood.

Enzymatic activity of submandibular gland (SG) kallikrein released into saliva and blood was studied at rest and after autonomic nerve stimulation. Kallikrein was measured by an immunometric assay that allows measurement of immunoreactive kallikrein in complex with inhibitors as well as simultaneous determination of kallikrein enzymatic activity. Measurements using the chromogenic substrate S2266 gave identical results to the natural substrate kininogen. Endogenous SG kallikrein secretory rate was, at rest, 0.9 +/- 0.1 ng/min. Kallikrein secretion into blood in response to autonomic nerve stimulation paralleled that into saliva, and secretion was greatly enhanced by alpha-adrenergic stimulation. In plasma, kallikrein was bound to several inhibitors that completely or partially blocked the enzyme activity. In arterial and SG venous control plasma, 93 +/- 3 and 72 +/- 10% inhibition of kallikrein enzyme activity was observed, respectively. Sympathetic stimulation after administration of a beta-adrenergic blocker increased kallikrein enzyme activity 62 and 11 times in arterial and SG venous plasma, respectively, with a corresponding 78 +/- 8 and 70 +/- 8% inhibition of kallikrein enzyme activity. A fraction containing kallikrein resembling "free kallikrein" was always present in plasma.

Animals↗