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PubMed1976

Some common problems in the design and conduct of experiments in stuttering.

This paper focuses upon and discusses some common problems in the design and conduct of various types of stuttering research. Apparent problems are dealt with under the following headings: (1) circular definitions of hypothetical constructs, (2) operational definitions of stuttering that lack denotative specificity, (3) research designs based on invalid assumptions about stuttering, and (4) omitted or inadequate measurement of speech rate in operant studies of stuttering. In each of these sections, a problem is identified and then some suggestions are offered for resolving it. This article pertains to research that underlies clinical management, and some implications for clinicians are drawn.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Idiopathic stuttering priapism treated successfully with low-dose ethinyl estradiol: a single case report.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic priapism represents a challenging therapeutic dilemma. Inadequate or deferred treatment can result in impaired quality of life and permanent erectile dysfunction. The etiology of stuttering priapism is speculated to be initially an ischemic injury that damages the neurologic and/or endothelial-mediated mechanisms that normally regulate detumescence and maintain penile flaccidity. AIM: We report a case of stuttering priapism successfully treated with low-dose ethinyl estradiol. METHODS: A 51-year-old man presented with idiopathic stuttering priapism. Treatment was given in the form of low-dose ethinyl estradiol for six consecutive weeks. RESULTS: Moderate lowering of testosterone level and effective prevention of priapism for at least 6 months with retaining of erectile function. CONCLUSION: The use of low-dose estrogen shows a potential to be an effective and relatively rapid treatment option for some cases of idiopathic stuttering priapism.

Drug Administration Schedule↗
PubMed2004

Systematic analysis of stutter percentages and allele peak height and peak area ratios at heterozygous STR loci for forensic casework and database samples.

To assist the interpretation of STR DNA typing results from forensic casework samples containing mixtures, the range of heterozygous allele peak height and peak area ratios (HR) and stutter percentages (stutter %) for the loci comprised in the AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus (PP) kit were assessed on 468 database and 275 casework single source samples. Stutter % medians were similar for database and casework samples, ranging from 2% to 7%. The upper limit of the stutter value range was 16%, calculated as median +3 SD, although lower locus-specific values could be used. HR medians were 93 +/- 6.5% for database samples, 88 +/- 12% for casework samples. For casework samples, the maximum signal imbalance noted was 52%, calculated as median -3 SD. No significant difference was observed between peak height and peak area calculated values. This study shows the importance of selecting the proper reference database for the establishment of HR threshold values.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Stuttering and gait disturbance after supplementary motor area seizure.

Acquired stuttering is an uncommon speech disorder. Supplementary motor area (SMA) lesions have been reported to be directly or indirectly related to acquired stuttering and various types of motor dysfunction. We report on a patient who presented with both acquired stuttering and long-lasting gait disturbance after SMA seizure.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Intrapair similarity in frequency of disfluency in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs containing stutterers.

It is known that concordance for stuttering is higher in monozygotic (MZ) than in dizygotic (DZ) twins. Evidence for genetic contribution to the frequency of speech disruption in stutterers was examined in 17 pairs of MZ and 13 pairs of DZ twins, each pair containing at least one stutterer. Intraclass correlations and analyses of variance indicated positive evidence for a genetic contribution to the overall frequency of disfluency in speech and to the frequency of certain types of speech disruption (blocked and prolonged sounds). There was little evidence for genetic influence on other types of speech disruption (various types of repetitions and interjections) In those disfluency types for which genetic predictions were confirmed, evidence of excessive dissimilarity in DZ cotwins suggests that a simple, additive gene-environment model is unlikely to be appropriate for disfluency frequency data.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Jaw mechanics during release of the stuttering moment: some initial observations and interpretations.

As a part of a larger study (Hutchinson and Watkin, 1974), this investigation was undertaken to examine jaw mechanics during the release of stuttering moments. Six adult subjects (four stutters, ranging in severity, and two normal talkers) read a series of sentences containing phonetic sequences requiring jaw depression. Strain-gauge transducers were employed to record articulatory movement. Only those stutterings occurring immediately prior to and during jaw opening were studied. The results confirmed generally faster jaw velocities for the opening and closing gestures; which was interpreted to suggest that the spindle motor system is maximally active to preserve synchrony in on-going vocal tract events following the dysfluency. In cases where an asynchrony between vocalization and jaw opening was noted, it was suggested that imprecision in predicting voice onset resulted in articulatory-laryngeal incoordination. It would appear from these interpretations that the clinical efficacy of the "pull out" procedure results from reduced demands on the gamma loop system and facilitation of articulatory-laryngeal synchrony through reduced supraglottal velocities.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The use of time-expanded speech in the identification of part-word repetitions of stutterers.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the possibility of using time-expanded speech to aid clinicians in the identification of one-, two-, and three-unit repetitions of stutterers. Tape-recorded samples of nine stutterers (five adults and four children) were time-expanded to 0%, 150%, and 200% of original time. Thirty graduate student clinicians listened individually to the speech samples under the three listening conditions. The three conditions were presented in a counterbalanced order. Clinicians were asked to indicate each occurrence of one-, two-, or three-unit part-word repetitions on a response sheet. Results indicated that time expansion of the stutterers' speech by 150% or 200% of the original time resulted in significantly (P less than 0.05) more accurate identification one-unit part-word repetitions. Time expansion did not, however, provide a perceptual advantage for the identification of two- and three-unit part-word repetitions. Implications for clinical application and further investigation are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Assessment of sensitivity to interpersonal stress in stutterers and nonstutterers.

The Revised Willoughby Personality Schedule (WPS-R) was used to determine its applicability for assessing social sensitivity in stutterers. Forty-one adult stutterers and 41 nonstutterers completed the WPS-R. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed three dimensions differentiating stutterers from nonstutterers. The dimensions--labeled social isolation, social confidence, and social sensitivity--were similar to dimensions of the WPS-R labeled as sensitivity to interpersonal stress by other investigators. The results suggest that the WPS-R may be useful for evaluating general anxiety and for monitoring changes in emotional reactivity as clinical intervention progresses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

An epidemiologic study of stuttering.

A questionnaire designed to assess the prevalence of stuttering and its relation with: (a) central nervous system risk factors; (b) associated disorders (allergies, migraine-type headache, developmental dyslexia history, smoking, and drug abuse), and (c) depression symptoms, was given to a general population sample of 1879 Spanish-speaking university students (mean age = 24.0). A prevalence of 2% of self-reported stuttering was found. Results indicated that the prevalence of minor brain injury or dysfunction, developmental dyslexia history, word-finding difficulties, and depressive symptoms was higher among the self-reported stutterers than among the nonstutterers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Parents as partners: including mothers and fathers in the treatment of children who stutter.

Parents are frequently included in our intervention methods with children who stutter. However, if we examine the research and clinical literature, we find that we do not distinguish between the roles of mothers and fathers in our diagnosis and intervention procedures. Evidence that mothers and fathers may differ in their interactions with children, in general, and children who stutter, in particular, will be presented. Implications of these findings for our clinical practices will be discussed. By doing so, a case will be made for including both mothers and fathers as partners in the treatment of children who stutter.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1995

Decision making in the treatment of school-age children who stutter.

The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians information on some of the key issues in making decisions about the treatment process for children who stutter. Ten decisions that should be considered prior to, during, and at the time of dismissal are discussed. These decisions relate to a number of issues regarding treatment such as: increasing clinicians' confidence in treating stuttering in children, setting long- and short-term goals, selecting an approach to treatment, documenting progress, involving parents and teachers in the treatment process, and determining when the child is ready to be dismissed from treatment. Additionally, questions clinicians should ask themselves are presented with each of the ten decisions. The intent of this article is to show how an analysis of clinical information systematically collected over a period of time will help a clinician make accurate decisions about the treatment of children who stutter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Contrastive patterns of intrahemispheric interference to verbal and spatial concurrent tasks in right-handed, left-handed and stuttering populations.

A time-sharing paradigm was used to assess hemispheric lateralization for both language and visuo-spatial processing in right-handed, left-handed and stuttering populations. A right hand only tapping disruption, indicative of left hemisphere interference, accompanied concurrent verbal tasks only in the dextral group. Left-handers and stutterers revealed symmetrical patterns of hemispheric language interference. Significantly different absolute levels of language interference were found for the three groups, with dextrals having the least, followed by sinistrals, and being greatest for stutterers. These magnitude differences were explained in relation to a hypothesis of strength of language representation within a given hemisphere. Visuo-spatial right hemisphere interference was shown for left-handers with a concurrent object chimera task.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Neuropsychological models of stuttering--I. Representation of sequential response mechanisms.

Male stutterers and fluent speakers were compared on index finger tapping and sequential finger tapping tasks. For both groups performance was better with the right than the left hand, and was better under conditions of visualization than under conditions of no visualization of the hand. In addition, participants in both groups showed similar variations in performance on various sequences. The pattern of results suggests that stuttering does not result from a general problem in sequencing and timing of behaviour, and is consistent with a neuropsychologial model of stuttering that would propose normal lateralization of neural mechanisms associated with sequential processing including speech.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Neuropsychological models of stuttering--II. Interhemispheric interference.

The performance of male adult stutterers and fluent speakers was compared on repetitive sequential finger tapping and index finger tapping with one hand while carrying out concurrent paced tasks with the other hand. For the theoretically meaningful condition of right-hand sequential tapping and left-hand concurrent task performance, there was more interference on the tapping task among stutterers than fluent speakers. The data were interpreted as being consistent with a neuropsychological model of stuttering that includes as an element enhanced left-hemisphere vulnerability to interference by concurrent right-hemisphere activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Bimanual hand writing in right-handed and left-handed stutterers and nonstutterers.

Right-handed stutterers performed more poorly with their nondominant hand when writing digits and letters bimanually, and also made more nondominant hand mirror reversals than did nonstutterers. Left-handed stutterers and nonstutterers differed only in the incidence of mirror reversals with the nondominant hand. The results support the hypothesis that disorganization in the integration of left- and right-hemisphere inhibitory and excitatory processes may be an integral component of stuttering.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Rapid letter transcription performance by stutterers.

To test the idea that associated with stuttering is a cognitive difficulty related to the organization of sequences of responses, stutterers and fluent speakers were compared on a task that required the transcription to paper of rapidly presented letter sequences ranging in length from 3 to 10 letters. Compared to fluent speakers, stutterers transcribed significantly fewer sequences correctly. A number of possible hypotheses to account for the results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Language and the young stutterer: a new look at old theories and findings.

The major theories and research approaches as to the etiology and development of stuttering are reviewed from a historical perspective. Findings are drawn from different sources indicating that language deficits are an initial contributing factor and a continuing component of this disorder. Those subsets of children which constitute high-risk groups are identified. It is suggested that researchers begin investigating the underlying organic bases of stuttering and its relationship to stages of language development. Finally, clinicians are encouraged to employ a therapy program that is concerned with all areas of language, rather than emphasizing treating only the symptoms of stuttering behavior.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Reaction to background stimulation of preschool children who do and do not stutter.

UNLABELLED: This study investigated the maintenance of attention and adaptation to background stimuli of preschool children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS). Participants were 13 monolingual, Standard American English speaking, 3-5-year-old CWS and 14 CWNS. Results indicated that CWS were significantly more apt than CWNS to attend to or look at changes in background stimuli, although there were no significant differences between groups in duration and latency of these looks. Findings suggest that preschool CWS are more reactive to, distracted by, and slower to adapt and habituate to environmental stimuli than their CWNS counterparts. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The reader should be able to: (1) recognize the temperamental differences between CWS and CWNS, (2) define attention reactivity and regulation, (3) explain how attention reactivity and regulation are associated with preschool stuttering, and (4) understand recent empirical evidence relating reactivity and regulation to preschool stuttering.

Attention↗