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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Selection criteria for wastewater treatment technologies to protect drinking water.

The protection of water bodies used as sources for drinking water is intimately linked to the adoption of adequate technologies for the treatment of the wastewater generated in the catchment area. The paper presents a general overview of the main technologies used for the treatment of domestic sewage, with a special emphasis on developing countries, and focussing on the main parameters of interest, such as BOD, coliforms and nutrients. A series of tables, figures and charts that can be used for the preliminary selection of treatment technologies is presented. The systems analysed are: stabilisation ponds, activated sludge, trickling filters, anaerobic systems and land disposal. Within each system, the main process variants are covered. Two summary tables are presented, one for quantitative analysis, including easily usable information based on per capita values (US$/cap, Watts/cap, m2 area/cap, m3 sludge/cap), and another for a qualitative comparison among the technologies, based on a one-to-five-star scoring system. The recent trend in tropical countries in the use of UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactors is also discussed.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2000

A small pit emptying machine: an appropriate solution for a Nairobi slum.

This article describes the results of the trial period of a pedestrian-controlled pit emptying machine. This 'vacutug' has been tested for UNCHS (Habitat) in a low-income settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, through a local NGO. The trial confirmed the viability of the principle of the vacutug as the machine has been in operation for two and a half years. Repairs have been made locally out of income from the service, spare parts can be obtained and demand for the service is high. Although the cost of the service has already been raised, demand has not been reduced. The technical improvements which need to be made can be incorporated in the design, and the next batch of machines is being constructed for further trials. Management of the service is critical for financial sustainability and even during the trial of the technology, the management aspects have been the most difficult of the service.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2000

On-site sanitation: when the pits are full--planning for resource protection in faecal sludge management.

In urban centres of industrializing countries, the majority of houses are served by on-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks and unsewered toilets. The faecal sludges (FS) collected from these systems are usually discharged untreated into the urban and peri-urban environment, posing great risks to water resources and to public health. Contrary to wastewater management, the development of strategies to cope with faecal sludges, adapted to the conditions prevailing in developing countries, have long been neglected. The authors describe the current situation in FS management and discuss important issues regarding FS management. Further, treatment options are presented which may prove sustainable in industrializing countries. The objective is to make planners and decision-makers aware of the challenges posed by faecal sludges and of the need to include FS management in strategic planning for urban sanitation improvements.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2000

Volta watertight VIP latrine.

The Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) is assisting the government of Ghana to provide potable water and improved sanitation facilities to about 50% of the Volta Region's population over a 10-year Community Water and Sanitation Programme (CWSP). Sanitation options include designs for household Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines. However, areas along the coastal belt of the region have a high water table, between 1-1.5 m (3.3-4.95 ft). In addition, about 80% of the inhabitants in these areas depend on shallow hand-dug wells for domestic purposes and irrigation of vegetable gardens. With the construction of these sanitation options under promotion, pollution of the groundwater is inevitable. Circumventing the problem by the programme led to the modification of the present designs into the "Volta Watertight VIP Latrine (VVIP)". The design considerations and the components that have been incorporated to enable it function effectively are presented in this paper for discussion. Five (5) demonstration units were built, and used for a year. Used pits were covered and pit contents examined after a period of six months. Observations made at the end of this fallow led to the conclusion that the VVIP could be adapted for high water table areas to prevent groundwater pollution, baring any constructional defects and inefficiencies.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2000

Rural sanitation problems in Uganda--institutional and management aspects.

Rural Uganda faces a lot of problems caused by poor sanitation facilities such as pollution of water sources, a high rate of waterborne diseases, high expenditures on curative health care, and the threat of reduced educational performance of children through illness, early school drop out, especially of girls. Limited budgets and expenditures for the health sector, lack of staff, lack of accountability and transparency are important factors affecting sanitation status on the national level. Other restrictions can be found at the community level, e.g. taboos, cultural and customary beliefs, ignorance, poverty, or in soil conditions. To address the poor level of sanitation, the Government of Uganda has set up both a whole string of laws and guidelines and an institutional and management framework. One main emphasis was placed on the Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation Programme (PHAST) introduced in 1994 and since then adopted by several non-governmental organisations (NGO's).

Adult↗
PubMed2000

An assessment of septage and faecal sludge discharges into surface water sources in Ghana.

Surface water abstraction from rivers is the main source of potable water for many of the district capitals, municipal and metropolitan towns of Ghana. The points of abstraction on these rivers are usually located several kilometres downstream of their sources. These rivers serve as sinks for both non-point and point sources of pollution. The reliance of the urban population along these rivers on ill-maintained on-site public toilets and overflowing septic tanks renders urban run-off a vehicle for bacterial contamination of human origin. Downstream villages and small towns along the rivers use the water for drinking and other domestic purposes and therefore incidence of waterborne diseases of bacterial origin is therefore prevalent. This paper discusses the impact of discharges on Densu and Oda, two examples of surface waters employed for urban water supply, and makes suggestions for integrated water quality management as a tool for protecting surface water sources.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2000

Status of domestic wastewater management in relation to drinking-water supply in two states of India.

In India, supply of drinking water, treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater including faecal matter are managed by local bodies. The existing status of water supply, characteristics of domestic wastewater, modes of collection, treatment and disposal system for sewage and faecal matter in 82 municipalities and 4 municipal corporations were assessed in the States of Bihar and West Bengal in India. Domestic wastewater in the municipal areas is collected and discharged through open kachha (earthen), pucca (cement-concrete) and natural drains and discharged into water courses or disposed on land. Scavenger carriage system for night soil disposal is in-vogue at several places in the surveyed States. Open defecation by the inhabitants in some of the municipalities also occurs. The existing methods of collection, treatment and disposal of sewage impairs the water quality of different water sources. Techno-economically viable remedial measures for providing basic amenities, namely safe drinking-water supply and proper sanitation to the communities of these two States of India are suggested and discussed.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2000

[Influence of the radioactive strontium (89Sr) using for nuclear medical radiation therapy upon radioactive draining-water system].

PURPOSE: Strontium-89 chloride (89Sr) is a new radiopharmaceutical that provides effective pain relief for metastatic bone lesions, and is expected to be available soon in the palliative management for metastatic bone pain in Japan. Because of relatively long physical half life (50.5 days), 89Sr may affect to the radioactive draining-water system by exceeding the limits of activity concentration for radioactive drain. In this article, the influence of 89Sr use on the radioactive drainage system was simulated. METHODS: The standard tank capacity of drainage and draining frequency was determined from the results of questionnaire carried out for the nationwide medical and research institutes where radioisotope treatment are performed. On the assumption that 89Sr of 148 MBq for one therapy was used twice a week and several common radionuclides were used as the same activity as used at Chiba Cancer Center, the influence of 89Sr was estimated. The calculation was performed using the activity contamination ration into the draining-water system of each radionuclide of 0.01, which was legally determined. RESULTS: The simulation revealed that the sum of the contamination ratios of individual radionuclides exceeded a legal value of 1.0 in standard drainage with the capacity of 5 m3 and 10 m3 and draining frequency of 7 times per year. The actual contamination ratios of common radiopharmaceuticals measured at Chiba Cancer Center ranged from 1/100 to 1/1000 of the legal values. CONCLUSION: It is necessary that the legal value of activity contamination ratios into the draining-water system should be reassessed before starting 89Sr therapy.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of bacteria in water for pharmaceutical use.

Different systems for the obtention of water used in Biopharmaceutical Industry were characterized from the bacteriological point of view. Determination of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms was performed; as well as the isolation of contaminant microorganisms for what the techniques of membrane filtration was used. For the identification of the more representative species there were made conventional biochemical tests and quick systems: API. The results show that water serving as tap water for purification systems fulfill with the microbiological requirements to this kind of water. All the isolated microorganisms were gram-negative bacteria characteristics of this environment: Pseudomonas putida, Xanthomonas maltophilia, Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida, Flavimonas coryzihabitans and Acinetobacter iwoffi. The ultrafiltration and distillation tested systems fulfill with the established microbiological limits, except for deionization and distilled water storing systems. The isolation showed that approximately the 76.9% were of Gram-negative bacteria, the 14.6% of Gram-positive cocci and the 8.5% Gram-positive sporulated bacilli. The most representative genus of purified water were: Pseudomonas, with the higher percent of incidence, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Sphingomonas, Aeromonas and Agrobacterium.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2000

[Characteristics of jobs and workers employed in municipal waste collection and disposal by the city of Lodz].

Characteristics of jobs and workers engaged in the collection and disposal of waste was based on a specially developed questionnaire. Five occupational groups were selected: domestic waste collectors, waste relading workers, waste composting workers, waste sorting workers, workers at landfill sites. In addition, five job posts were selected: heavy equipment operators, waste sites workers, waste loaders, waste sorters and waste truck drivers. The analysis of characteristics revealed that among job-related burdens reported by the workers the following were found most noxious: repugnant odour, high dust concentrations, required physical effort and changing atmospheric conditions. Nevertheless, the workers in question did not claim any occupation-related illnesses or symptoms. The majority of respondents assessed their health as good or very good.

Adult↗