Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SALIVATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Inhalation toxicity studies with 1,3-butadiene -- 2. 3 month toxicity study in rats.

The available toxicological data for 1,3-butadiene are limited and contradictory. Three month toxicity and two year carcinogenicity studies have therefore been initiated to identify any potential hazard to occupationally exposed personnel. The results of the 3 month study are reported in this paper. Five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1,3-butadiene gas at atmospheric concentrations of 0, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 ppm v/v respectively, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Forty male and forty female animals were used in each group, of which 10 of each sex were killed at 2 and 6 weeks. Exposure took place in 5 chambers, in an area prepared specifically for the handling of a potentially explosive gas-air mixture at concentrations just below the lower explosive limit. No untoward effects attributable to exposure were observed, except a moderately increased salivation, particularly in female animals during the last 5--8 weeks of exposure, at higher concentrations of butadiene. No effects considered to be attributable to treatment were seen in growth rate, food consumption, hematological and blood biochemical investigations or urine analysis after 2, 6 and 13 weeks exposure. Macroscopic and histopathological examination after 2, 6 and 13 weeks exposure showed no untoward changes related to exposure to butadiene gas. Erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase, erythrocyte osmotic fragility and neutrophil phagocytosis were also unaffected by treatment.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1990

Systemic absorption of ocular scopolamine in patients.

The systemic absorption of scopolamine 0.25% eyedrops given unilaterally was quantitated in eight patients following therapeutic drug application. Another set of eight patients received placebo drops to study the effect of scopolamine on heart rate, blood pressure and salivation. Scopolamine was rapidly and efficiently absorbed after its ocular administration. The peak plasma scopolamine concentration of 550 +/- 60 pg/ml was reached within 15 minutes in all but two patients. Ocular scopolamine did not affect patients blood pressure or heart rate when compared to patients in the placebo group. Thirty minutes after administration of scopolamine the salivary secretion was slightly but insignificantly reduced.

Absorption↗
PubMed1978

Comparative study of the effects of oral and i.m. atropine and hyoscine in volunteers.

The effects of equivalent doses of atropine and hyoscine following oral and i.m. administration were assessed on salivary secretion, heart rate, arterial pressure, body temperature, pupillary size, near-point of vision and sweat-gland activity. The ratio of oral to i.m. doses of atropine on heart rate and salivary secretion appears to be 2:1 and that of hyoscine on salivary secretion about 5-6:1. Following oral administration the effects on the eye are minimal even after the highest doses of the two drugs, while the decrease in salivation is adequate.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Do tastants have a smell?

The stimuli used in taste research are usually considered to be odourless. This was tested in two experiments with aqueous solutions of two representative compounds for each of the five taste qualities including umami. In the first experiment elderly and young subjects rated the intensity and pleasantness of three concentrations of the stimuli, while wearing or not wearing a noseclip. Saliva production was also measured. Blocking olfaction only influenced salivation for umami. It reduced taste intensity ratings, but as in an earlier experiment with the same compounds in food products, this effect was stronger in the young, who also liked the stimuli better wearing the noseclip. In the second experiment, another group of young people tried to detect the odours of the tastants dissolved in demineralized, double-distilled or Evian water. A considerable number of subjects could regularly detect seven of the ten tastants by olfaction and the extent to which they did correlated significantly with the reduction in taste intensity ratings for the different tastants found in the first experiment. We suggest that most tastants can be smelled and that this smell contributes to taste intensity ratings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The pathophysiology of glossal pain in patients with iron deficiency and anemia.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that prolonged anemia causes atrophy of tongue papillae, glossal pain, and dysphagia, but it is uncertain whether iron (Fe) deficiency induces glossal pain without any objective manifestation. To resolve this matter, the relationship between Fe deficiency and glossal pain was examined. METHODS: Eighteen patients with Fe deficiency and 7 anemic patients manifesting spontaneous irritation or pain of the tongue without any objective abnormalities participated in this study. To ascertain the cause of glossal pain and the oral pathophysiology in Fe deficiency and anemia, peripheral blood was examined and the glossal pain threshold and salivary flow rates (SFRs) were estimated along with Candida albicans cell culture tests. RESULTS: Compared with patients with Fe deficiency, those with anemia had a longer history of tongue pain. In patients with anemia, painful areas of the tongue were more numerous than in patients with Fe deficiency. Pain thresholds were decreased in the painful portions, and both nonstimulated and stimulated SFRs were suppressed. Each patient was treated with oral Fe; within 2 months, most patients exhibited increased serum ferritin level (P< 0.02, paired t-test), pain threshold (P < 0.05) and salivation (P < 0.05) and glossal pain subsided. CONCLUSIONS: Fe deficiency causes glossal pain and the degree of glossal pain increases as Fe deficiency advances to anemia, manifesting hyposalivation and abnormalities of glossal papillae.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The sedative and sympatholytic effects of oral tizanidine in healthy volunteers.

Tizanidine, an imidazoline derivative with alpha 2-receptor-mediated central muscle relaxant activity, is in widespread clinical use for the treatment of spasticity. To evaluate its possible role in anesthesia we assessed the sedative and sympatholytic effects of orally administered tizanidine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over study in six healthy male volunteers. Three different doses of tizanidine (4, 8, and 12 mg) were tested and compared to clonidine 150 micrograms. The sedative and sympatholytic effects of tizanidine 12 mg were comparable in magnitude to those of clonidine 150 micrograms, but the effects of clonidine were longer lasting. Similarly, the observed decreases in arterial blood pressure (diastolic, 13% and 19%; systolic, 10% and 8% for tizanidine and clonidine, respectively) and salivation were comparable in magnitude but of shorter duration after tizanidine 12 mg than after clonidine. Clonidine and tizanidine 12 mg had also similar effects on the secretion of growth hormone. Our results indicate that the effects of a single 12-mg oral dose of tizanidine resemble those of 150 micrograms oral clonidine, but are of shorter duration. Tizanidine may thus be a useful alternative to clonidine as an orally active, short-acting alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist in the perioperative period.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Studies on the safety of glucose and paraben-containing neostigmine for intrathecal administration.

Initial toxicity testing of neostigmine for intrathecal (IT) injection was performed with preservative-free isobaric solution, yet currently available formulations contain the preservatives methyl- and propylparaben and are usually mixed with glucose to yield hyperbaric solutions. Since it has been proposed that preservatives and hyperbaricity increase the risk of neurotoxicity after IT injection, we examined the safety of chronically administered IT neostigmine containing these additives in sheep and rats. Rats receiving daily IT injections of glucose alone or of glucose with preservative-containing neostigmine, 5 and 10 microg, exhibited dose-related antinociception, tremor, and rigidity. In comparison to our previously published study of neostigmine injection in solution without glucose, rats receiving IT neostigmine with glucose displayed less rigidity, tremor, and salivation. Sheep receiving daily injection of glucose alone or with preservative-containing neostigmine, 1 mg, for 14 days exhibited no histologic evidence of neurotoxicity, nor did they exhibit abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid chemistry aside from those caused by inflammation. Spinal cord histologic examination in both species revealed fibrosis and inflammation secondary to the catheter without evidence of neuronal damage. These studies support the safety of paraben- and glucose-containing IT neostigmine.

Analgesia, Epidural↗
PubMed2004

Reduction of salivary flow with botulinum toxin: extended report on 33 patients with drooling, salivary fistulas, and sialadenitis.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of the study was the evaluation of the clinical data of 33 patients who had had drooling attributable to various diseases, salivary fistulas, and sialadenitis and had been treated with injection of botulinum toxin type A (Botox). A controlled follow-up study documenting efficiency, possible side effects, and duration of the effect of treatment was also performed. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical evaluation. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with drooling attributable to head and neck carcinoma, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, or idiopathic hypersalivation or with salivary fistula or chronic sialadenitis received injections of 20 to 65 U botulinum toxin type A into salivary glands under sonographic control. The entire salivary flow rate and the output per minute of the salivary analytes thiocyanate, total protein, alpha-amylase, acid phosphatase, kallikrein, and immunoglobulin A were measured at various times before and after injection. The patients were examined with regard to severity of their symptoms, including sonographic control investigation of their cephalic salivary glands. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (79% of all patients) reported a distinct improvement of their symptoms after toxin injection. Seven patients noted a return of high salivation rates and requested a second injection after 4 to 7 months. Duration of toxin effect varied widely among individuals. In general, salivary flow rates and thiocyanate output dropped sharply within 1 week after injection and had increased again after a period of 12 to 16 weeks. Conversely, amylase outputs increased during this period, whereas the outputs of the other analytes remained roughly constant. Sonography did not reveal any major changes in salivary gland parenchyma, and side effects were not noted. CONCLUSION: Reduction of salivary flow in patients with drooling, salivary fistulas, or chronic sialadenitis by local injection of botulinum toxin type A into the salivary glands proved to be a dependable therapy for these disorders, as shown in the present extended report on 33 patients. Side effects were not observed. The effect of toxin application lasted for approximately 3 months. Based on their results, the authors recommend botulinum toxin injection as the therapy of choice in patients with the problem of drooling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Salivary gland transplantation: a canine model.

Impaired salivary function with resultant severe dryness of the mouth, or xerostomia, may occur in association with a variety of systemic disorders or therapies. No adequate treatment exists for this debilitating condition, which impedes normal oral function, in particular alimentation and phonation. This study explores the feasibility of salivary gland autotransplantation, using a canine model. A salivary gland with its duct and surrounding blood vessels still attached was excised and reimplanted in the dog's thigh by anastomosing the graft's blood vessels to the femoral artery and vein. The duct was sutured to an artificial orifice cut in the thigh's skin, from which the saliva was collected. Salivary secretion was induced by a single intravenous bolus of pilocarpine (5 mg). Preoperative (normal) salivation was measured by collecting saliva from the gland in situ. Periodic functional studies showed normal saliva production during the first month after grafting, after which the salivary flow was reduced by 35% over the next 2 months. This reduction was interpreted as a sign of disuse atrophy resulting from the lack of autonomic innervation. To overcome this impediment, oral pilocarpine (5 mg/day) was administered to the recipient dog, after which normal levels of saliva were excreted through the graft during the 3-month follow-up period. The quality of the graft saliva was assessed by its protein and electrolyte levels, which showed close to normal values.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of benztropine on ketamine-induced behaviors in Cebus monkeys.

Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, causes a schizophrenic-like psychosis in normal volunteers and exacerbates psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Recent work has shown that ketamine and other NMDA antagonists affect a range of behaviors in nonhuman primates, particularly those associated with motor and mental function such as attention and perception. Several lines of study also suggest that NMDA antagonists interact with cholinergic mechanisms. The effects of benztropine, an anticholinergic agent, on ketamine-induced behaviors were evaluated in a double-blind randomized test design in 20 Cebus monkeys. Benztropine (0.05, 0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg, i.m.) was injected 1 hour before ketamine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, i.m.) administration. Behaviors scored for 90 minutes after ketamine administration included salivation, dystonia and reactivity to external stimuli. Benztropine almost completely blocked ketamine-induced hypersalivation, and partially ameliorated the dystonia syndrome by 50%, but did not affect ketamine-induced decreased reactivity to external stimuli. These results suggest that cholinergic mechanisms only moderately influence ketamine-induced central nervous system effects of motor dysfunction, and may not play a substantive role in the ketamine-induced deficit of reactivity to external stimuli, which involves a complex interaction of mental functions such as attention and perception, as well as motor behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

How much pilocarpine contaminates pilocarpine-induced tick saliva?

Pilocarpine is often applied or injected into ticks to induce salivation, and the resulting saliva used to test for various pharmacological, biochemical and immunological activities. To measure the amount of pilocarpine in pilocarpine-induced tick saliva, an HPLC-MS/MS method, based on capillary strong cation exchange chromatography online with an ion trap mass spectrometer, was used to measure pilocarpine in the pg to ng range. Results indicate large concentrations of pilocarpine in Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus) (Acari: Ixodidae) saliva, ranging from 3 to 50 mm. Due to the known effects of pilocarpine on smooth muscle and immune cells, appropriate controls are proposed and discussed for proper interpretation of results using this saliva preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Induction and recovery characteristics of isoflurane and halothane anaesthesia for short outpatient operations in children.

Induction and recovery characteristics of isoflurane anaesthesia were compared with halothane anaesthesia during outpatient myringotomy and placement of Sheely ventilation tubes in 101 unpremedicated children. Compared with halothane, isoflurane resulted in prolonged induction times and inferior induction scores due to increased salivation, coughing, breathholding and laryngospasm. However, when modified by halothane induction, isoflurane anaesthesia decreased induction time and improved induction scores. Induction with thiamylal 4 mg/kg did not improve induction scores significantly. Recovery times from halothane plus isoflurane and pure isoflurane anaesthesia were quicker than pure halothane and thiamylal plus isoflurane, although this was not statistically significant. Compared to halothane, anaesthetic induction using isoflurane is associated with an increased incidence of respiratory problems in unpremedicated children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The toxicology of brotizolam.

Acute studies. Following oral or intraperitoneal administration, toxicity was very low (LD50 in rodents greater than 10,000 and greater than 900 mg/kg, respectively). Subacute and chronic studies in rodents. Signs of toxicity were seen only at doses of 400 mg/kg or more. Histopathological changes were found only in the 78-week study. Subacute studies in dogs (intravenous) and primates (oral). In dogs, doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg produced ataxia, salivation, and diarrhoea. In monkeys doses of 7 mg/kg or higher produced ataxia, increased appetite, hyperreflexive muscular spasms, increase in liver weight, and lipid depletion of the adrenal cortex. Reproductive studies in the rat and rabbit. Repeated doses of up to 30 mg/kg were not associated with any disturbance in fertility; nor were any embryotoxic or teratogenic effects observed. When dams wer treated with 400 mg/kg, litter mortality was markedly increased. Mutagenicity studies. The four different tests performed gave no indication of any mutagenic effect. Local tolerance tests in the rabbit. Brotizolam was well tolerated when administered intramuscularly, intra-arterially, or intravenously. Carcinogenicity studies in rodents. The mouse study showed no evidence of a tumourigenic effect. The rat study is still being evaluated. The toxicological studies demonstrate that brotizolam has an unusually wide therapeutic range. Findings of toxicological significance, most of which were reversible, were first recorded at doses of 7-10 mg/kg, i.e. at more than 100-times the intended human therapeutic dose.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1988

Ebastine: the effect of a new antihistamine on psychomotor performance and autonomic responses in healthy subjects.

1. Ebastine, through its carboxylic acid metabolite has antihistamine (H1-receptor) activity in man. 2. We have examined in a single blind placebo controlled study the effects of 10 mg and 50 mg of ebastine on cardiovascular, autonomic and psychomotor function in healthy subjects. 3. Ebastine had no effect on blood pressure or heart rate and there was no evidence of any anticholinergic activity on circulatory reflexes or salivation. 4. Ebastine did not impair psychomotor performance as assessed by critical flicker fusion at either dose. 5. Ebastine 10 mg had no effect on sedation measured by visual analogue scale or direct questioning, however ebastine 50 mg did cause a modest increase in indices of sedation. 6. Ebastine did not have detectable sedative properties at the 10 mg dose where long-lasting antihistamine effects can be demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Transdermal scopolamine in drooling.

The effect of oral anticholinergic drugs has been limited in the treatment of drooling. Transdermal scopolamine (1.5 mg/2.5 cm2) offers advantages. One single application is considered to render a stable serum concentration for 3 days. A distinct reduction of basal salivation was demonstrated in an open trial of six healthy volunteers. Eighteen mentally retarded patients with a drooling problem were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The therapeutic effect of transdermal scopolamine was assessed by a visual analogue scale. Three patients dropped out due to loss of the system. In the remaining 15 patients, the active drug caused a reduction of drooling which was significant in the period from 24 to 72 h. There were few and slight objective signs of unwanted effects. Scopoderm may cause drowsiness and affect tooth health. The management of drooling should primarily be focused on the cause. Sensomotor training is often valuable in cerebral palsy. Factors such as nasal obstruction, mucosal irritation, and drug-induced parkinsonism should be given attention. Sometimes, however, a temporary symptomatic treatment is indicated, for example on special occasions or in order to cure peri-oral skin lesions. Transdermal scopolamine may offer this possibility.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1993

Glycopyrrolate vs. atropine during anaesthesia for laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy.

As glycopyrrolate has been reported superior to atropine with respect to reduction of salivation, stability of cardiac rate and rhythm, and recovery, a comparison of these properties of the two drugs and placebo was made in 45 patients undergoing direct laryngoscopy and 45 patients undergoing bronchoscopy, in most cases followed by mediastinoscopy. When given i.m. 30 min before anesthesia (midazolam, alfentanil, thiopentone, and suxamethonium), the two test drugs were found to be equally potent regarding the antisialogogic effect. The same increase in heart rate after the test drugs was seen before induction, and during anaesthesia heart rate rose to the same level in the placebo group as the test groups. During anaesthesia, blood pressure was lowest in the atropine group. No differences could be demonstrated with respect to cardiac arrhythmias, possibly due to the small size of the material. The present study gives no reason for preferring either drug, and only the efficacy of both test drugs in controlling airway secretions provides an argument for using any anticholinergic drug when laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy is performed under the conditions of the present study.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of topical esophageal acidification on salivary secretion: identification of the mechanism of action.

BACKGROUND: In past studies, investigators have reported that the salivary glands respond to esophageal acidification by increased salivary secretion and termed this response the 'esophago-salivary response'. The existence, however, of such a reflex was but a speculation because the verification of its mechanism could not be traced in the literature. In the current study, the hypothesis that the salivary glands' response to esophageal acidification is a reflex was investigated. METHODS: In 15 healthy volunteers (nine men, six women, age 32.3 +/- 4.2 years) the saliva of the four salivary glands was collected by intubation after individual esophageal perfusion with normal saline and 100 mmol HCl. The test was repeated after each of the lower esophagus and the salivary glands had been separately anesthetized. The latency was calculated. RESULTS: The mean basal volume of saliva was 62.7 +/- 6.4 mL/60 min. This volume did not show a significant change (P > 0.05) on esophageal saline instillation, whereas acid perfusion effected a significant increase (P < 0.01). The mean latency was 12.4 +/- 2.7 s. Esophageal acid perfusion after lower esophageal anesthetization did not produce a significant change in salivary volume; similar results were obtained on repetition of the test after anesthetization of salivary glands. When saline was used instead of lidocaine in the lower esophagus or salivary glands, the salivary glands' response was similar to that without saline perfusion. CONCLUSION: Esophageal acidification effected an increase of secreted saliva which clears the esophagus of the refluxed acid. Increased salivation on esophageal acidification is suggested to be a reflex and is mediated through the 'esophago-salivary' reflex. This reflex might be of diagnostic significance in the investigation of reflux esophagitis, a point that requires further study.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pharmacodynamic effects of darifenacin, a muscarinic M selective receptor antagonist for the treatment of overactive bladder, in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of darifenacin (a muscarinic M(3) selective receptor antagonist) and dicyclomine (an M(1) selective receptor antagonist) in healthy male volunteers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this double-blind, four-way crossover study, 27 healthy men (aged 19-44 years) were randomized to receive darifenacin 7.5 mg or 15 mg once daily, dicyclomine 20 mg four times daily or matching placebo. Each 7-day treatment period was separated by a 7-day washout. Multiple assessments of cognitive function, quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, salivation, visual nearpoint, heart rate and heart rate variability were made on day 7 in each treatment period. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, neither dose of darifenacin affected cognitive function, whereas dicyclomine impaired performance on five of the 12 variables 2 h after dosing; simple reaction time (P = 0.009), speed of numeric (P = 0.012) and spatial (P = 0.048) working memory, and speed (P = 0.04) and sensitivity (P = 0.03) of picture recognition. These cognitive changes were accompanied by slowing of the EEG for dicyclomine. Darifenacin showed no clinically relevant effect on EEG. Darifenacin 7.5 and 15 mg once daily did not differ from placebo in effects on visual nearpoint, heart rate or heart rate variability. By contrast, dicyclomine significantly increased the maximum visual nearpoint, decreased heart rate and increased heart rate variability, relative to placebo. Both agents decreased salivary flow rate vs placebo. Treatment-related adverse events were comparable in all groups, the most common being dry mouth; none led to treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Darifenacin did not affect cognitive, cardiac or visual function in healthy volunteers, a profile that may reflect its relative M(3) receptor selectivity and M(1)/M(2) sparing properties.

Adult↗