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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Hormone measures in reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders: diagnostic issues.

Mood disturbances have been identified in association with changes in levels of reproductive hormones. The use of hormonal measures in the diagnosis of reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders is highly variable, ranging from necessary in perimenopausal depression to irrelevant in premenstrual syndrome. This article describes our view of the use of hormonal measures for diagnostic and research purposes in perimenopausal depression and premenstrual syndrome. We suggest that the understanding of these disorders lies in as yet unidentified contextual factors rather than in hormonal excesses or deficiencies.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Primipaternities in families: is the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders in multigravidas an anthropological marker of reproduction?

Pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders (and especially preeclampsia) remain nowadays the major problem of human reproduction as it occurs in at least 10% of all world population births. It is a major cause of maternal-fetal mortality and morbidity in developed and developing countries. This disease was until recently classically considered as a disease of primigravidas with little recurrence in multigravidas. Nevertheless, recent evidences in the last half decade suggest that this disease is indeed a disease of first pregnancies, but at the level of a couple (primipaternity) rather than only the mother's side (primigravidity). Therefore, multigravidas share the risk with primigravidas in case of conception with a new partner. We expose the biological plausibility of this new approach (immunogenetic factors), and propose its epidemiological consequences with proposals of future research for health workers or demographers working at the level of populations. If pregnancy-induced disorders are disease of new couples, then their patterns are probably very different according to the broad reproductive patterns existing among different cultures (contraception, matrifocality or patrifocality, age at marriage, changes of reproductive partners et cetera).

Female↗
PubMed1999

Epilepsy in women: the science of why it is special.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that may be affected by reproductive hormones and may complicate reproductive health. Many women with epilepsy experience changes in seizure frequency and severity with changes in reproductive cycles, including at puberty, over the menstrual cycle, with pregnancy and at menopause. Ovarian steroids alter neuronal excitability at the membrane and in the genome. Altered protein synthesis as a consequence of changes in RNA mediated gene transcription is one mechanism for steroid mediated effects on excitability. These genomic effects are delayed and sustained. In contrast, membrane effects are immediate and short duration. These effects are mediated at both the GABA-A and NMDA receptors. Estrogen also dynamically alters synaptic connectivity. Estrogen enhances excitability and lowers the seizure threshold, whereas progesterone enhances inhibition and increases the seizure threshold. In experimental models of epilepsy, estrogen is proconvulsant and progesterone is anticonvulsant. The net effect of these steroid actions is to alter neuronal excitability over physiological cycles. Some epilepsy syndromes are expressed or worsened at puberty. One third to one half of women with epilepsy have catamenial seizure patterns, with seizures most likely to occur in the perimenstrual period and at ovulation. More research is needed to understand the effects of menopause on epilepsy. Antiepileptic drugs may exacerbate the risk of reproductive endocrine disorders in women with epilepsy. Fertility rates are lower for women with epilepsy. Women with epilepsy are more likely to have anovulatory menstrual cycles, abnormal pituitary LH release and altered ovarian steroid concentrations. Polycystic ovaries are detected more often in women with epilepsy, particularly those on valproate. Treatment of hormone sensitive seizures relies on standard AEDs. Small trials suggest that adjunctive progesterone therapy is sometimes helpful. The newer AEDs, gabapentin and lamotrigine may have some advantages for women with epilepsy. These drugs do not alter levels of steroid hormones and do not interfere with effectiveness of hormonal contraception. Experience in pregnancy is limited. The dynamic effects of hormones on seizure expression and of seizures on reproductive health complicate the management of epilepsy in women. Newer AEDs may offer advantages for women with epilepsy in the reproductive years.

Epilepsy↗
PubMed1998

Risk factors for culling and deaths in eight dairy herds.

OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for culling of dairy cows from eight New South Wales dairy herds. DESIGN: A longitudinal population study of dairy cow culling in eight non-seasonally calving dairy herds in the Camden district of New South Wales. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to evaluate various risk factors for culling for a specific reason (sales, deaths, reproductive failure, disorders of the udder and low milk production). RESULTS: Age at first calving was not a significant risk factor for culling. Milk production in the first lactation greater than the population mean did not influence length of productive life overall, but was associated with a greater hazard of removal for disorders of the udder. Risk of culling for reproductive failure differed significantly between farms, and was not related to events in the previous lactation such as calving-to-first service interval or calving-to-conception interval. Shorter calving intervals were associated with increased risk of removal for low milk production and disorders of the udder. CONCLUSION: Longitudinal surveys to accurately identify reasons for removal from a wide range of herds, identification of herds with low culling rates (especially for reproductive failure and udder disorders), and the identification of practices associated with these culling rates would be worthwhile to the Australian dairy industry.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Polycystic ovary syndrome and epilepsy: a review of the evidence.

Overrepresentation of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women with epilepsy has been described since the early 1980s. While some authors attribute this association to an effect of the seizure disorder on the hypothalamic control of reproductive function, others have reported a relationship with the use of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA). In this article we review the literature on this complex issue, with a detailed analysis of the different reports which describe the reproductive endocrine assessment in women with epilepsy. In spite of the large number of patients assessed, a clear picture does not emerge, mostly because of the wide variability of methodology employed in the different study projects and of the small size of many patient samples especially when divided in subgroups. However, on the whole these studies suggest that women with epilepsy are at risk for developing reproductive endocrine disorders, even if there is not yet definite evidence that PCOS may be over-represented in these patients nor that VPA may be the cause of endocrine problems. It is likely that both the epileptic disorder and the antiepileptic treatment play different roles in the development of such disturbances. This hypothesis deserves further prospective study in large samples of patients; consistency in methodology, diagnostic criteria and presentation of results should always be encouraged in the researchers dealing with these projects. In the meantime, women with epilepsy should be carefully monitored with regard to menstrual function, bodyweight and hyperandrogenism, and evaluation of these parameters should become part of the routine evaluation in baseline and follow-up consultations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Mitochondrial disorders: genetics, counseling, prenatal diagnosis and reproductive options.

Most patients with mitochondrial disorders are diagnosed by finding a respiratory chain enzyme defect or a mutation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The provision of accurate genetic counseling and reproductive options to these families is complicated by the unique genetic features of mtDNA that distinguish it from Mendelian genetics. These include maternal inheritance, heteroplasmy, the threshold effect, the mitochondrial bottleneck, tissue variation, and selection. Although we still have much to learn about mtDNA genetics, it is now possible to provide useful guidance to families with an mtDNA mutation or a respiratory chain enzyme defect. We describe a range of current reproductive options that may be considered for prevention of transmission of mtDNA mutations, including the use of donor oocytes, prenatal diagnosis (by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis), and preimplantation genetic diagnosis, plus possible future options such as nuclear transfer and cytoplasmic transfer. For common mtDNA mutations associated with mitochondrial cytopathies (such as NARP, Leigh Disease, MELAS, MERRF, Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, CPEO, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, and Pearson syndrome), we summarize the available data on recurrence risk and discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of reproductive options.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed1991

Reproductive endocrine considerations and hormonal therapy for women with epilepsy.

Animal experimental and human clinical investigations show that estrogens lower and progestins raise many seizure thresholds. In women, seizure frequency varies with the serum estradiol to progesterone ratio. The fluctuation of this ratio during the menstrual cycle is a major factor in catamenial epilepsy. A decline in serum antiseizure medication levels premenstrually may be another factor. Estradiol to progesterone ratios are elevated in anovulatory or inadequate luteal phase cycles. This may explain a propensity for seizure onset at the time of menarche and the exacerbation of seizures during the months or years leading up to menopause. It may also be an important factor in the association between reproductive endocrine disorders and epilepsy. Specifically, polycystic ovarian syndrome and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism are significantly overrepresented among women with epilepsy. Epilepsy may promote the development of these disorders. These disorders, in turn, are characterized by inadequate luteal phase cycles that may promote the development or occurrence of seizures. In the setting of catamenial epilepsy or reproductive endocrine disorders, progestins, such as natural progesterone and parenteral medroxyprogesterone, or antiestrogenic agents, such as clomiphene, constitute rational and effective adjuncts to therapy.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2002

Thyroid issues in reproduction.

Observations in people and animals demonstrate relationships between thyroid and reproductive functions. Thyroid issues of importance to small animal reproduction are twofold. First, some thyroid disorders, such as lymphocytic thyroiditis and some forms of congenital hypothyroidism, appear to be heritable. Those traits might be considered undesirable. If so, to eliminate the trait affected animals would not be selected as breeding stock. Second, thyroid disorders may adversely affect fertility, pregnancy, or neonatal health. If a causal relationship existed between thyroid and reproductive disorders, correction of one would be expected to result in resolution of the other. This is often not the case. Although animals and people with thyroid disorders may also have reproductive disorders, usually disorders other than thyroid disease are the cause of reproductive abnormalities. It appears that euthyroidism supports optimal reproductive performance, but clinically significant reproductive dysfunction is manifested only under certain uncommon conditions of thyroid disease in dogs and cats.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Prevalence of bovid herpesvirus-4 and its antibody in cattle in Minnesota.

Serologic analyses and virus isolation studies were carried out to determine the role of bovid herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) in infections in cattle, principally those of the reproductive tract. Serologic analyses were performed, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test on thoracic fluid specimens from aborted fetuses and on sera from 3 sources of adult cattle. Virus isolation was attempted from field cases of abortion, early embryo death, and postpartum vulvovaginitis/metritis, using uterine discharge and buffy coat preparations obtained from cows and tissues obtained from aborted fetuses. Of 420 fetal thoracic fluid specimens examined, 5 were positive for BHV-4 antibodies. Seventeen percent of adult cattle from 2 sources ie, clinically normal herds and abattoir cattle, were seropositive for BHV-4 antibodies. Cattle from a third source, 4 herds with high incidence of reproductive tract disorders, had a seroprevalence rate between 36 and 88%. Two isolates of BHV-4 were also obtained from this group. The overall incidence of BHV-4 antibodies in clinically normal cattle was higher than previously recognized, with relatively higher prevalence in herds having reproductive problems (chi 2 = 156.5, P less than 0.005). At least 10% of the BHV-4 antibody-positive sera did not have neutralizing antibody against bovine viral diarrhea virus and/or bovid herpesvirus-1, both important causes of bovine reproductive tract disorders.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2005

Dizygotic twin pregnancy conceived with assisted reproductive technology associated with chromosomal anomaly, imprinting disorder, and monochorionic placentation.

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has now become a cornerstone of treatment for involuntary infertility. Recent studies have raised concern regarding potential associations between ART and chromosomal aneuploidy, imprinting anomalies, and monochorionic placentation in dizygotic (DZ) twins. We report a case of DZ twins conceived by ART in which all three problems coexist.

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Intrauterine versus transvaginal sonography for benign and malignant disorders of the female reproductive tract.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of high-frequency intrauterine (IUS) vs. transvaginal (TVS) sonography in the evaluation of benign and malignant uterine and tubal abnormalities. METHODS: For IUS sonography, a high-frequency (10-30 MHz) microtip probe with a maximum beam penetration depth of 126 mm was inserted intracervically; radial scanning (360 degrees) was performed without cervical dilatation and without local or general anesthesia. For TVS, a 7.5-MHz probe was used. The study population comprised 48 patients. Thirty-three patients had gynecological diseases (cervical and endometrial cancer (n = 12), uterine leiomyomas (n = 10), sterility disorders (n = 11)); the remaining 15 patients served as a control group and had no gynecological diseases. RESULTS: IUS was accomplished in 45/48 (94%) patients. In contrast to TVS, preoperative staging by IUS-with assessment of depth of tumor invasion-concurred with the histopathological findings in all patients with cervical and endometrial cancer. The sonographic resolution of submucosal and intramural leiomyomas was superior with IUS vs. TVS. For patients with sterility disorders, intraluminal sonography of the Fallopian tubes was achieved in 64% of cases; endometrial nodules of the Fallopian tubes were depicted by intraluminal sonography (but not TVS). CONCLUSIONS: IUS is superior to TVS in the evaluation of uterine and tubal abnormalities.

Endometrial Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Complex diagnosis of chronic prostatitis complicated by disorders in sexual and reproductive functions].

A comprehensive clinical-and-laboratory evaluation was carried out in 132 patients with chronic prostatitis, the major proportion of these presenting with concomitant urethritis. It has been ascertained that infectious agents (chlamidia, gonococci, myco- and ureaplasms, trichomonads) play an important part in the origination and development of chronic prostatitis. In the examined patients spermograms were studied, with normospermia having been recorded in 45 (34%) patients, grade I oligospermia in 41 (31%), grade II oligospermia in 29 (22%), grade III oligospermia in 13 (10%), azospermia in 4 (3%) patients. There was no relatedness of changes revealed in qualitative characteristics of the ejaculate to etiology of chronic prostatitis. A comparative study was done on those parameters characterizing local (cell-mediated, humoral) immunity of the reproductive tract in patients with chronic prostatitis of different etiological (infectious) origin. Disturbances in local immunologic vigor in varying etiology chronic prostatitis have been shown to be of unidirectional character with no statistically significant difference in place.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of alcohol abuse on reproductive function in women.

Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are associated with disorders of reproductive function in both men and women. Amenorrhea, anovulation, and luteal phase dysfunction may occur in alcohol-dependent women and alcohol abusers. Yet there has been relatively little research on the consequences of alcohol abuse for female reproductive function. Recent clinical and survey studies of alcohol effects on pituitary gonadotropins and gonadal steroid hormones in women are reviewed. Experimental studies of the acute and chronic effects of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in normal women and in animal models are also described. Recent studies of the acute effects of alcohol on opioid antagonist and synthetic LHRH-stimulated pituitary gonadotropins are summarized. Possible mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced disruptions of menstrual cycle regularity are discussed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

Epigenetic deregulation of genomic imprinting in human disorders and following assisted reproduction.

Imprinted genes play important roles in the regulation of growth and development, and several have been shown to influence behavior. Their allele-specific expression depends on inheritance from either the mother or the father, and is regulated by "imprinting control regions" (ICRs). ICRs are controlled by DNA methylation, which is present on one of the two parental alleles only. These allelic methylation marks are established in either the female or the male germline, following the erasure of preexisting DNA methylation in the primordial germ cells. After fertilization, the allelic DNA methylation at ICRs is maintained in all somatic cells of the developing embryo. This epigenetic "life cycle" of imprinting (germline erasure, germline establishment, and somatic maintenance) can be disrupted in several human diseases, including Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), Angelman syndrome and Hydatidiform mole. In the neurodevelopmental Rett syndrome, the way the ICR mediates imprinted expression is perturbed. Recent studies indicate that assisted reproduction technologies (ART) can sometimes affect the epigenetic cycle of imprinting as well, and that this gives rise to imprinting disease syndromes. This finding warrants careful monitoring of the epigenetic effects, and absolute risks, of currently used and novel reproduction technologies.

Alleles↗