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PubMed1985

Polluting and healing among the Northern Yaka of Zaire.

The Northern Yaka of Zaire construct a meaningful world by reference to the human body. They understand the socio-cultural domain in terms of bodily exchanges such as ingestion and excretion, sexual processes or listening and speech. They perceive their bodies simultaneously as bounded entities and as meeting points between inner and outer, self and other, and so on. Pollution occurs in the ominous transition, or the closure of corporeal and/or socio-cultural boundaries. Healing rituals aim to integrate bodily and socio-cultural domains and to mediate boundaries and boundary-transition. Part 1 of this paper transforms Mary Douglas' social perspective into a subject-centred view of the symbolic dimensions of sexuality, of pollution, and of the main forms of healing among the Northern Yaka. Here 'pollution' (mbeembi) has to do with an ominous disturbance of the cultural body schema and of domestic boundaries. Part 2 focuses on the ideological relationship between gender, the 'transgression of sexual rights' (yidyaata), and reproduction.

Ceremonial Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Women are silver, women are diamonds: conflicting images of women in the Cambodian print media.

This paper examines 116 articles related to sexual and reproductive health translated into English from the Khmer press from April 1997 to February 2004. These excerpts were found in The Mirror, a publication of the non-governmental organisation Open Forum of Cambodia, which collates and reviews all issues of the Khmer press on a weekly basis. Five major themes were identified: the politics of women's health, government regulation and control, the sex industry in Cambodia, rape, and the HIV epidemic. Discourse analysis of these articles in the context of other sources and experience allows a gendered exploration of the reporting of sexual and reproductive health and rights issues in Cambodia by the Khmer print media. The reports explore the contested political empowerment of women in this strongly hierarchical society, and the mechanisms used to regulate and control sexual activity The expanding sex industry and associated sexual trafficking are reported, together with the corruption of legal structures designed to regulate health systems and protect women and children from sexual exploitation and rape. The growing problem of AIDS and successes in reducing HIV transmission through the collaboration of sex workers in the 100% condom use policy is documented, and the tensions implicit in a cultural representation of women that both protects and constrains women are explored.

Cambodia↗
PubMed2005

Field experiences integrating family planning into programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

This article reviews field experiences with provision of family planning services in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs in ten countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Family planning is a standard component of most antenatal care and maternal-child health programs within which PMTCT programs are offered. Yet PMTCT sites often miss opportunities to provide HIV-positive clients with family planning counseling. Demand for family planning among HIV-positive women varies depending on the extent of communities' openness about HIV/AIDS, fertility norms, and knowledge of PMTCT programs. In Kenya and Zambia, no differences were observed in use of contraceptives between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in the study communities, but HIV-positive women have more affirmative attitudes about condoms and use them significantly more frequently than do their HIV-negative counterparts. In the Dominican Republic, India, and Thailand, where HIV prevalence is low and sterilization rates are high, HIV-positive women are offered sterilization, which most women accept. This article draws out the policy implications of these findings and recommends that policies be based on respect for women's right to informed reproductive choice in the context of HIV/AIDS.

Contraception↗
PubMed1985

Directional preferences in perception of visual stimuli.

The present paper reviews a series of studies regarding the effects of hemispheric asymmetry and reading and writing habits on directional preferences in reproducing horizontally-displayed visual stimuli. Hebrew readers, English readers, and Arabic readers were presented with arrays of horizontally-displayed directional and nondirectional stimuli, as well as with single stimuli. They were asked to reproduce the stimuli, and the direction of their reproduction, left-right or right-left, was recorded for analysis. Generally, in reproducing arrays of stimuli, English readers showed left-right directionality, whereas Hebrew readers showed right-left directionality. But in reproducing arrays of English and Hebrew letters, subjects of both groups showed left-right and right-left preferences, respectively. However, the right-left directional preferences shown by Hebrew readers were weaker than the left-right preferences shown by English readers. It was hypothesized that these differences are due to differential reading and writing habits acquired in school by English- and Hebrew-readers. In support of the reading and writing habit hypothesis, it was subsequently found that: (a) Arabic readers, who have stronger right-left reading and writing habits than Hebrew readers, show relatively stronger right-left directional preferences, and (b) with the introduction of English as a foreign language in the fifth grade, children show an increase in left-right directionality. Further investigation showed that, depending on the experimental conditions, directional preferences may be a function of either reading and writing habits, or hemispheric asymmetry, or both. Finally, the bearing of these findings on the "nature-nurture" controversy regarding the development of perceptual exploration in children is discussed.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed2003

'Failed' contraception in a rural South African population.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the free availability of contraception affects the need for termination of pregnancy (TOP). DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: South African rural hospital. POPULATION: Three thousand and ninety-five TOP seekers and 439 non-pregnant controls. METHODS: Structured questionnaire followed by ultrasonography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Current use or recent discontinuation of contraception and the reason for discontinuation. RESULTS: Less than one-third (28.6%) of TOP seekers claimed to be using contraception versus 85.0% of controls. Injectable contraception (IC) was preferred by the controls and oral contraception (OC) by TOP seekers (chi 2 = 48.5, p < 0.0001, OR 0.34 (95% confidence interval 0.25, 0.46)). The percentage of discontinuation of hormonal contraception was higher in controls (chi 2 = 6.3, p = 0.012, OR 0.51 (0.31, 0.85)). The reason for discontinuation of hormonal contraception was obtained from 31.2% of TOP seekers and 63.3% of controls; no reason for discontinuation was acknowledged by 30.1% of the former and 6.3% of the latter (chi 2 = 33.4, p < 0.0001, OR 6.40 (3.25, 12.56)). Side-effects of hormonal contraception prompted more discontinuation in the failed-contraception group (chi 2 = 120.5, p < 0.0001, OR 49.4 (21.6, 112.5)). Poor compliance and absence of an acknowledged reason for discontinuing hormonal contraception resulted in 173 unwanted pregnancies. CONCLUSION: In South Africa two main components of women's reproductive health and rights are freely available, namely contraception and TOP. Not using contraception is one of the main causes of unwanted pregnancy. Better education of both service providers and users is needed to improve use, compliance and perseverance with contraception.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1991

[The characteristics of the electrical reactions of the sensorimotor cortex to real and mental movement in left-handed and ambidextrous subjects with speech disorders at age 6-7].

Responses of alpha-, theta- and beta-I rhythms of the sensorimotor cortex to sound, movement and its mental reproduction for the right and left hand are described in 8 normal and 11 children aged 6 to 7 years with general speech disorders (GSD). Differences in the responses of left-handers and ambidextrous children were recorded. They lie in the degree of the involvement of the hemispheres, in the character of asymmetry and rhythmical composition of the response. Ambidextrous children in health and with GSD were characterized by noticeable responsiveness of the theta rhythm. In left-handers with GSD, the responses towards movement did not differ from normal, with asymmetry of the response to sound being less. As compared to normal children, ambidextrous ones with GSD showed mirror reactions. It is assumed that in children with GSD ambidexterity may be of pathological nature.

Acoustic Stimulation↗