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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

The effect of intersegmental knee moments on patellofemoral contact mechanics in cycling.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bicycle pedal design on the mechanics of the patellofemoral joint. Previous research determined that for certain riders the non-driving varus and internal knee moments could be reduced by switching from fixed to free floating pedals (Ruby and Hull, 1993). It was postulated that the presence of varus and internal knee moments during fixed pedal cycling may adversely affect patellofemoral joint contact mechanics which could lead to the development of anterior knee pain. To investigate the effect of pedal design the hypothesis that varus and internal intersegmental knee moments significantly increase patellofemoral contact pressure, contact area and contact force was tested. To test this hypothesis cycling loads were simulated in vitro using a six-degree-of-freedom load application system (LAS). Using the LAS, varus moments ranging from 0-20 Nm and internal knee moments ranging from 0-10 Nm were applied simultaneously with quadriceps force at knee flexion angles of 60 and 90 degrees. Patellofemoral contact patterns were measured using pressure sensitive film. An applied 10 Nm internal moment significantly increased both contact area by 16% and contact force by 22% at 90 of flexion. The application of a 20 Nm varus moment modestly yet significantly increased contact area by 6% and contact force by 5%. When applied in combination, varus and internal knee moments increased contact area and force by as much as 29% and 28% respectively. The mean contact pressure was not significantly increased by either of the two moments. The results suggest that non-driving intersegmental knee moments subject the patellofemoral joint to loads and contact patterns which may accelerate the development of chondromalacia.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Rediscovering good old friend IGF-I in the new millenium: possible usefulness in Alzheimer's disease and stroke.

Much research has been done over the past two decades on the role of insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF) in the maintenance of normal body homeostasis, especially in regard to various endocrine functions, growth and aging. For example, IGF-I is a well established promoter of tissue growth and has been used in the clinics for the treatment of growth related disorders, even being abused by athletes to enhance performance in competitions. In contrast, comparatively limited attention has been given to the potential significance of the IGFs in the central nervous system. Over the past few years, we have studied the trophic as well as neuromodulatory roles of the IGFs in the brain. IGF-I and IGF-II are potent modulators of acetylcholine release, IGF-I inhibiting release while IGF-II is a potent stimulant. Moreover, only the internalization of the IGF-I receptor complex was blocked by an inhibitor of phosphotyrosylation. This is in accordance with the differential nature of the IGF-I and IGF-II receptors, the former being a tyrosine kinase receptor while the later is a single transmembrane domain protein bearing binding sites for 6-mannose phosphate containing residues. The activation of IGF-I receptors protected neurons against cell death induced by amyloidogenic derivatives likely by an intracellular mechanism distinct from those involved in the regulation of acetylcholine release and neuronal growth. The stimulation of IGF-I receptors can activate intracellular pathways implicating a PI3/Akt kinase and CREB phosphorylation or modulate the production of free radicals. The effects, particularly those of IGF-I on key markers of the Alzheimer's (AD) brains namely cholinergic dysfunction, neuronal amyloid toxicity, tau phosphorylation and glucose metabolism suggest the potential usefulness of this growth factor in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the poor bioavailability, enzymatic stability and brain penetration of IGF-I hamper progress in this regard. The recent development of a small, non-peptidyl mimetic of insulin able to directly activate the insulin receptor [Zhang, B., Salituro, G., Szalkowski, D., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Royo, I., Vilella, D., Diez, M.T., Pelaez, F., Ruby, C., Kendall, R.L., Mao, X., Griffin, P., Calaycay, J., Zierath, J.R., Heck, J. V., Smith, R.G., Moller, D.E., 1999. Science, 284, 974-977] suggests that a similar strategy could be used for IGF-I and the IGF-I receptor leading to the characterization of IGF-I mimics of potential clinical usefulness.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1998

Developmental sodium restriction and gustatory afferent terminal field organization in the parabrachial nucleus.

Dietary sodium restriction instituted early in prenatal development produces physiological, anatomical, and functional changes in the gustatory system. For example, a rearrangement of the chorda tympani nerve terminal field within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) is observed in rats sodium restricted during development. The altered pattern of the chorda tympani nerve innervation within the nucleus of the solitary tract remains even after dietary sodium is restored in the diet at adulthood. In light of these observations, the terminal fields of second-order projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the parabrachial nucleus (PBn) were examined. To determine the possible rearrangements of the second-order projections, the rostral pole of the NST in control, restricted, and repleted rats was injected with the fluorescent tracer Fluoro-Ruby and the terminal fields in the parabrachial nucleus were analyzed. Results show no differences in the size or topography of the parabrachial nucleus terminal field among control, restricted, and repleted rats. These results suggest that the terminal field of second-order gustatory neurons is resistant to dietary sodium restriction during development. The apparent target-dependent effects may relate to differences in the developmental processes along the gustatory pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Behavioral visual responses of wild-type and hypopigmented zebrafish.

Zebrafish possess three classes of chromatophores that include iridophores, melanophores, and xanthophores. Mutations that lack one or two classes of chromatophores have been isolated or genetically constructed. Using a behavioral assay based on visually mediated escape responses, we measured the visual response of fully and partially pigmented zebrafish. In zebrafish that lack iridophores (roy mutants), the behavioral visual responses were similar to those of wild-type animals except at low contrast stimulation. In the absence of melanophores (albino mutants) or both melanophores and iridophores (ruby mutants), the behavioral visual responses were normal under moderate illumination but reduced when tested under dim or bright conditions or under low contrast stimulation. Together, the data suggest that screening pigments in the retina play a role in the regulation of behavioral visual responses and are necessary for avoiding "scatter" under bright light conditions.

Albinism, Ocular↗
PubMed1987

Knowledge of diabetic retinopathy before and 18 years after the Airlie House Symposium on Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy.

In 1968, The Airlie House Symposium evaluated the current knowledge of the natural history of diabetic retinopathy. The effects of tight metabolic control, pituitary ablation, and photocoagulation were discussed at length. Xenon arc photocoagulation was the mainstay of therapy and was usually applied focally to individual patches of new vessels. Photocoagulation of background retinopathy was rarely done. Panretinal photocoagulation was in its infancy, the ruby laser was newly introduced, there were no data on the use of the argon laser, and automated vitrectomy had not been introduced. Participants in the symposium set the stage for the acquisition of valid clinical data from which important therapeutic conclusions have subsequently been drawn by (1) summarizing the areas of consensus and disagreement, (2) devising a standard classification of diabetic retinopathy, and (3) proposing controlled clinical trials for unanswered questions.

Blindness↗
PubMed2000

Requirements for obtaining unbiased estimates of neuronal numbers in frozen sections.

The use of frozen sectioning is a convenient and rapid means of observing the results obtained using fluorescent retrograde tracers. Quantitation of these results using the biased stereological methods currently available can be associated with large errors. A recently developed stereological tool, the optical dissector, provides unbiased and efficient results, however, the requirements for its use in frozen sections has not previously been established. In this study, a comparison was made of neuron numbers, estimated using the optical dissector method, in the motoneuron pool retrogradely labelled from the rat sciatic nerve with either Fast Blue or Tetramethylrhodamine dextran (fluoro-ruby) in methacrylate embedded and frozen spinal cord specimens. Despite over 50% shrinkage in the frozen sections, compared with virtually no shrinkage in the methacrylate sections, no significant difference in labelled motoneuron numbers was observed, provided this shrinkage was taken into account. Correction for section shrinkage is therefore essential in order to use the optical dissector with confidence to count fluorescent labelled neurons in frozen tissue.

Amidines↗
PubMed1999

A method for processing fluorescent labelled tissue into methacrylate: a qualitative comparison of four tracers.

A technique for preserving fluorescence in retrogradely labelled neurons embedded in resin was developed. Four retrograde tracers were tested, Fast Blue (FB); Diamidino Yellow (DY); tetramethylrhodamine dextran (fluoro-ruby) (TMRD) and fluorescein dextran (fluoro-emerald) (FD). These tracers were applied to the cut end of the sciatic nerves in rats either by: (a) direct application of tracer crystals, or (b) dipping the nerve into an aqueous solution containing the tracer. Each lumbar spinal cord was removed and dehydrated by one of two methods: (a) conventional alcohol dehydration, or (b) dehydration through a graded series of aqueous methacrylate infiltration solutions (inert dehydration). Specimens were embedded in methacrylate and horizontal sections cut. The location of labelled motoneurons was mapped using a fluorescence microscope. Direct application of tracer crystals labelled more motoneurons than dipping. Fast Blue labelled considerably more motoneurons than tetramethylrhodamine. Labelling by all tracers was retained following methacrylate embedding. Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow required inert dehydration, while tetramethylrhodamine dextran and fluorescein dextran were preserved using conventional dehydration. These results indicate that tissue labelled with commonly used fluorescent tracers can be processed and embedded in methacrylate, thereby permitting quantitative analysis by modern stereological methods.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The correlation between severity of paraparesis and reduced density of resident antigen-presenting cells implicates an unknown role for the spinal perivascular macrophages in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats.

To study alterations in the morphology of spinal perivascular macrophages (SPM) during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), we labelled SPM by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). As earlier electron microscopical analysis had shown severely damaged SPM, we suspected that each inflammatory process is accompanied by the death of SPM. To prove this hypothesis, we compared the numerical density of resident SPM (i.c.v. labelled in red by Fluoro-Ruby) with that of monocytes/macrophages recruited to the perivascular space (i.c.v. labelled in green by Fluoro-Emerald). At the peak of paraparesis, the density of resident SPM was reduced by 33%. Since this reduction contrasted sharply with earlier data indicating a massive increase in the density of SPM during EAE, we checked our findings after general or selective suppression of the immune response to myelin autoantigens with the drugs dexamethasone and copaxone, respectively. Dexamethasone treatment commenced after evident paraparesis accelerated recovery, but did not influence SPM density. Immunisation with copaxone completely prevented the occurrence of EAE (monitored by video-based motion analysis of tail motility); the subsequent histological analysis revealed no reduction in SPM density. Based on this inverse correlation between the severity of EAE and the density of resident macrophages, we conclude that SPM plays an important role in the pathogenesis of EAE.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Topographic distribution and collateral projections of the two major populations of nigrothalamic neurons. A retrograde labeling study in the rat.

The principal target nuclei of nigrothalamic projections in the rat are the mediodorsal (MD) and ventromedial (VM) nuclei. The present study examined the patterns of distribution and collateral projections of the two major groups of nigrothalamic neurons, i.e., nigro-MD and nigro-VM neurons. Retrograde fluorescent labeling with Fluoro-Gold was used to examine whether the distribution areas of nigro-MD and nigro-VM neurons might be overlapped with or segregated from each other in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. A clear tendency was observed that nigro-MD neurons were distributed more ventrally than nigro-VM neurons. It was further examined by retrograde fluorescent double labeling with Fluoro-Gold and Fluoro-Ruby whether or not these nigrothalamic neurons might provide axon collaterals to the superior colliculus or the pontine reticular formation. The nigro-MD neurons were found to send axon collaterals to the superior colliculus more frequently than the nigro-VM neurons. Additionally, a small number of nigrothalamic neurons were found to send axon collaterals to the pontine reticular formation. The functional significance of the two major populations of nigrothalamic neurons was discussed on the basis of their collateral projections to the superior colliculus or the pontine reticular formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) gene sequences between white grapes (Vitis vinifera) and their sports with red skin.

The expression of the UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) gene has been shown to be critical for anthocyanin biosynthesis in the grape berry. Using white cultivars and bud sports with red skin, we examined the expression of seven anthocyanin biosynthetic genes including the UFGT gene and compared the coding/promoter sequences of the UFGT gene. Northern blot analysis showed that the seven anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were expressed coordinately at higher levels in the red-skin sports than in the white-skin progenitors of the sports. It was especially notable that UFGT gene expression was detected only in the red-skin sports and Kyoho. However, there were no differences in either coding or promoter sequences between Italia (Vitis vinifera) and its red-skin sport Ruby Okuyama, or between Muscat of Alexandria (V. vinifera) and the red-skin sport Flame Muscat. From these findings, the phenotypic change from white to red in the sports is thought to be the result of a mutation in a regulatory gene controlling the expression of UFGT.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Exogenous ochronosis.

Ochronosis is an uncommon condition characterized by yellow-brown pigment deposits in the dermis. It occurs in exogenous and endogenous forms. We report a case of exogenous ochronosis in a Hispanic woman and discuss the different forms of this condition. We treated the lesions with Q-switched ruby laser.

Face↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neural substrata underlying tectal eye movement codification in goldfish.

The optic tectum encodes orienting eye saccades in a spatially ordered map. To investigate whether the functional properties of each tectal site are related to a particular pattern of connectivity with downward structures in the brainstem, two sets of experiments were carried out. First, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected at different tectal sites along the anteroposterior axis. Electrical stimulation at these sites evoked saccades whose horizontal component amplitudes increased with the distance to the rostral pole. In the second experiment, BDA and fluoro-ruby (FR) were injected at different tectal sites along the mediolateral axis. Electrical stimulation here evoked saccades with different upward and downward directions, but similar horizontal component amplitudes. A major finding of the first experiment was that a topographic link of the tectum exists with the mesencephalic reticular formation, but that such a connection was absent or very attenuated for the rhombencephalic reticular formation. In the second set of experiments, the clusters of BDA and FR boutons left by the mediolateral tectal sites were separated in the rostral mesencephalon, at the level of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, but overlapped in the caudal mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. These data provide evidence that decodification of tectal motor commands is based, at least in part, on the connectivity of each tectal locus on downward structures with the brainstem.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Pontomedullary efferent projections of the ventral respiratory neuronal subsets of the rat.

The pontomedullary trajectories of projections efferent from the ventral respiratory cell group were anterogradely labelled after discrete injections of Fluoro Ruby into three morphophysiologically identified subdivisions (Bötzinger complex, rostral inspiratory, and caudal expiratory cell groups). The anterogradely labelled varicosities were located in a variety of areas involved in cardiorespiratory function: other subdivisions of the ventral respiratory cell group, the parabrachial (medial, central, and external lateral), Kölliker-Fuse, and lateral paragigantocellular nuclei, A5, and perifacial areas. Although the target areas were similar for the three studied subdivisions, some differences of the location and densities of labelled varicosities were found. Anterogradely labelled fibre bundles were found bilaterally after all of the tracer injections. Three caudally efferent bundles passed through the ventral respiratory cell group, dorsal medullary, and paramedian reticular nuclei. A labelled fibre bundle also took an ascending route through the ventral respiratory cell group: it surrounded the facial nucleus, and then followed two different pathways, one coursing towards forebrain areas and the other to the parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse complex. Bundles of efferent axons decussated mainly at medullary levels and to a lesser extent in the pons. In the contralateral medulla and pons these labelled fibre bundles followed pathways similar to those observed ipsilaterally. The three ventral respiratory neuronal subsets sent axonal projections through similar tracts, but within them they were topographically organized. The present data are discussed with respect to the circuitry involved in the mechanisms of cardiorespiratory and other visceral functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Connections of the rostral ventral respiratory neuronal cell group: an anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the rat.

The connections of the rostral ventral respiratory cell group (VRG) were retrogradely and anterogradely determined after discrete injections of a mixture of the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue (FB) and Fluoro Ruby (FR) into the physiologically identified rostral inspiratory cell group. Retrogradely FB-labeled neurons and/or anterogradely FR-labeled fibers and terminal fields were located bilaterally in a variety of brain areas. Both retrograde and anterograde labelings were mainly found in: 1) the deep cerebellar nuclei; 2) the lateral lemniscus and paralemniscal nuclei, deep gray, and white intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, tegmental (laterodorsal and microcellular) nuclei, and central gray; and 3) the septohypothalamic nucleus, and lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas. The FR-labeled terminal-like elements were found in: 1) Crus 2 of the ansiform lobule, and the simple, 2, and 3 cerebellar lobules; 2) the subcoeruleus, deep mesencephalic, and Edinger-Westphal nuclei; and 3) the premammillary, lateral, and medial mammillary nuclei, retrochiasmatic part of the supraoptic nucleus, and the zona incerta. The FB-labeled neurons were found in: 1) the parapedunculopontine tegmental and cuneiform nuclei, caudal linear nucleus of the raphe, and adjacent area of the cerebral peduncle; 2) the thalamic posterior nuclear group and subparafascicular, parafascicular, and gelatinosus thalamic nuclei; 3) the parastrial amygdaloid and subthalamic nuclei; and 4) the olfactory tubercle, granular, and agranular insular cortex, parietal and lateral orbital cortices. The connections of the rostral VRG with several cerebellar, midbrain, diencephalic, and telencephalic regions could provide an anatomical substrate for a role of these regions in the control of respiratory-related functions.

Amidines↗
PubMed2000

Phylogenetic analysis of 23S rRNA gene sequences of. Agrobacterium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium strains.

The phylogenetic relationship among twelve Agrobacterium, four Rhizobium, and two Sinorhizobium strains originating from various host plants and geographical regions was studied by analysis of the 23S rDNA sequences. The study included Agrobacterium strains belonging to biovars 1, 2 (with tumor- or hairy-root inducing and non-pathogenic strains), A. vitis, A. rubi; representative species of the Rhizobium genus: R. galegae, R. leguminosarum and R. tropici and Sinorhizobium meliloti strains. The phylogenetic analysis showed that within Agrobacterium, the biovar designation was reflected in the 23S rDNA similarity and that strains of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium are closely related to each other. The results suggest that the taxonomic definition of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium should be considered for revision and that the Agrobacterium-biovar identity is probably a reliable taxonomic trait.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1997

[Gas embolism during endonasal YAG laser surgery].

The authors describe a case of air embolism during an endonasal YAG laser surgery in a 10-year-old child. This accident was caused by the coaxial air cooling system of the laser ruby tip. The importance of end tidal CO2 monitoring and precordial auscultation during laser surgery even in patients without risk factors is underlined.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1987

The natural history of scaphoid non-union. A review of fifty-two cases.

Fifty-two cases of scaphoid non-union requiring Matti-Russe operation are studied. 46% of patients did not receive any treatment after the initial trauma. 32 patients had suffered a single trauma with continuous painful symptoms. In 20 patients, the non-union was only decompensated after a second trauma. Eight of the 32 cases presented with DISI, which is always accompanied by displacement of the fracture by at least 1 mm. Comparison of the present study with that of G.R. Mack and L.K. Ruby confirmed several points: arthrosis is inevitable after a variable delay (10 years for the most optimistic). DISI probably carries a poor prognosis, but a significant correlation with arthrosis could not be demonstrated before 10 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

SQUID detected NMR and NQR. Superconducting Quantum Interference Device.

The dc Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) is a sensitive detector of magnetic flux, with a typical flux noise of the order 1 muphi0 Hz(-1/2) at liquid helium temperatures. Here phi0 = h/2e is the flux quantum. In our NMR or NQR spectrometer, a niobium wire coil wrapped around the sample is coupled to a thin film superconducting coil deposited on the SQUID to form a flux transformer. With this untuned input circuit the SQUID measures the flux, rather than the rate of change of flux, and thus retains its high sensitivity down to arbitrarily low frequencies. This feature is exploited in a cw spectrometer that monitors the change in the static magnetization of a sample induced by radio frequency irradiation. Examples of this technique are the detection of NQR in 27Al in sapphire and 11B in boron nitride, and a level crossing technique to enhance the signal of 14N in peptides. Research is now focused on a SQUID-based spectrometer for pulsed NQR and NMR, which has a bandwidth of 0-5 MHz. This spectrometer is used with spin-echo techniques to measure the NQR longitudinal and transverse relaxation times of 14N in NH4ClO4, 63+/-6 ms and 22+/-2 ms, respectively. With the aid of two-frequency pulses to excite the 359 kHz and 714 kHz resonances in ruby simultaneously, it is possible to obtain a two-dimensional NQR spectrum. As a third example, the pulsed spectrometer is used to study NMR spectrum of 129Xe after polariza-tion with optically pumped Rb. The NMR line can be detected at frequencies as low as 200 Hz. At fields below about 2 mT the longitudinal relaxation time saturates at about 2000 s. Two recent experiments in other laboratories have extended these pulsed NMR techniques to higher temperatures and smaller samples. In the first, images were obtained of mineral oil floating on water at room temperature. In the second, a SQUID configured as a thin film gradiometer was used to detect NMR in a 50 microm particle of 195Pt at 6 mT and 4.2 K.

Aluminum↗