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PubMed2003

[Canine distemper virus--an agent looking for new hosts].

Canine distemper is caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV), a RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The genus Morbillivirus includes measles virus, Rinderpest virus and peste-des-petits-ruminants virus. The host spectrum of CDV, which includes numerous families of Carnivores, has been changed in the last years and distemper-like diseases have been observed in numerous other species. These include epidemics in large felids, marine mammals and javelinas. Different viruses have been isolated from pinnipeds including a seal-specific isolate, termed phocine distemper virus 1, PDV-1, and a CDV strain, named PDV-2. Retrospective analysis of previous epidemics among marine mammals in various regions of the world provide evidence for the occurrence of so far unrecognized morbillivirus epidemics. In some including the mass mortalities of Baikal and Caspian seals and of large felids in the Serengeti, terrestrial carnivores including dogs and wolves have been suspected as a vector for the infectious agent. However, in other epidemics among marine mammals the source of infection remains unknown including both seal epidemics in northwestern Europe in 1988 and 2002. It remains to be determined whether a morbillivirus from other marine mammals or terrestrial carnivores caused the infection in this unprotected seal populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A survey of vaccines produced for OIE list A diseases in OIE member countries.

A survey was conducted to determine the availability, country of origin, and manufacturer of vaccines for all Office International Des Epizooties (OIE) list A diseases. A large number of classical swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease and Newcastle disease vaccines were found. A limited number of vaccines was also located for African horse sickness, bluetongue, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, highly pathogenic avian influenza, lumpy skin disease, peste des petits ruminants, rift valley fever, rinderpest, sheep and goat pox, and vesicular stomatitis. No African swine fever or swine vesicular disease vaccines were found. Experimental vaccines are not included in this survey.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2004

International trade in livestock and livestock products: the need for a commodity-based approach.

International animal health standards designed to facilitate safe trade in livestock and livestock products are set by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and documented in the OIE's Terrestrial Animal Health Code. A core principle of the Code is the need for countries to eradicate important transboundary animal diseases (TADs) to reduce the risk of exporting disease to trading partners. International food safety standards are set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, administered jointly by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The goal of global eradication of most TADs is unachievable for the foreseeable future, other than in the case of rinderpest, and this prevents many countries, especially developing nations, from engaging in international trade under WTO rules. This paper proposes an alternative, commodity-based approach to the formulation of international animal health and food safety standards, based on the fact that different commodities pose very different risks when it comes to the spread of human and animal pathogens. Therefore, the risk mitigation strategies required are equally commodity-dependent. The authors conclude that more focused commodity standards would improve access to international markets for all countries, especially those in the developing world. For this objective to be realised, credible and independent certification is required.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Extending the foot-and-mouth disease module to the control of other diseases.

During the recent devastating epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and New Castle disease, more than 115 million animals were culled. The mass slaughter of animals raised serious ethical questions. These epidemics showed that the use of emergency vaccination is an essential element in disease control. During the last decade the FMD antigen banks have proved to be effective and this module should be extended. An international vaccine stock should be considered for classical swine fever and HPAI. Agreements with vaccine producers should be made easily available, with instant access to a vaccine reserve for rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, BT, African horse sickness and Rift valley fever. These vaccines should meet international standards and should allow distinction between vaccinated and infected animals. Information should be gathered proactively on the use of vaccines for lumpy skin disease, sheep and goat pox and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Development of a N gene-based PCR-ELISA for detection of Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in clinical samples.

A highly sensitive N gene-based PCR-ELISA for the detection of Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) was developed. The RT-PCR yielded a digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled product of 336 bp comprising a sequence from PPRV N gene, which was then detected by ELISA. The assay could detect the viral RNA in PPRV-infected tissue culture fluids with a titer as low as 0.1 TCID(50)/ml. The assay is 10,000 times more sensitive than a classical RT-PCR combined with agarose gel electrophoresis. The assay could detect the virus in the clinical samples, which were negative by conventional sandwich ELISA (S-ELISA). The percentage positivity of the assay in detecting the virus in clinical samples was 66.2% compared to 48.6% for S-ELISA. The assay was more sensitive than S-ELISA also in detecting the virus in early as well as late phases of the disease. In addition, the assay could also be used for differential diagnosis of PPRV and Rinderpest virus (RPV).

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Veterinary experiences as a Japanese prisoner of war and ex-POW along the Burma railroad from 1942 to January 1946.

As a prisoner of war the writer was working for nearly three years in different POW camps, and outside them, along the Burma railway from Thanbyuyzat in southern Burma up to Kanchanabury in Thiland. In the army of the Netherlands-Indian archipelago (KNIL) he had the military rank of reserve horse-doctor. In civilian life he was attached to the Veterinary Institute in Buitenzorg(now Bogor) as a veterinary bacteriologist. His task as a POW became that of meathygienist and supervisor of the living animals in the camps. In this function he diagnosed swine fever in growing pigs which had mainly been fed on the offal of the Japanese kitchen. The acute course and the pathological alterations observed during the post-mortem examinations were identical with those of the Southern-African type of the disease. In slaughter cattle the author diagnosed some cases of lung tuberculosis, one of anthrax, several of rinderpest, some of rhinal granulomatosis and one of foot and mouth disease. In chickens he found NCD (pseudo-fowlpest) and in ducklings a mortal disease which the author then called 'keeling disease' but which he many years later, recognized as virus hepatitis. As assistant bacteriologist and ex-POW he joined the British regimental hospital in Bangkok. Here he had the apportunity to assist the bacteriologist pathologist, Maj. C. R. Peck IMS/IAMC in diagnosing the first case of melioidosis in an ex-POW of the KNIL who died from the sub-acute infection, notwithstanding treatment in the hospital with sulfa-drugs and penicillin.

Concentration Camps↗
PubMed2005

The place of marker vaccines in control and eradication of animal diseases--aspects of comparative interest.

Smallpox is the first viral infection to have been eradicated world-wide. This remarkable success is due to several factors including the availability of an efficacious vaccine and the absence of a wildlife reservoir. The only animal virus disease sharing these characteristics is rinderpest, for which there are several efficacious vaccines. Other animal viral infections do not share the same characteristics, either due to the lack of an efficacious vaccine (African swine fever), or to the existence of wildlife reservoirs such as the wild boar for classical swine fever, the African buffalo for foot-and-mouth disease, bats for lyssavirus infections, etc. These diseases are more prone to regional elimination than a complete worldwide eradication. Two methods are used to eliminate an animal viral infection, either vaccination or the strict application of hygienic measures including stamping out and incineration, or the combination of both methods. Public opinion is more and more concerned about stamping out, even when necessary such as when dealing with emerging zoonoses. On the other hand, generalised vaccination (i.e. against foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, etc.) may be discontinued despite its efficacy, for macro-economical reasons. The solution may come from the use of marker vaccines associated with companion diagnostic tests to make a distinction between infected and immunised animals by serological examination. Current control and eradication programmes against these and other diseases, the role of marker vaccines, and the limitations of such programmes are being discussed.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2005

[New vaccines and new veterinary therapies derived from biotechnologies: examples of applications].

The last ten years have seen the development of vaccines derived from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) recombination, which, when used in association with appropriate diagnostic kits, make it possible to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals. This article describes the general principles behind these vaccines, provides examples of different applications, e.g. vaccines against Aujeszky's disease, classical swine fever, rabies, avian diseases and rinderpest, and discusses the role of this type of vaccine in certain control plans. Deoxyribonucleic acid vaccines constitute a revolution in the concept of vaccination, which was previously based on the injection of a protein or a medium expressing a protein. It is now possible, however, to induce immunisation by direct injection of the gene that codes for the immunogenic antigen. Examples of such vaccines are described. Finally, the production of biological molecules used for therapeutic purposes thanks to genetic engineering techniques is illustrated by some examples concerning, in particular, animal bioreactors (transgenic animals).

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2006

Measles virus receptors and tropism.

Measles virus (MV) is a member of the Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) acts as a cellular receptor for MV. SLAM is expressed on immature thymocytes, activated lymphocytes, macrophages and mature dendritic cells. This distribution of SLAM is in accord with lymphotropism and immunosuppressive nature of MV. Canine distemper and rinderpest viruses, other members of the Morbillivirus genus, also use SLAM as receptors. Laboratory-adapted MV strains often use ubiquitously expressed CD46 as an alternative receptor through the amino acid change(s) in the receptor-binding hemagglutinin. Furthermore, MV can infect various cultured cells, albeit with very low efficiency, via SLAM- and CD46-independent pathway, which may also account for MV infection of SLAM(-) cells in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The prospective course of the AIDS epidemic in The Netherlands according to Farr's Law].

In 1840 William Farr published his 'Laws of Epidemics' which he applied in 1866 to predict the cresting of an epidemic of rinderpest in England. Early in 1990 Bregman and Langmuir used these laws to predict the course of the AIDS epidemic in the U.S.A. They concluded that this epidemic had crested in 1988-1989. Applying the same method to the yearly number of AIDS patients in the Netherlands, the epidemic would peak around 1990-1991; thereafter the epidemic would decrease in volume to a low endemic level. This prediction should not yet be used as the basis of any public health action or policy. Only when it becomes clear from the figures of the U.S.A. that the AIDS epidemic follows Farr's laws, can the prediction become the basis of further policy. The sole aim of the calculations is to demonstrate that there is a distinct possibility that the new AIDS epidemic obeys the 150 year old laws of William Farr.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Detection of phocine distemper virus using the polymerase chain reaction.

During the fatal seal epizootics in the North and Baltic Seas in summer 1988 a virus was isolated which was shown to be the causal agent. It was subsequently classified as morbillivirus by neutralization assays, reaction with monoclonal antibodies and nucleic acid hybridization studies. The virus (tentatively called Phocine Distemper Virus, PDV) is difficult to grow in culture making rapid diagnosis difficult. We have used the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as an alternative and fast method to detect the presence of virus-specific nucleic acid and we describe here the amplification of cell culture derived PDV RNA in a "one-tube" reaction using heterologous (Rinderpest Virus cDNA derived) F gene primers. The resulting 370 bp DNA fragment was shown to be morbillivirus derived by Southern blot hybridization using cloned RPV F gene as probe.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The historical background and global importance of heartwater.

The first written record of what probably could have been heartwater originates from South Africa and dates back to 1838. Since then, the disease was described from almost all the African countries south of the Sahara as well as from Madagascar, São Tome, Reunion, Mauritius and a number of islands in the Caribbean. Most research on the disease, at least until recently, was conducted in South Africa. Progress in research was slow but a few outstanding findings are mentioned in this paper. Despite inadequate information on its actual economic impact on livestock production, it is generally accepted that heartwater is either the most or second most important tick-borne disease in Africa. Depending on the area, heartwater ranks either second or third amongst diseases such as East Coast fever, tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis, rinderpest and perhaps also schistosomiasis. Heartwater is a major obstacle with regard to the introduction of highly producing animals intended for the upgrading of local breeds. Furthermore, it remains a major threat to areas such as the American mainland, where potential vectors are present but where the disease does not occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The molecular biology of the morbillivirus (measles) group.

The morbilliviruses are a closely related group of important human and animal pathogens. The best known members of the group are measles virus in man and canine distemper virus in dogs. The group also includes two other serious animal diseases, rinderpest or cattle plague and peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats. The latter viruses are of great economic importance in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Persistence of these viruses in some form is a possible mechanism whereby life-long immunity is conferred on an infected individual. In addition to the severe, often fatal, acute disease these viruses can, in rare cases, lead to a fatal chronic disease of the CNS. Molecular biological studies will be described which are beginning to elucidate their evolutionary relationships and to provide a basis for understanding the role of individual virus genes in pathogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Paramyxoviruses of the morbilli group in the wild hedgehog Erinaceus europeus.

Dead and sick hedgehogs (Erinaceus europeus) were examined, together with apparently healthy individuals, and paramyxo virus of the morbilli group was isolated. One animal's symptoms were similar to those caused by canine distemper and the virus isolate from faecal suspensions from this animal were antigenically related in various degrees to measles, canine distemper, rinderpest and PPRV viruses. Isolates from normal hedgehogs were found to belong to the same group. The variability and host specificity of members of paramyxo morbilli group virus are discussed and the role of natural infections of wild communities is considered in relation to disease in domestic animals and man.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A half century of medical life in Kimberley. Personal reminiscences.

Fifty years ago Kimberley was a "city" with tramways, hotels, shops, cultural and recreational facilities and an imposing hospital. Active diamond mines surrounded the town and the hinterland was populated by diamond diggers, prospectors and farmers. The area was beset by a harsh climate and droughts, as well as by slumps in the diamond market. Medically, Kimberley has pioneered breakthroughs such as the brilliant discovery of the rinderpest vaccine by Koch, the first statutory register of nurses in the world (pioneered by Henrietta Stockdale), the first medical association in South Africa, and the unique Kimberley Medical Practitioners' Pool, active during World War II.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Biological properties of phocine distemper virus and canine distemper virus.

Morbilliviruses constitute a major threat to the health of animal and man. To date the Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family comprises five established members, namely canine distemper virus (CDV), phocine distemper virus (PDV), measles virus (MV), rinderpest virus (RPV), and peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). In addition, morbillivirus candidates infecting aquatic mammals were recently discovered. The present review on the biology of morbilliviruses focuses on knowledge gained by our group in studies on PDV and CDV. The aims of these studies were: i) to investigate the biological properties of the recently recognized PDV, which was found to be the primary etiology of epidemics with high mortality in seals in Western Europe, ii) to extend our knowledge of the biological properties of CDV. The morbillivirus particle is enveloped. The helical nucleocapsid core contains a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome of negative sense of 15 to 16 kilobases in length. The genome is organized in six transcriptional units or genes. Overall, the studies of the genome of PDV revealed a genetic map principally fitting with that determined for other morbilliviruses. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences have been determined for five PDV genes named in analogy with the encoded structural proteins of other morbilliviruses in the order: 3'N(1683)-P(1644)-M(1443)-F(2206)-H(1952)-L5' (The figures in brackets denote nucleotide lengths of the genes of the Danish PDV isolate). The L gene (covering approximately 8900 nucleotides) remains to be sequenced. The six genes are likely to code for at least eight distinct proteins. The nucleocapsid (N) protein was found to consist of 523 amino acids in PDV. The following gene of the transcription map encoded the P protein of 507 amino acid residues. Similar to other morbilliviruses, the P gene of PDV was shown to have additional coding capacity for two distinct proteins V (299 amino acids) and C (174 amino acids). The results presented provide evidence for editing at transcript of the PDV P gene by insertion of nontemplated G residues at a specific site. The edited version of the mRNA was found to encode the cystein-rich V protein. The three envelope-associated proteins of PDV were predicted to consist of 335 (M), 537 (F0) and 607 (H) amino acid residues. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the N, P, M, F, and H genes of PDV were aligned with corresponding sequences of other established members of the genus Morbillivirus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Morbillivirus infections in aquatic mammals.

Infections with morbilliviruses have caused heavy losses among different populations of aquatic mammals during the last 5 years. Two different morbilliviruses were isolated from disease outbreaks among seals in Europe and Siberia: phocid distemper virus-1 (PDV-1) and phocid distemper virus-2 (PDV-2) respectively. PDV-1 was characterized as a newly identified morbillivirus, most related to canine distemper virus (CDV), whereas PDV-2 most probably is a strain of CDV. Morbilliviruses were also isolated from porpoises--porpoise morbillivirus (PMV)--and dolphins--dolphin morbillivirus (DMV)--which had stranded on the coasts of Europe. PMV and DMV proved to be closely related to, but distinct from 2 ruminant morbilliviruses, rinderpest virus (RPV) and peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Serological surveys carried out among pinniped and cetacean species in the seas of Europe and North America indicated that infections with these newly discovered morbilliviruses or closely related viruses commonly occur among aquatic mammal species.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Vaccination strategies for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Africa].

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is regarded as the second most important disease of cattle in Africa. The disease was eradicated from Europe through drastic slaughter campaigns with quarantine and restriction of cattle movements. CBPP was mastered in Australia using these methods combined with vaccination. However, the disease remains endemic in Asia and Africa, where it inhibits livestock farming. In these continents, vaccination is the preferred means of control; the aim is to reduce incidence until complementary disease control measures can be applied. The success of a vaccination campaign depends on four main factors: good planning and good organisation; staff who are well-trained, fully equipped and highly motivated; high quality vaccines; good international co-operation. Vaccine strains recommended for use in Africa are strain T1/44 and its variant T1-SR. To improve the immunogenicity of these strains, the Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) secured financial support for research into immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM). It is hoped that this technology can improve vaccines, leading to effective eradication of the disease. In the meanwhile, systematic and repeated vaccination is the method of choice against CBPP in Africa.

Africa↗