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PubMedDate not supplied

The role of recreational sport activity in Achilles tendon rupture. A clinical, pathoanatomical, and sociological study of 292 cases.

During the last few decades, the incidence of tendon ruptures has increased in civilized countries. Our material comprises 749 patients who had 832 tendon ruptures treated surgically between 1972 and 1985. There were no competitive athletes among the patients studied. There were 292 single ruptures of the Achilles tendon, 274 of the proximal biceps brachii, 113 of the extensor pollicis longus, and 70 of other tendons. Forty-eight patients had multiple ruptures and 35 patients had reruptures. Achilles tendon ruptures often occurred in recreational sports activities (59%), in contrast to other tendon ruptures (2%; P less than 0.001). The mean age for patients who had Achilles tendon rupture was 35.2 years and for patients with other ruptures, 50.7 years (P less than 0.001). There was a connection between the high incidence of blood group O and tendon ruptures (P less than 0.001). In cases of multiple ruptures and reruptures, the frequency of blood group O was 71%. Sixty-two point three percent of the patients with Achilles tendon rupture were professionals or white collar workers, which is markedly more than in the Hungarian population (12.7%; P less than 0.001). Two hundred and six Achilles tendon ruptures were studied histologically, and all cases displayed pathological alterations. The results indicate that complete rupture of the Achilles tendon is usually a sequel to a sedentary life-style and participation in sports activities.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Helmet protection from head injuries among recreational bicyclists.

Head injuries account for the great majority of bicycling deaths and hospital admissions. Helmet use has been suggested as an effective means of preventing injury, but few studies have addressed this issue. We collected questionnaire data by mail from 191 recreational bicyclists who reported having fallen and struck their heads in a cycling mishap. Information was collected on the nature of the mishap, the extent of injury, and the helmet status of the rider at the time of the fall. Fifty-seven percent of riders were wearing helmets during the mishap. Helmet wearers were significantly older than those not wearing helmets. Helmet wearers experienced significantly fewer skull fractures (1% versus 11%) and facial soft tissue injuries (5% versus 18%) than those not wearing helmets (chi 2 = 6.7, 6.5; P = 0.01, 0.01). No other variables accounted for differences in injuries. These data support the contention that bicycle helmets are effective in preventing head injuries.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lower extremity range of motion in the recreational sport runner.

The purposes of this study in the recreational runner were to describe and compare lower extremity sagittal range of motion and vertical body displacement for slow and fast paces during treadmill and overground running, and to compare timing of the running phases at the two paces. Vertical displacement of the body, and flexion and extension of the hip, knee, and ankle were measured with a motion analysis system at 200 hertz as the subjects self-selected the two paces. No statistically significant differences were seen when comparing sagittal motion on a treadmill with overground running. Statistically more vertical displacement during overground running was recorded when compared with treadmill running. Peak vertical force was near midstance when the ankle, knee, and hip approached maximum flexion. Results demonstrated that during a slow pace the approximate arcs of motion were: ankle, 50 degrees; knee, 95 degrees; and hip, 40 degrees. During running at a fast pace, the hip required more extension in early swing; the hip and knee required more flexion in middle and late swings. The fact that ankle motion did not change with the different speeds gave credence to the belief that push-off, or toe-off, is not the source of power in running.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Injury patterns in recreational rock climbers.

We studied 39 recreational rock climbers to determine the incidence and pattern of injuries sustained in the sport at their level. Eleven climbers (26%), who climbed beyond the sport level, had sustained a major injury from a fall. Thirty-five climbers (89%) sustained at least one significant injury. Fifty percent of the injuries involved the hand or wrist. Only seven climbers (19%) had evidence of a digital pulley injury (climber's finger). Four climbers (11%) had evidence of a carpal tunnel syndrome. Twenty climbers (50%) had tendinitis in an upper extremity on physical examination.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of injury among 1638 riders in a recreational long-distance bicycle tour: Cycle Across Maryland.

To assess the incidence of and risk factors for injuries in a group of bicyclists with a well-defined exposure to bicycling, we conducted a prospective study of 1638 recreational bicyclists who rode in the 6-day 339-mile Cycle Across Maryland tour in 1994. The mean age of participants was 39 years (range, 7 to 79), and two-thirds were male. All riders wore helmets. During the tour there were 85 acute traumatic injuries (15.4 per 100,000 person-miles), 76 overuse injuries (13.7 per 100,000 person-miles), and 37 other medical problems (6.7 per 100,000 person-miles). Acute traumatic injuries were associated with a history of racing versus none (relative risk = 2.2, 95% confidence limits = 1.3, 3.7) and with inexperience, no previous Cycle Across Maryland tours versus one or more (relative risk = 1.7, 95% confidence limits = 1.04, 2.8), but not with sex, training, or prior injuries. Inexperience and lack of preride conditioning were risk factors for overuse injuries. The most common overuse injuries and medical problems were knee pain, hand or wrist numbness, foot blisters, insect stings and bites, and heat and dehydration. Study results provide exposure-based incidence rates of bicyclist injuries and suggest overuse injuries may be reduced by increased preride conditioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Poppers, a new recreational drug craze.

The study was conducted to obtain information on the recreational use of the vasodilators (RVs) amyl nitrite and butyl nitrite in Toronto. The results of 70 interviews (40 complete) indicate that sniffing these RVs gives a 'high' lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes with headache being the most common side effect. None of the more serious side effects mentioned in the literature were reported. RVs are used chiefly in conjunction with sexual activities and dancing. Their use is currently a craze amongst the male homosexual population.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Recreating life: toward a theory of relationship development in acute home care.

The aim of this research was to explain some processes used by family caregivers and care recipients with acute conditions to develop and maintain satisfying care relationships in home settings. Grounded theory method was used to develop a beginning theory of individual and relationship growth and development. From a sample obtained through two home health agencies, 9 dyads (e.g., care recipient and family caregiver) were interviewed once, 4 dyads twice, and 1 dyad three times. The substantive theory that emerged--recreating life--suggests that caregivers and care recipients respond to disrupted realities caused by illness through redefining self and redefining the relationship. Four mitigating factors affecting the developmental process were identified: (a) prognosis, (b) progress, (c) social support, and (d) professional support.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Primary repair without augmentation for early neglected Achilles tendon ruptures in the recreational athlete.

From 1987 to 1994, the senior author performed 41 Achilles tendon repairs. We identified 11 patients during this period (age, 35.3 years; range, 26-60 years) who fit the criterion for neglected Achilles tendon rupture (repair > or = 4 weeks and < or = 12 weeks from injury). All patients underwent proximal release of the gastrocsoleus complex, imbrication of the early fibrous scar without excision of any local tissue, and primary repair of the tendinous ends with two No. 5 Ticron sutures (5R, 6L). Several (three to five) No. 0 Vicryl sutures were used to augment the repair. The ankle was placed in a 20 degree plantarflexion nonweightbearing short leg cast for 3 weeks. All skin closures were primary. At 3 weeks, weightbearing as tolerated was initiated in a short leg cast. The cast was discontinued at 6 weeks, and physical therapy was initiated, consisting of range of motion exercises and closed kinetic exercises, progressing to functional exercises as swelling, strength, and pain allowed. Minimal follow-up was 18 months (mean, 3.5 years; range, 1.5-5.8 years). There have been no subsequent ruptures to date. All patients returned to a preinjury level of activity at a mean of 5.8 months (range, 2.5-9 months). Total range of motion was not different (P > 0.05) between the involved (67 degree) and uninvolved (74 degree) ankle. Plantarflexion loss of strength in the involved ankle was the same (98.4%, 88.1%, and 87.6% respectively, involved to uninvolved) as that seen after acute repair at all speeds tested. Visual analog pain scale (0 to 10) revealed a mean score of 0.7 (range 0-2) during activities of daily living and 1.0 (range, 0-3) during sports activity. The subjective and objective outcome was similar (P > 0.05) to that seen after an acute repair by the same surgeon. There were no complications including skin sloughs or nerve damage. We believe this is the first article to report the results after primary repair without augmentation for the neglected Achilles tendon rupture. We conclude that this approach can result in excellent clinical and functional outcome, a low rate of subsequent rupture, and a high rate of return to sports in the recreational athlete whose repair is performed between 4 and 12 weeks after injury.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed2003

Participation in recreational physical activity: why do socioeconomic groups differ?

This qualitative study explored how influences on recreational physical activity (RPA) were patterned by socioeconomic position. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 10 males and 10 females in three socioeconomic groups (N = 60). Influences salient across all groups included previous opportunities, physical health. social assistance. safety. environmental aesthetics and urban design, physical and health benefits, and barriers of self-consciousness, low skill, and weather/time of year. Influences more salient to the high socioeconomic group included social benefits, achieving a balanced lifestyle, and the barrier of an unpredictable lifestyle. Influences more salient to the high and mid socioeconomic groups included efficacy, perceived need, activity demands, affiliation, emotional benefits, and the barrier of competing demands. Influences more salient to the low socioeconomic group included poor health and barriers of inconvenient access and low personal functioning. Data suggest that efforts to increase RPA in the population should include both general and socioeconomically targeted strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Complex cranial base trauma resulting from recreational fireworks injury: case reports and review of the literature.

Two patients who sustained complex skull base trauma secondary to recreational fireworks injuries are reported. Initial assessment and management included axial and coronal computerized tomography, control of hemorrhage, debridement of wound and brain, isolation of brain from external environment, and reconstruction of the cranial base floor. Secondary orbital and facial reconstruction used available bone fragments and iliac bone graft in one patient and vascularized free tissue transfer in the other. In both patients, reconstruction of both the intracranial and extracranial compartments was successful with acceptable cosmetic result. Modification of multiple conventional approaches, along with a multispecialty surgical team, was used to deal effectively with these unique cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Orthotic comfort is related to kinematics, kinetics, and EMG in recreational runners.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between differences in comfort and changes in lower extremity kinematic and kinetic variables and muscle activity in response to foot orthoses. METHODS: Twenty-one recreational runners volunteered for this study. Three orthotic conditions (posting, custom-molding, and posting and custom-molding) were compared with a control (flat) insert. Lower extremity kinematic, kinetic, and EMG data were collected for 108 trials per subject and condition in nine sessions per subject for overground running at 4 m.s-1. Comfort for all orthotic conditions was assessed in each session using a visual analog scale. The statistical tests used included repeated measures ANOVA, linear regression analysis, and discriminant analysis (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Comfort ratings were significantly different between orthotic conditions and the control condition ([lower, upper] confidence limits; posting: [-3.1, -0.8]; molding: [0.4, 3.4]; and posting and molding: [-1.1, 1.9]); 34.9% of differences in comfort were explained by changes in 15 kinematic, kinetic, and EMG variables. The 15 kinematic, kinetic, and EMG variables that partially explained differences in comfort classified 75.0% of cases correctly to the corresponding orthotic condition. DISCUSSION: In general, comfort is an important and relevant feature of foot orthoses. Evaluations of foot orthoses using comfort do not only reflect subjective perceptions but also differences in functional biomechanical variables. Future research should focus on defining the relationship between comfort and biomechanical variables for material modifications of footwear, different modes of locomotion, and the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Postexercise left ventricular function and cTnT in recreational marathon runners.

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of prolonged exercise on left ventricular (LV) function and the appearance of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in older and recreational athletes. METHODS: Heart rate (HR), blood pressures, and cTnT were recorded in 35 subjects (age range 22-57 yr, finishing time 157-341 min) pre- and postrace. Echocardiograms (N = 26) assessed stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), sBP/LV end-systolic volume (sBP/ESV), diastolic filling (E:A ratio) as well as preload (LV internal dimension at end-diastole [LVIDd]) and afterload (LV wall stress). HR and core temperature were recorded in-event. Prepost changes in LV function were analyzed by repeated measures t-test. Delta scores for LV function and cTnT data were correlated with each other, age, finishing time, alterations in loading, and in-event data. RESULTS: SV was significantly decreased postrace (109 +/- 31 vs 85 +/- 25 mL, P < 0.05) likely due to a significant decrease in LVIDd (5.3 +/- 0.4 vs 4.9 +/- 0.5 cm, P < 0.05; r = 0.80, P < 0.05). LV wall stress was unchanged postrace (90 +/- 25 vs 89 +/- 27 g x cm(-2), P > 0.05). EF (70 +/- 12 vs.70 +/- 10%, P > 0.05) and sBP/ESV (3.7 +/- 2.9 vs 4.0 +/- 2.0, P > 0.05) did not change prepost race and were not related to age or finishing time (P > 0.05). E:A ratio was significantly reduced postrace (1.73 +/- 0.38 vs 1.41 +/- 0.25, P < 0.05) and could not be explained by an increased HR (56 +/- 9 vs 84 +/- 10, P < 0.05; r = 0.08, P > 0.05), a reduced LVIDd (r = 0.11, P > 0.05), age, finishing time, or in-event data. Postrace 26/33 subjects presented cTnT values in the range 0.024-0.080 microg x L(-1) that were not related to changes in LV function, loading, age, finishing time, or in-event data. CONCLUSION: No evidence of load-independent depression in LV systolic function was reported. Changes in cTnT and E:A were not related, and their etiology is uncertain.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effect of training on running economy and performance in recreational athletes.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of an 8-wk training program on the energy cost of running (C) and the performance of 16 recreational males. METHODS: A training group (TG, N = 8, 25.3 +/- 2.9 yr, 183.6 +/- 7.3 cm, 80.9 +/- 9.6 kg) and a control group (CG, N = 8, 24.3 +/- 3.7 yr, 179.3 +/- 6.1 cm, 75.5 +/- 8.0 kg) performed three two-stage tests (TST) at weeks 0, 4, and 8 (W0, W4, W8). Speeds of the first (v-slow) and second stage (v-fast) were 2.4 +/- 0.3 vs 2.5 +/- 0.4 m x s(-1) and 3.7 +/- 0.3 vs 3.9 +/- 0.4 m.s (TG vs CG), respectively. Maximum running time at v-fast (T) served as the measure of performance. C was calculated from oxygen uptake above rest, blood lactate concentration, and speed. The TG trained 3-5x wk(-1) at an HR of +/-10 beats of the HR measured at v-slow at W0 (161 +/- 12 bpm). The CG did not train. RESULTS: At W0, there were no significant differences between the groups in T (377 +/- 47 vs 335 +/- 34 s) and C (v-slow: 4.1 +/- 0.3 vs 4.3 +/- 0.4 J x kg(-1) x m(-1); v-fast: 4.2 +/- 0.4 vs 4.0 +/- 0.4 J x kg(-1) x m(-1)). In the CG, T and C remained almost unchanged at W4 (363 +/- 38 s, 4.0 +/- 0.4 J x kg(-1) x m(-1)) and at W8 (342 +/- 49 s, 4.0 +/- 0.3 J x kg(-1) x m(-1)). In the TG, T increased (P < 0.05) at W4 (469 +/- 45 s) and at W8 (591 +/- 109 s). At v-fast, also C increased (P < 0.05) at W8 (4.6 +/- 0.4 J x kg(-1) x m(-1)), whereas at v-slow, C decreased (P < 0.05) at W4 (3.7 +/- 0.4 J x kg(-1) x m(-1)) with no further change at W8 (3.7 +/- 0.4 J x kg(-1) x m(-1)). CONCLUSION: The training successfully increased running performance in terms of T. During the initial training period, C could be reduced at the speed predominantly used in training. However, at high running speeds, C may even increase if the corresponding running time is largely increased.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

Backstage, frontstage: an analysis of work and leisure roles of women recreational softball players.

American culture and attitudes are profoundly homophobic. Studies abound that describe the violence and discrimination that traditionally have been part of a homosexual's life. Growing up "queer" in the United States prompts many homosexuals to consciously or unconsciously suppress homoerotic feelings (Forstein, 1988). The traditionally male and female identities in society are strongly connected to heterosexuality. Reality and fear that constrain a homosexual result in what Schwanberg (1993) states is a "rigidly segmented life in which one works as a straight person and plays as a gay one" (p. 47). Utilizing Goffmanian terminology, this study will explore the presentation of front and backstage selves of women recreational softball players in Alaska.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Recreational use of aminorex and pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension has been associated with ingestion of the appetite suppressant aminorex. A similar compound, 4-methyl-aminorex (street names, "U-4-E-uh" [pronounced euphoria] or "ice"), is a "designer" drug with central stimulant activity. This drug was discovered on the property of three individuals with diagnoses of pulmonary hypertension. The association between "recreational" aminorex manufacture and ingestion and the development of pulmonary hypertension is described.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effects of varied rest periods between sets to failure using the bench press in recreationally trained men.

The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of recovery for recreational weight trainers between 2 sets of bench press to volitional exhaustion. Twenty-eight men performed 2 sets of the bench press at 75% of their previously determined 1 repetition maximum (1RM) to volitional exhaustion. Rest periods of 1, 3, or 5 minutes between sets were utilized on the 3 separate testing days. There was a significant decrease in the number of repetitions performed between the second sets at all rest periods. There were no significant differences in work performed (repetitions x weight) during the second set with the 3- and 5-minute rest periods, but the total work with a 1-minute rest period (1,389.1 +/- 529.9) was significantly less than both the 3- (1,494.9 +/- 451.0) and 5-minute (1,711.4 +/- 478.0) rest period. The data indicated that subjects were unable to fully recover between the first and second sets of maximal resistance exercise, regardless of the rest period. However, subjects were able to maintain a performance level of 8-12 repetitions and sustain the total work performed per set with as little as 3 minutes rest between sets.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Outbreak of human leptospirosis by recreational activity in the municipality of São José dos Campos, São Paulo. Seroepidemiological study].

An outbreak of human leptospirosis due to recreational activities occurred at São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil in November 1987. It involved a group of persons who had participated in a gathering in a suburb club which had a swimming pool fed with natural water. Epidemiological investigation was carried out and laboratory tests from the patients were done. It was observed that a high prevalence of the pomona serotype (91%) was found in the serological analyses, while the presence of the agent of the infection could not be found in the water club swimming pool.

Agglutination Tests↗