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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Improving reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows by synchronizing ovulation or inducing oestrus.

Lactating crossbred Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 331) were started on an Ovsynch regimen 68 +/- 8.2 days after calving; 200 micrograms GnRH intramuscularly (i.m.) on Days 0 and 9, and 35 mg prostaglandin F2 alpha i.m. on Day 7. Thirty-eight and 31 cows (11.5 and 9.4%, respectively) were in oestrus on Days 0 to 6 and 7 to 8, respectively, and inseminated, and the remainder were fixed-time inseminated (on Day 10). For these three groups, pregnancy rates (60-65 days after breeding) were 31.6, 38.7 and 34.0%, respectively (P = 0.82) and calving rates were 100, 100 and 89.9% (P = 0.23). In a preliminary trial, twelve lactating cows (45 to 60 days postpartum) with inactive ovaries were given 1500 IU eCG i.m.; 10 were in oestrus within 10 days after treatment (and inseminated) and eight of these were pregnant (30 days after breeding). The Ovsynch program resulted in acceptable reproductive performance in cyclic cows and eCG treatment has considerable promise for inducing oestrus in anoestrous cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Psychiatric illness in women: a review of the function of a specialist mother-baby unit.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to describe a specialist program in a psychiatric mother-baby unit and to review the characteristics (including mothering skills) and outcomes on discharge of 36 women consecutively admitted to the unit over an intensive 6-month observation period. Changes in admissions to the same unit over 10 years were also compared. METHOD: Consecutive admissions were studied in terms of demographics, ethnicity, diagnosis, psychiatric history, psychiatric information and mother-infant data. RESULTS: The majority of women admitted suffered from schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, with the second largest diagnostic criteria being depression. For 20 mothers, this was the first psychiatric admission and most admissions were voluntary. The mean length of stay was 21.7 days, representing a highly significant decrease in stay when compared to the past 10 years in the same unit. Mothering skills were found to be incompetent or only passable in 57% of women. A small improvement occurred by discharge, and the majority of women were not separated from their infants. CONCLUSIONS: The critical need to support these women and their infants in the long term was highlighted, with recommendations of outpatient and day programs, as well as supported accommodation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Nutrition management of adolescent pregnancy: technical support paper.

A high proportion of pregnant teens are nutritionally at risk and require nutrition intervention early and throughout their pregnancies. Although questions remain about continued growth, nutrition needs, and the extent of biological immaturity as risk factors, it is certain that the psychosocial and economic risks to the pregnant woman are great at this time. The nutrition needs of the teen can best be met by consumption of foods with a high concentration and balance of nutrients. The recommended weight gain should be achieved and will relate to the maturational stage and the prepregnant height-for-weight proportion. As an integral part of health care programs for pregnant teenagers, the nutrition consultant must be skillful in establishing rapport and developing a relationship within which to counsel patients in the nutritional aspects of reproduction. Counseling should extend to the postpartum period to have a significant and lasting effect on the future of the parents and child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Maternal depressive symptoms in the postnatal period are associated with long-term impairment of mother-child bonding.

BACKGROUND: Postnatal Depression has demonstrated long-term consequences on child cognitive and emotional development, however, the link between maternal and child pathology has not been clearly identified. OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether maternal bonding to the infant and young child is impaired by maternal depressive symptoms. METHODS: 101 mothers of newborn infants were recruited from local obstetric units and examined for psychopathology using Symptom Checklist, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire at two weeks, six weeks, four months and fourteen months postpartum. RESULTS: Maternal depressive symptoms at 2 weeks, 6 weeks and four months postnatally but not at fourteen months of infant's age were found to be strongly associated with lower quality of maternal bonding to the infant and child from two weeks until fourteen months of postnatal age. Even mild and unrecognized maternal depressive symptoms had a significant impact on maternal bonding, if they occurred during the first four months of life. CONCLUSIONS: This gives reason for increased concern for mother-infant dyads in the first few months after birth that could be regarded as a highly sensitive period for the development of the mother-child relationship. The findings warrant further studies and inspire the development of preventive programs focussing on infant and early childhood mental health by emphasizing protection and support during the first critical months.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[High rate of early hospitalization in healthy newborns].

OBJECTIVE: The length of hospital stay of healthy term newborns and their mothers varies in different developed countries. The American Academy of Pediatrics defines early postpartum discharge (EPD) as a discharge occurring within 48 hours of postpartum. EPD has been advocated by patients as part of the humanization of care after delivery and by health services as a more efficient management of resources. Controversies in relation to EPD focus on its impact on initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding, the possible increase of readmissions of newborns with jaundice and the influence on newborn screening for endocrine and metabolic disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five years ago we started an EPD program for healthy term newborns. We present a descriptive observational study including a series of 2798 consecutive live newborns over a period of 19 months (April 1996 to October 1997). Data about breastfeeding at the time of discharge, coverage of hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria screening and readmissions for newborn jaundice were collected during this period. RESULTS: During the defined period of time, 2798 live newborns were registered. Of these, 2109 (75.38%) were included in the EPD group, the majority of them (75.86%) between 24 and 40 hours postpartum. Breastfeeding was implemented in 95.82% of the newborns, 3.56% of the mothers decided to use artificial formulas and 0.52% were prescribed artificial formulas due to health problems in the mother. In relation to newborn screening of endocrine and metabolic diseases, we found similar coverage of hypothyroid screening compared to the other 7 maternities in our province (public and private) and of phenylketonuria screening compared to the other 5 primary care districts. Regarding newborn jaundice, we detected 47 readmissions, which is 2.23% of the total EPD. These newborns were treated with phototherapy and none required exchange transfusion. The mean value of total serum bilirubin at the time of readmission was 18.7 mg/dl, with a range between 15.1 and 22.6 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, 75.38% of live newborns were included in a EPD program that has been shown to be safe in relation to controversial subjects, although the limitations of an observational study must be taken into consideration. The safety of this program is inferred by the high proportion of breastfeeding on EPD (95.82%), coverage of endocrine and metabolic screening comparable to other surrounding hospitals and adequate control of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn period.

Female↗
PubMed1995

An event recorder for infant feeding research.

An Event Recorder program was developed for the HP 48 calculator to record the durational events associated with breastfeeding behavior. The Event Recorder menu structure is flexible and allows for the recording of response variables such as menstrual history and fertility symptoms. A Windows program was written in Visual C++ to give a graphical representation of the time-series data and to extract useful measures of breastfeeding activity from the raw data for each 24-h day postpartum. These time varying covariates include the mean and median bout length, median interbout interval, breastfeeding frequency and total 24-h suckling duration. The HP 48 calculator has proven to be a robust instrument for the self-recording of breastfeeding data collected as part of a prospective study on the factors that maintain postpartum amenorrhea. We have found also that the behavioral data collected are easily transferred electronically each month when our field workers make home visits.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2005

Medicinal plant use in the practice of midwifery in rural Honduras.

Midwives in rural communities across the globe play an important role as primary health care providers, but few studies have documented the medicinal plants employed in this age-old practice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 midwives in seven rural communities near La Ceiba, Honduras, regarding the plants they employ during the birthing process as well as their associated beliefs. Seventy-nine different plant species used to treat 15 conditions occurring during the pregnancy, birth and postpartum stages were recorded. Most plants and uses were reported by only one or two midwives, reflecting the fact that most midwives in this region had immigrated from different parts of the country. Almost all the midwives used or knew of plant remedies for treatment of miscarriages, postpartum abdominal pain and hemorrhages, retained placenta, and for speeding up contractions during labor. The most frequently cited plants as well as those for which there was greatest consensus tended to be widespread cultivated or weedy species. Although use of medicinal plants by midwives has decreased as a result of retraining programs by government health centers, midwives' knowledge of medicinal plants may provide an important resource for improving maternal-infant health in Honduras and elsewhere. Suggestions for future ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies on this topic are provided.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1997

Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed antepartum women: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Antenatal depression, a substantial risk factor for postpartum depression, occurs in 10% of pregnant women, but no clinical treatment trials of antenatal depression exist. In an effort to establish treatment guidelines for depression during pregnancy, the author reports on a treatment program using interpersonal psychotherapy for antepartum depression. METHOD: A 16-week open pilot trial conducted with 13 pregnant women who met DSM-III-R criteria for major depression. RESULTS: The women's mean depression ratings decreased significantly from week 0 to week 16 of the treatment program. CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal psychotherapy for antepartum depression appears to be an effective alternative to pharmacotherapy in pregnancy. This study served as a pilot for an ongoing controlled clinical treatment trial.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of a breastfeeding education program on lactational amenorrhea in the Philippines.

A study was conducted in two communities in the rural Philippines to determine whether breastfeeding mothers could intensify their nursing enough to increase the period of lactational amenorrhea. Women in one community were exposed to a breastfeeding education program before the birth and during lactation, while women in the other community served as a comparison group. Increased breastfeeding was observed in the group that received breastfeeding education, beginning in the sixth month postpartum. Bottle use began earlier and was more common in the comparison group, but the introduction of solid foods at five to six months was similar. No difference in the duration of postpartum amenorrhea (a proxy for the duration of infertility) was observed between the groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Type I diabetes mellitus and pregnancy: an interdisciplinary management program].

The obstetrical management of pregnant women with pregestational diabetes has been significantly improved throughout recent years. In the past, efforts to maintain euglycaemia during pregnancy in the presence of a labile maternal metabolism led to repeated, long-term hospitalization. In an interdisciplinary joint effort a protocol was delineated to obtain euglycemia throughout pregnancy by functional insulin therapy aiming at "near-normoglycemic insulin substitution (NIS)". In order to achieve this goal, home glucose monitoring and, depending on the glucose levels, self-made adjustments to the insulin therapy (according to individual algorithm) are the essential parts of this protocol. Of our study group of 18 pregnant diabetic women, already eight of them (2 class B, 1 class C, 1 class D, 2 class R and 2 class RF) have been delivered. The mean maternal age was 27 years (21-39). All metabolic variables of consequence for a diabetic woman were within the normal limits. The mothers' mean weight gain was 16 kg (12-20), and the mean gestational age at delivery was 37.8 weeks (35-40). The mean birth weight was 3293 grams (2700-3700) and all newborns were within the 50th percentile. Five fetuses were delivered by caesarian section (indications: proliferative retinopathy 3, breech presentation 1, previous caesarian section 1). No congenital malformations were found, nor macrosomia, respiratory distress syndrome or postpartum hyperglycaemia in the newborn. These preliminary results are encouraging. We feel that functional insulin therapy aiming at "near-normoglycaemic insulin substitution" promises to be very effective for women who are able and willing to follow the instructions received in the special education program.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Studies of maternal immunisation with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Papua New Guinea.

In two studies, pneumococcal polysaccharide (Pnc PS) vaccine was given to more than 400 pregnant Papua New Guinean women. No deleterious effects were found. The vaccine prevented acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) among offspring in utero or aged 1-17 months at the time of maternal immunisation, suggesting protection through breast feeding. Serum IgG antibody titres were higher in vaccinated than unvaccinated groups for 2-4 months after delivery and no immune suppression, evaluated by the response to subsequent Pnc PS vaccination, was detected. Breast milk IgA to four serotypes was 1.1-1.8 times higher in immunised than unimmunised women for 6 months postpartum. Given results from several developing countries, large-scale safety and efficacy trials are now justified. Postpartum maternal immunisation is another intervention under consideration.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Is post partum rubella vaccination worthwhile?

This study was designated to determine whether a program of screening for rubella antibodies during pregnancy, coupled with selective vaccination after delivery, could effectively increase herd immunity. One thousand women were studied when they returned for further antenatal care after having been screened, and possibly vaccinated, during an earlier pregnancy. Overall, the program was shown to be 83% effective since 108 women were truly seronegative in their initial pregnancies and 90 of them had been rendered immune by the time of their next pregnancy. The 18 failures of the program were attributed to the haemagglutination inhibition test employed (eight cases), failure to administer vaccine (seven cases) and true vaccine failures (three cases). Five pregnant women became infected with rubella virus during the study but all were in their initial pregnancies. All seronegative women were shown to follow the instruction not to become pregnant within three months of vaccination. We conclude that a program of screening for immunity, together with selective vaccination post partum, can significantly reduce both the number of susceptible women and the number who experience rubella infection during pregnancy. Such programs should be vigorously encouraged as a means of helping to prevent congenital rubella.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

State health department and university evaluation of North Carolina's Maternal Outreach Worker Program.

INTRODUCTION: The Maternal Outreach Worker (MOW) Program is a social support intervention using lay helpers to provide support, health education, and outreach to Medicaid eligible women at risk for poor pregnancy and parenting outcomes. State Health Department and University collaborators designed a two-pronged evaluation comprised of programwide and interview study components to assess the impact of the program on pregnancy outcomes, health behaviors, and infant health status. METHODS: Programwide evaluation data are based on 1992-1995 N.C. birth files for the original 24 participating counties and include 1,726 MOW participant births and 12,988 comparison births whose records were linked to birth files and met the study criteria. For the interview study 373 MOW participants and 332 comparison women were personally interviewed three times: during pregnancy, one month postpartum, and one year after delivery. RESULTS: Risk factors associated with poor pregnancy and parenting outcomes were greater among MOW participants than comparisons in both the programwide and intensive study components. Caucasian MOW participants had slightly higher rates of adequate prenatal care. African Americans were found to have less adequate prenatal care. Fewer than expected LBW and VLBW births were observed for African-American MOW participants. MOW Program participation did not affect the utilization of health and social services for infants. African Americans, regardless of whether they received MOW services, fared better than Caucasians in terms of having their pregnancy needs fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show the need to further explore appropriate measures of maternity support program outcomes and indicate inconsistent program benefit among subpopulations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Effects of social supports on attitudes and health behaviors of pregnant adolescents.

The influence of social support on maternal attitudes and behaviors was assessed in 57 third-trimester adolescent women attending an urban prenatal clinic. Sociodemographic characteristics, social support, self-esteem, and feelings about pregnancy were measured by questionnaire. The support and influence of the adolescent father was emphasized. Social support was measured as a multidimensional construct derived by a priori and empirical procedures. The outcomes measured were the amount of prenatal care, attendance at scheduled postpartum appointments, and pleasure with the pregnancy. Stepwise multiple-regression analyses were used to assess the contributions of the predictor to criterion variables. Pleasure with pregnancy was positively associated with the receipt of assistance from the adolescent's mother, favorable opinions of friends, and satisfaction with living arrangements. Attendance at postpartum visits was associated with high self-esteem. Notably absent as significant contributors were sociodemographic characteristics, receipt of emotional and tangible support from the adolescent father, and expectation of aid from social-assistance programs.

Adolescent↗