Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Personality Development”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Personality traits change in adulthood: reply to Costa and McCrae (2006).

In a response to comments by P. T. Costa, Jr., and R. R. McCrae on the current authors' original article, the authors show that Costa and McCrae's writings on personality suggest a belief in immutability of personality traits. The authors agree with Costa and McCrae that new personality trait models that provide an accurate lower order structure of personality traits are needed and explain why the Revised NEO Personality Inventory is not the correct model for that purpose. The authors provide direct evidence refuting the hypothesis that personality traits change only because of biologically based intrinsic maturation. The authors present arguments supporting the contention that meta-analyses should be preferred to single longitudinal studies when drawing inferences about general patterns of personality development. Finally, the authors point out why the differences between their position and Costa and McCrae's are important.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Personality, intelligence, and spatial visualization: correlates of mental rotations test performance.

In the context of a longitudinal study of cognitive and personality development, I examined various correlates of spatial visualization ability, as measured by Vandenberg's Mental Rotations Test, in order to elaborate the meaning of the known sex difference on this factor. Spatial visualization ability in females was correlated with verbal IQ and various aspects of personality. These relations were absent in males. Within each sex, measures of cognitive abilities obtained in childhood predicted spatial visualization ability at age 18. Hypotheses designed to explain the sex difference in spatial visualization must be sensitive to the different implications of this factor in males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Expertise in practice: an ethnographic study exploring acquisition and use of knowledge in anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Expert professional practice in any field is known to rely on both explicit (formal) and tacit (personal) forms of knowledge. Current anaesthetic training programmes appear to favour explicit knowledge and measurable competencies. We aimed to describe and explore the way different types of knowledge are learned and used in anaesthetic practice. METHOD: Qualitative approach using non-participant observation of, and semi-structured interviews with, anaesthetic staff in two English hospitals. RESULTS: The development of expertise in anaesthesia rests on the ability to reconcile and interpret many sources of knowledge--clinical, social, electronic, and experiential--and formal theoretical learning. Experts have mastered technical skills but are also able to understand the dynamic and uncertain condition of the anaesthetized patient and respond to changes in it. This expertise is acquired by working with colleagues, and, importantly, by working independently, to develop personal routines. Routines mark the successful incorporation of new knowledge but also function as a defence against the inherent uncertainty of anaesthetic practice. The habits seen in experts' routines are preferred ways of working chosen from a larger repertoire of techniques which can also be mobilized as changing circumstances demand. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunities for developing expertise are linked to the independent development of personal routines. Evidence-based approaches to professional practice may obscure the role played by the interpretation of knowledge. We suggest that the restriction of apprenticeship-style training threatens the acquisition of anaesthetic expertise as defined in this paper.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2005

[Study of relational collusion in infertile couples with a possible psychogenic background].

The authors have investigated the psychodynamic background of possible psychogenic infertility in twenty couples. Four levels were studied: 1. Functioning of the relationship was measured with the Consensus Rorschach Test, following communication patterns in the couples. 2. Individual psychological functioning was investigated with the Individual Rorschach Test, positive and negative choices were asked, and titles were given to the figures. 3. Positive and negative reactions to particular image stimuli were also recorded, thus the joint psychological functioning of the couple was analysed. 4. Content analysis of Rorschach responses was also performed, and associations of the infertile couples were compared with associations of twenty couples expecting a child (matched by education level, SES and age). Results have provided evidence for the "phallic collusion" originally conceptualised by Jürg Willi. Starting from Willi's model, we can identify fixation at the Oedipal stage of development (3-6 years) in these partners living in a dysfunctional relationship. They have the same Achilles heel, a common grievance, a common "history pattern". Their common life is built on the hope that by living together, they could solve the problems originating from the childhood trauma. Generally, they have common fears of authority, and fears of adopting mature gender roles. According to maturity of communication content, their personality is in a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. At a manifest level however, they hope to achieve fulfillment (birth of a child). The interactions are very ambivalent, strong mutual confirmation is present as well as criticism, devaluation and ignoration of the partner. Results of the study provide various new possibilities for promoting personality development through therapy in infertile couples with a possible psychogenic background.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Change in body mass index and risk of incident Alzheimer disease.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of change in body mass index (BMI) with risk of Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS: Nine hundred eighteen older Catholic clergy participating in the Religious Orders Study without dementia at baseline were studied. Outcome measures were the clinical diagnosis of AD and change in cognitive function. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 5.5 years, 151 persons developed AD. BMI averaged 27.4 at baseline and declined in about half the participants. In a proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, and education, each 1-unit less of BMI at baseline was associated with about a 5% increase in the risk of AD (hazard ratio = 0.944; 95% CI = 0.908 to 0.981), and each 1-unit annual decline in BMI (about the 10th percentile) was associated with about a 35% increase in the risk of AD compared with a person experiencing no change in BMI (about the 50th percentile) (hazard ratio = 0.730; 95% CI = 0.625 to 0.852). The results were similar after controlling for chronic diseases and excluding persons who developed AD during the first 4 years of observation. Random effects models showed that the rate of cognitive decline increased by about 8% for each 1-unit less of BMI at baseline and declined an additional 40%/year in persons losing 1 unit of BMI/year compared with those with no change in BMI. CONCLUSION: Declining body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased risk of incident Alzheimer disease (AD). Loss of BMI may reflect pathologic processes that contribute to the subsequent development of AD.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

It's not just who you're with, it's who you are: personality and relationship experiences across multiple relationships.

The present study examined the influence of stable personality traits on romantic relationships using longitudinal data on a large, representative sample of young adults. Relationship experiences (quality, conflict, and abuse) showed relatively small mean-level changes over time and significant levels of rank-order stability, even across different relationship partners. Antecedent personality traits (assessed at age 18) predicted relationship experiences at age 26 and change in relationship experiences from age 21 to 26. Conversely, relationship experiences also predicted change in personality. Importantly, these findings generally held across relationship partners, suggesting that some people tend to be generally happy (or unhappy) across relationships, and this is due, in part, to stable individual differences in personality. Discussion focuses on the broader implications of the findings, in particular the need for relationship researchers to consider the importance of personality for why relationships thrive or fail and the need for personality researchers to consider the impact of relationship experiences on intraindividual personality development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Six cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.

Six cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are discussed in the light of conflicting views on the aetiology of the condition. It is hypothesized that the onset of coprolalia in patients with persistent childhood tics indicates a disturbances of the normal balance between a need for tension relief by swearing and a capacity to control such vocal activity. Some conclusions are drawn on the management of the syndrome by the use of butyrophenones, massed practice of tics, and the promotion of personality development. A flexible approach geared to the individual patient's particular needs is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Malignant narcissism and sexual homicide--exemplified by the Jack Unterweger case].

With the syndrome of malignant narcissism, which is characterised by narcissistic personality disorder, anti-social behaviour, sadism and a marked tendency to paranoid reactions, Kernberg (1985, 1996) describes an independent form of pathological narcissism. According to Stone (1996) this is found in many mass-murderers and serial killers. On the basis of the example of Jack Unterweger the connection between malignant narcissism and sexual offence is discussed as to psychodynamic development, personality structure and psychopathology. Unterweger, who was convicted to lifelong imprisonment in 1976 for sadistic sexual murder, became a wellknown writer in prison and was released prematurely in 1990 as the Austria case of successful rehabilitation. As stated in the sentence passed against him he killed 11 prostitutes in Europe and the USA within the next 18 months, but never pleaded guilty. Psychiatric examination revealed numerous elements of malignant narcissism and the constellation of his development and life was typical of serial offenders.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Adapting the 'family wellbeing' empowerment program to the needs of remote indigenous school children.

OBJECTIVE: To adapt the Family Wellbeing empowerment program, which was initially designed to support adults to take greater control and responsibility for their decisions and lives, to the needs of Indigenous school children living in remote communities. METHOD: At the request of two schools in remote Indigenous communities in far north Queensland, a pilot personal development and empowerment program based on the adult Family Wellbeing principles was developed, conducted and evaluated in the schools. The main aims of the program were to build personal identity and to encourage students to recognise their future potential and be more aware of their place in the community and wider society. RESULTS: Participation in the program resulted in significant social and emotional growth for the students. Outcomes described by participating students and teachers included increased analytical and reflective skills, greater ability to think for oneself and set goals, less teasing and bullying in the school environment, and an enhanced sense of identity, friendship and 'social relatedness'. CONCLUSION: This pilot implementation of the Family Wellbeing Program adapted for schools demonstrated the program's potential to enhance Indigenous young people's personal growth and development. Challenges remain in increasing parental/ family involvement and ensuring the program's sustainability and transferability. The team has been working with relevant stakeholders to further develop and package the School-based Family Wellbeing program for Education Queensland's New Basics curriculum framework.

Child↗
PubMed1999

[Personality, achievement and health in social change].

All countries with modern industrial societies are undergoing epochal changes. These processes include globalization, internationalization and structural alterations in the work environment which have social and psychophysical consequences for the individual. These problems are rarely discussed concerning their pathogenic or health-supporting effects. Transformations of society primarily change the relationship between the demands, expectations and requirements placed on the individual and his or her abilities and competencies necessary to find solutions. This challenge simulataneously offers chances and risks for an individual's personality development, namely new demands on an individual's regulation of potential and achievement. Not only is competence in the workplace required, but social skills, emotional and self-reflective qualities are vital as well. Developing these abilities requires two tasks. One promotes and develops such skills in the individual. The second would promote sound political decisions enabling the skills in the individual to be actualized.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Attachment and development: a prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood.

There is much to digest in a 30 year longitudinal study of the developing person (Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005a). The following paper summarizes some key points regarding the place of infant attachment in the developmental course. It is argued that understanding the role of attachment entails grasping the organizational nature of the attachment construct and embracing a non-linear transactional model. Using such concepts, attachment history was shown in the Minnesota study to be clearly related to the growth of self-reliance, the capacity for emotional regulation, and the emergence and course of social competence, among other things. Moreover, specific patterns of attachment had implications for both normal development and pathology. Even more important than such linkages, however, study of the place of early attachment in later adaptation reveals much about developmental processes underlying both continuity and change. Findings are over-viewed concerning the complex links between attachment and ultimate outcomes and the preservation of early patterns even during times of change. In all, these findings have implications both for future research and for clinical application.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Reflections of an eclectic skeptic.

Following primary and secondary education in Europe, I came to the United States for further education. After majoring in engineering, I shifted to liberal arts and social sciences. I minored in mathematics, philosophy, and education at the undergraduate level and physiology at the graduate level, ultimately obtaining a PhD in personality psychology. My interests were primarily academic, but I did not neglect the emerging field of clinical psychology. After working in hospitals for 9 years, I joined the faculty of Michigan State University where I established the psychological clinic and served as its director for 13 years. Subsequently, during 2 sabbaticals in Israel, I researched personality development in unconventional family settings (the kibbutz). I also studied such diverse issues as motivation for parenthood, time perception and time perspective, and cognition in psychopathology. After editing several textbooks on assessment techniques, I initiated the series of triennial Murray lectures that highlighted the dynamic approach to the study of personality.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Remembering autobiographically consequential experiences: content analysis of psychologists' accounts of their lives.

The autobiographies of 49 eminent psychologists were content analyzed in terms of autobiographically consequential experiences (ACEs). Most memories for ACE were not single episodes. Episodic ACEs did, however, share many characteristics of "flashbulb" and vivid memories elicited in studies using more traditional experimental procedures. Memories were concentrated during the college and early adult years. Thus, as in other autobiographical memory studies that have used older subjects, there was a pronounced reminiscence effect. These results were considered in light of Erikson's theory of adult personality development.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The continuity of conflict and compromise formation from infancy to adulthood: a twenty-five-year follow-up study.

This paper reports on one of fifteen subjects from the Mahler separation-individualization project who have participated in a twenty-five-year follow-up study. The focus is on the beginning transfer of interpersonal conflict to intrapsychic conflict and compromise formation early in the second year of life, and on the course and persistence of these into adulthood. Conflict and compromise, along with constitutional and environmental factors, were major determinants of the subject's personality and a major source of continuity in personality development from one-and-a-half to twenty-five years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Anorexia nervosa masculina--concordance in monozygotic twins].

The case report presents the courses of the disease of an infantile-juvenile masculine monozygotic pair of twins suffering from anorexia nervosa. Beginning, therapy and result turned out differently in spite of a commonly suffered disease. Already the importance of smaller differences in their personality development as well as the merit of the intrageminate dynamic of parts are worked out.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Enuresis in children 5-18 years old in severe dysfunctional families].

In a primary care setting 698 children aged 5-18 years were examined and 27 in 21 families were found to have enuresis nocturna. The control group included 127 children in 79 families who did not have enuresis. 13 (48.1%) children with enuresis, but only 8 (6.3%) control children, were from severe dysfunctional families. Such families are characterized by chronic and persistent conflicts, absence of closeness and lack of trust between parents and children, and lack of parental support (p < 0.001). Results were similar for boys and girls. The rate of parents with 8 or fewer years of education was significantly higher among children with enuresis as compared to controls, both with regard to fathers (p = 0.05) and mothers (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that severe dysfunctional families do not support maturation and personality development of their members. Early discovery of severe dysfunctional families promotes early intervention and effective treatment of enuresis in childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Pediatricians' and psychologists' implicit personality theory: significance of sibling differences.

Pediatricians' and psychologists' implicit theories of how personality develops are compared to recent behavioral-genetic analyses based on twin and adoption studies. Results show that both practitioner groups--less so the psychologists--underestimate differences between children in the same family, over-estimate the influence of their shared environmental experiences, and underestimate those not shared. Findings mirror the bias of traditional personality research, pointing out the need to investigate environmental variables with differential impacts on children in the same family, e.g., sibling deidentification; one child extrovert, one introvert; one saint, one sinner.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Differential premises arising from differential socialization of the sexes: some conjectures.

The sex-differentiated socialization emphases of parents and other representatives of societal institutions are considered as they influence the personality development and behavioral orientations of males and females. Specifically, sex-differentiated socialization emphases, "shaping" behaviors, and teaching styles are evaluated with regard to the nature of the "meta-messages" conveyed to boys and girls during their early, formative years. These messages are assumed to differentially influence the self-concepts evolved, ego structures, personal goals, and the cognitive-adaptational heuristics of boys and of girls. Differences in the socialization environments experienced by the 2 sexes can be seen as related to gender differences in personality characteristics. To integrate the empirical findings surrounding gender differences in personality and socialization experience, some conjectures are offered regarding the different self- and world views our current culture may be creating and fostering in males and in females. The potential and even likely influence of biological factors conjoined with the bidirectional effects of child and parent interaction are recognized as confounded with an interpretation in terms of differential socialization. But also, it is noted that until the effects of differential socialization are specifically evaluated by cultural, subcultural, or individual family changes, the role of biological and bidirectional factors cannot be assessed.

Achievement↗