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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Effect of different dose schedules of bimatoprost on intraocular pressure and pupil size in the glaucomatous Beagle.

The changes in intraocular pressure and pupil size in glaucomatous dogs were evaluated after instillations of 0.03% bimatoprost (Lumigan, Allergan, Irvine, CA USA) once in the morning, or once in the evening, or twice daily in five day multiple dose studies. Applanation tonometry (IOP) and pupil size (PS) measurements were obtained at 8 am, 10 am, 12 noon, 2 pm, and 4 pm in 8 glaucoma dogs. Methylcellulose (0.5% as placebo) was instilled in the control eye, and 0.03% bimatoprost was instilled in the opposite drug eye. Methylcellulose (0.5%) and 0.03% bimatoprost were instilled the second through the fifth days with instillations in the morning (8:30 am), or evening (8 pm), or twice daily (8:30 am and 8 pm). The mean +/- SEM diurnal changes in IOP from baseline values after 0.03% bimatoprost at 8 am once daily for the next four days were 25.0 +/- 3.2 mm Hg, 25.6 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, 25.5 +/- 3.0 mm Hg, and 26.0 +/- 3.2 mm Hg respectively, and were significantly different from the control eye. After bimatoprost was instilled at 8 pm, the mean +/- SEM changes in IOP from baseline values in the drug eyes were 27.3 +/- 2.4 mm Hg, 26.6 +/- 2.2 mm Hg, 27.2 +/- 2.5 mm Hg, and 27.3 +/- 2.6 mm Hg respectively. When 0.03% bimatoprost was instilled twice daily, the mean +/- SEM changes in IOP from baseline values were 39.1 +/- 2.3 mm Hg, 39.9 +/- 2.2 mm Hg, 39.9 +/- 2.3 mm Hg, and 39.6 +/- 2.1 mm Hg respectively, and were significantly different from the control eyes. Miosis of varying duration was frequent during the three studies. Bimatoprost instilled once daily (am or pm) as well as twice daily produces significant decreases in IOP and PS in the glaucomatous Beagle.

Amides↗
PubMed1998

Learning from the pupil: a spatial visual channel in the absence of V1 in monkey and human.

The pupil of the normal human subject constricts in response not only to average increases in light energy, but also selectively to the spatial structure of a visual stimulus even when there are no energy changes. This enables one to measure visual acuity and sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency. It is known that pupillometric measures of acuity correlate well with those determined psychophysically for normal human observers. The purpose of the present study was to measure pupillary changes with stimuli delivered to the 'blind' hemifields of monkeys with unilateral V1 removal, and also with stimulation of a human subject (G.Y.) with putative V1 destruction. The results show that there are small but reliable pupillary changes to flux-equated gratings in the blind fields both in monkeys and human. The response profile in both species is very similar: it is narrowly tuned, with a peak at approximately 1 cycle/degree and a cut-off acuity of approximately 7 or 8 cycles/degree, a significant reduction compared with the intact hemifield. The result also maps well onto the psychophysically determined spatiotemporal response profile to gratings in the blind field, as determined independently for G.Y. Thus, there is a narrowly tuned spatial visual channel that does not require the integrity of V1 in monkey or human. There was no evidence under these particular conditions in either monkeys or subject G.Y. of a pupillary response to an equiluminant change from white to green or red in the hemianopic field. The pupil holds promise as a non-verbal, indirect method for determining the spatial profile, sensitivity and other properties of residual visual capacity, both in animals and humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of pharmacological dilation and constriction of pupil on corneal topography.

A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the effect of pharmacological pupillary dilation and constriction on corneal topography. Corneal topography was performed using the EyeSys system on 28 normal subjects before and after pupil dilation, constriction, and then with the pupil intact (no medication). Our results show that both flattening and steepening of the corneal curvature were found in all three examination periods. The numbers of corneas with flattening and steepening in each examination period were compared and found not to be statistically different. Mean change of corneal flattening was compared with mean change of corneal steepening in each examination period and again no significant difference was found. These results indicate that the slight changes in corneal power and radius following pharmacological pupillary dilation or constriction may be due to either the inability to repeat by the subjects, or error by observers or instrument.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Dilated fixed pupils due to administration of high doses of dopamine hydrochloride.

Five patients were treated with dopamine in doses over 30 micrograms/kg . min in severe circulatory shock and developed fixed dilated pupils. This phenomenon was most likely attributed to the use of dopamine. Further neurological examination gave no support to cerebral damage. Therefore, dilated pupils, unreactive to light, bear no relation to the neurological status during treatment with high doses of dopamine.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Variations in the local refractive correction of the eye across its entrance pupil.

We show that normally a spherocylindrical lens will correct the local refractive error of any small area of the pupil. In general, however, the correction varies with position across the pupil. Plots are given to illustrate this variation for 2 typical individual eyes and for the average of 11 eyes, as calculated from the corresponding wavefront aberrations. The implications of these results for the design and use of objective optometers are briefly considered.

Astigmatism↗
PubMed1989

Potential visual acuity measured with and without pupil dilation.

Potential visual acuities were measured with the Randwal IRAS portable interferometer, with and without pupil dilation, on a sample of predominately elderly patients with mild to moderate cataract. No clinically significant difference was found between interferometer potential acuities before and after pupil dilation.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The polymorphism A118G of the human mu-opioid receptor gene decreases the pupil constrictory effect of morphine-6-glucuronide but not that of morphine.

Large individual differences in the clinical response to morphine therapy have been known for a long time by clinicians. The recent advances in genomic research encourage the search for pharmacogenetic causes of that variability. As a measure of central opioid effects, pupil diameters were assessed every 20 min for 18 h after administration of morphine or its active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in a two-way crossover study. The opioid effects were compared between six subjects with a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) A118G in the mu-opioid receptor gene (five heterozygous, one homozygous) and six control subjects. Non-parametric pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling was employed to identify the influence of the A118G SNP on the concentration-response relationship of M6G and morphine, which was described by a sigmoid Emax model. As a measure of potency, the EC50 of the pupil constrictory effects of M6G was 714 +/- 197 nmol/l in wild-type and 1475 +/- 424 nmol/l in heterozygous carriers of the A118G SNP. In the homozygous carrier of the SNP, it had an EC50 of 3140 nmol/l. In addition, the dose-response relationship was flatter in the A118G carriers than in control subjects (shape factor of the sigmoid Emax model: gamma = 3.3 +/- 1.2, 1.7 +/- 0.5 and 1.6 for wild-type, heterozygous and the homozygous A118G carriers, respectively). In contrast, the concentration-response relationship of morphine was not affected by this specific SNP. The A118G SNP in the mu-receptor gene significantly reduces the potency of M6G in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Patterns of extraocular muscle weakness in vasculopathic pupil-sparing, incomplete third nerve palsy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pattern of extraocular muscle (EOM) paresis in incomplete vasculopathic third nerve palsies (3NP) that have normal pupillary function. METHODS: A retrospective study in a private practice and academic neuro-ophthalmic practice. Patients diagnosed with vasculopathic 3NP within 4 weeks of symptom onset were identified. The chart of each patient was reviewed to determine pupillary function and the pattern and degree of EOM and levator palpebrae paresis at the time of presentation. RESULTS: Of 55 patients with vasculopathic 3NP, 42 (76%) had normal pupillary function. Of these 42, 23 (55%) demonstrated an incomplete EOM palsy, defined as partially reduced ductions affecting all third nerve-innervated EOMs and levator (diffuse pattern) or partially reduced ductions that involved only some third nerve-innervated EOMs and levator (focal pattern). Twenty (87%) of these 23 patients showed a diffuse pattern of paresis; only three (13%) showed a focal pattern of paresis, one that affected only the superior rectus and levator muscles (superior division weakness). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our series, most patients with EOM/levator involvement in pupil-sparing, incomplete 3NP of vasculopathic origin have a diffuse pattern of paresis. In contrast, our review of the literature suggests that pupil-sparing 3NP of aneurysmal origin usually have a focal pattern of paresis. We propose that distinguishing these two patterns of EOM paresis may be helpful in differentiating between vasculopathic and aneurysmal 3NP. Future studies will be needed to confirm the clinical utility of this hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Pupil perimetry.

The pupillomotor and visual sensitivity were compared at the same 76 points across the 30 degrees field. The timing and amplitude of pupillary contractions to focal light stimuli were recorded using a computerized infrared pupillometer linked to a Humphrey automated perimeter. Pupil perimetry and standard threshold perimetry showed matching defects in the visual field of patients with ischemic and compressive optic neuropathy, but not in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Patients with isolated occipital strokes showed matching homonymous visual and pupillary fields, suggesting a suprageniculate influence upon the pupillary light reflex. Pupil perimetry is a useful objective form of perimetry and can be used to compare the effect of disease on the visual and pupillary pathways.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Unilateral fixed dilated pupil in a ventilated child with asthma.

An 11-year-old boy known to have asthma was referred to our intensive care unit (ICU) with progressive respiratory distress. He was sedated, paralysed, and intubated approximately 3 hours after arrival and nebulization with salbutamol and ipratropium was continued on the ventilator. About 16 hours later, he presented with transient unilateral fixed dilated pupils which resolved spontaneously without any neurological deficit. Computerized tomography scan revealed no signs of generalized cerebral oedema. Local contamination with ipratropium was most likely to be the cause of pupil dilatation, which could have occurred during connecting and disconnecting the nebulization system or through contaminated hands.

Asthma↗
PubMed1979

Atropine versus glycopyrrolate. A study of intraocular pressure and pupil size in man.

Following control observations of intraocular pressure and pupil size, in doses suitable for pre-anaesthetic medication, glycopyrrolate (0.004 mg/kg) and atropine (0.01 mg/kg) were given intramuscularly to healthy volunteers in a randomised, cross-over fashion. No significant change in either intraocular pressure or pupil size was noted 45 min after drug administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Pupil response to alfentanil and fentanyl. A study in patients anaesthetised with halothane.

The pupillary response to alfentanil, fentanyl and a saline placebo was measured in patients anaesthetised in a standard manner with halothane, to determine whether the pupil diameters changed in a way which could be distinguished from background activity. Measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 mm using a purpose-built pupillometer. The response to the drugs can be clearly distinguished from the background activity seen in the placebo group. The time courses of constriction caused by the two drugs are significantly different from the placebo group responses. The time to maximum to response with alfentanil is 4 minutes compared with 8 minutes for fentanyl. Both drugs produced at least 35% reduction in mean pupil diameter compared with the placebo group. The duration of the response to alfentanil was 25 minutes, whereas the fentanyl response lasted more than one hour.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The effect of a single oral dose of pergolide on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter.

1. The ocular hypotensive effect of a single oral dose of 25 micrograms pergolide, a dopamine 2-receptor agonist, was studied in 12 normal human volunteers, using a non-invasive method. 2. An oral dose of timolol 20 mg was used as a positive control. 3. The effects of both drugs on pupil diameter were also studied, using a photographic method. 4. Considering the first 6 h post-dosing measurements, using multiple linear regression analysis comparing drug with placebo and including the baseline values as continuous independent variables, both pergolide and timolol had a significant ocular hypotensive effect in both eyes (P less than 0.0001) with no significant effects on pupil diameter. 5. Further topical application studies in normal and glaucomatous eyes are needed to evaluate the usefulness of pergolide in the treatment of glaucoma.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Bilateral subacute angle-closure glaucoma in association with tonic pupils post-coronary artery bypass graft.

Anterior and posterior visual pathway disturbances have been reported post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Acute angle-closure glaucoma after general anaesthesia has also been well described in the literature. To date, however, there are only two cases of angle closure caused by tonic pupils. The case is reported herein of bilateral subacute angle-closure glaucoma that occurred following coronary artery bypass graft surgery in association with tonic pupils.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of different dose schedules of travoprost on intraocular pressure and pupil size in the glaucomatous Beagle.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in intraocular pressure and pupil size in glaucomatous dogs after instillation of 0.004% travoprost once in the morning, or once in the evening, or twice daily in 5-day multiple dose studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Applanation tonometry (IOP) and pupil size (PS) measurements were obtained at 8 a.m., 10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. in eight glaucoma dogs. Methylcellulose (0.5% as placebo) was instilled in the control eye, and 0.004% travoprost was instilled in the opposite drug eye. Methylcellulose (0.5%) and 0.004% travoprost were instilled on the 2nd through to the 5th day with instillations in the morning (8.30 a.m.), or evening (8 p.m.), or twice daily (8.30 a.m. and 8 p.m.). RESULTS: The mean +/- SEM diurnal changes from baseline IOP in the control and placebo eyes in all three studies ranged from 1.2 +/- 0.3 mmHg to 3.2 +/- 0.9 mmHg. The mean +/- SEM diurnal changes from the baseline IOP after 0.004% travoprost at 8 a.m. once daily for the next 4 days were 19.0 +/- 2.7 mmHg, 24.7 +/- 2.7 mmHg, 24.9 +/- 3.1 mmHg, and 24.7 +/- 3.1 mmHg, respectively, and were significantly different from the control eye. After travoprost was instilled at 8 p.m., the mean +/- SEM baseline changes from the baseline IOP in the drug eyes were 23.5 +/- 2.2 mmHg, 24.2 +/- 2.2 mmHg, 24.5 +/- 2.3 mmHg, and 24.2 +/- 2.3 mmHg, respectively. When 0.004% travoprost was instilled twice daily, the mean +/- SEM baseline IOP changes were 27.7 +/- 2.1 mmHg, 28.1 +/- 2.1 mmHg, 28.4 +/- 2.2 mmHg, and 28.5 +/- 2.2 mmHg, respectively, and were significantly different from the control eyes. Miosis of varying duration was frequent during the three studies. CONCLUSION: Travoprost instilled once daily (a.m. or p.m.) as well as twice daily produces significant decreases in IOP and PS in the glaucomatous Beagle.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

Abnormal pupillary function in third nerve regeneration (the pseudo-Argyll robertson pupil). A case report.

A case of congenital oculomotor paralysis demonstrating retraction of the upper lid and constriction of the pupil in response to eye movements is described. The pupil was found to be unresponsive to light, but to contract promptly on attempted ocular movements which involved motor neurons of the third nerve. As demonstrated by infrared pupillography, the duration of the constriction phase was found to be remarkably long. Also, very little hippus was noted during constriction. The findings are explained on basis of the 'misdirection' hypothesis according to which regenerating nerve fibres find a wrong path in the peripheral part of the damaged nerve.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1966

Pupil diameter and load on memory.

During a short-term memory task, pupil diameter is a measure of the amount of material which is under active processing at any time. The pupil dilates as the material is presented and constricts during report. The rate of change of these functions is related to task difficulty.

Adult↗