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PubMed2006

Transcriptome changes in the phenylpropanoid pathway of Glycine max in response to Pseudomonas syringae infection.

BACKGROUND: Reports of plant molecular responses to pathogenic infections have pinpointed increases in activity of several genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids. The majority of those findings were derived from single gene studies and more recently from several global gene expression analyses. We undertook a global transcriptional analysis focused on the response of genes of the multiple branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway to infection by the Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea with or without the avirulence gene avrB to characterize more broadly the contribution of the multiple branches of the pathway to the resistance response in soybean. Transcript abundance in leaves was determined from analysis of soybean cDNA microarray data and hybridizations to RNA blots with specific gene probes. RESULTS: The majority of the genes surveyed presented patterns of increased transcript accumulation. Some increased rapidly, 2 and 4 hours after inoculation, while others started to accumulate slowly by 8-12 hours. In contrast, transcripts of a few genes decreased in abundance 2 hours post inoculation. Most interestingly was the opposite temporal fluctuation in transcript abundance between early responsive genes in defense (CHS and IFS1) and F3H, the gene encoding a pivotal enzyme in the synthesis of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins and flavonols. F3H transcripts decreased rapidly 2 hours post inoculation and increased during periods when CHS and IFS transcripts decreased. It was also determined that all but one (CHS4) family member genes (CHS1, CHS2, CHS3, CHS5, CHS6 and CHS7/8) accumulated higher transcript levels during the defense response provoked by the avirulent pathogen challenge. CONCLUSION: Based on the mRNA profiles, these results show the strong bias that soybean has towards increasing the synthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins concomitant with the down regulation of genes required for the synthesis of anthocyanins and proanthocyanins. Although proanthocyanins are known to be toxic compounds, the cells in the soybean leaves seem to be programmed to prioritize the synthesis and accumulation of isoflavonoid and pterocarpan phytoalexins during the resistance response. It was known that CHS transcripts accumulate in great abundance rapidly after inoculation of the soybean plants but our results have demonstrated that all but one (CHS4) member of the gene family member genes accumulated higher transcript levels during the defense response.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1984

Fosfomycin, piperacillin, azlocillin. Correlation between therapeutic response of mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in vitro data.

Intramuscular infections of mice with eight different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with three doses each of fosfomycin, piperacillin and azlocillin. The therapeutic response (measured as decrease in colony-forming units in the homogenized infected tissue) was compared with the 'aggregate suprainhibitory time' (the time for which the serum concentration exceeds the minimal inhibitory concentration of the infecting bacteria during the whole treatment period). The therapeutic response improved with increasing aggregate suprainhibitory time. The correlation was better for fosfomycin than for piperacillin and, especially, azlocillin.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Application of the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score system to patients with infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lower respiratory tract in intensive care unit].

OBJECTIVE: To predict the infection and evaluate the severity of illness and prognosis for patients with infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in lower respiratory tract in intensive care unit (ICU) with the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II). METHODS: The clinical data of 122 cases with infection of PA in lower respiratory tract were compared and studied. These data were evaluated with APACHE II score system according to Knaus method. RESULTS: APACHE II scores of the 29 nonsurvivors were significantly higher than that of 93 survivors (18.78+/-7.13 vs. 11.70+/-5.79, t=5.43, P<0.01). The patients with coinfections other than PA had a higher APACHE II score (14.76+/-6.89 vs. 10.08+/-6.14, P<0.01), a higher mortality (27.91 percent vs. 13.89 percent, P<0.01), and more days of stay in ICU [(28.47+/-23.59) days vs. (16.64+/-21.19) days] than those without. Patients with severe pneumonia had higher APACHE II scores (15.57+/-6.97 vs. 11.81+/-6.03) and poorer prognosis (39.22 percent vs. 12.68 percent) than those without. For all patients, when the APACHE II scores became higher and higher, the outcome became poorer and poorer, and the mortality higher and higher, and the percentage of severe pneumonia higher and higher. There was a significant correlation between APACHE II score and actual mortality (r=0.75, P<0.01) and predicted mortality (r=0.81, P<0.01). Actual and predicted mortality increased along with the increase in APACHE II scores by 5 scores. The sensitivity and positive rate of predicted mortality was 100.00 percent and 86.72 percent respectively. CONCLUSION: APACHE II score system is highly valuable in predicting the infection and evaluating the severity of illness and prognosis in patients with infection of PA in lower respiratory tract in ICU.

APACHE↗
PubMed1985

The role of exoenzyme S in infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

To define the contribution of exoenzyme S to the pathogenesis of infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we have compared the ability of an exoenzyme S-deficient mutant, 388 exs1::Tn1, and that of its exoenzyme S-producing parent to colonize and disseminate in burned mice infected with this organism. Both the exoenzyme S-deficient mutant and the parent strain proliferated in burned skin, but only the parent strain was able to effectively disseminate to blood and other tissues. The reduced ability of the mutant to disseminate was not due to alterations in serum sensitivity, lipopolysaccharide composition, or motility. The exoenzyme S-deficient mutant was able to disseminate in the presence of the exoenzyme S-producing parent. Antibody to purified exoenzyme S was able to greatly reduce dissemination of the exoenzyme S-producing parent strain but did not prevent colonization in the burned skin. These data suggest that exoenzyme S does not contribute to the initial colonization but does contribute to the establishment of disseminated infection.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗
PubMed2001

Incidence and determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection among persons with HIV: association with hospital exposure.

BACKGROUND: Little information exists on risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in persons with HIV. We assessed the incidence and factors associated with P aeruginosa among persons with HIV enrolled in a large observational cohort study in Los Angeles. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 4825 persons aged > or =13 years with HIV infection enrolled from 4 outpatient facilities from 1990 to 1998. The association between P aeruginosa infection and demographic, risk behavior, and clinical factors was assessed. RESULTS: P aeruginosa was diagnosed in 72 (1.5%) patients representing a crude incidence rate of 0.74 per 100 person-years. The most frequent site of infection was pulmonary (47%). In multivariate analysis, prior hospitalization (adjusted rate ratio = 7.9, 95% CI, 3.8-16.2), and both dapsone (adjusted rate ratio = 4.0, 95% CI, 2.2-7.4) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (adjusted rate ratio = 2.5, 95% CI, 1.2-5.3) use were independently associated with higher rates of infection. Increasing days of inpatient stay (P <.01) and decreasing CD4(+) counts (P <.01) were strongly associated with P aeruginosa. Azithromycin use decreased the risk of infection by nearly 70%. CONCLUSION: Although the overall observed incidence of P aeruginosa was low, hospital exposure, declining CD4(+) levels, and the use of dapsone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased the risk of P aeruginosa disease, and azithromycin use was protective in this population. These findings may assist in the early recognition and diagnosis of persons likely to be at increased risk of P aeruginosa infection.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗