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PubMed1999

Visual responses of Musca domestica to pheromone impregnated targets in poultry units.

Field trials investigating the effect of visual cues on catches of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) at toxic targets impregnated with the female sex pheromone (Z)-9-tricosene, were conducted in a caged-layer deep-pit poultry unit in southern England. Targets treated with azamethiphos and baited with 2.5 g of 40% (Z)-9-tricosene impregnated beads caught significantly greater numbers of M. domestica than control targets. The greater attractiveness of the pheromone impregnated targets persisted for at least 5 weeks. The addition of longitudinal black stripes, or a regularly spaced pattern of black spots, to the white targets had no effect on catch rates. However, a pattern of clustered black spots, designed to imitate groups of feeding M. domestica, significantly increased target catches; this effect was particularly pronounced in the targets impregnated with (Z)-9-tricosene. Trials comparing the attractiveness of white and fluorescent yellow pheromone-treated targets under two different lighting regimes indicated that M. domestica does not have a significant preference for either colour. The implications of these results in relation to the control of M. domestica populations in poultry units are discussed.

Alkenes↗
PubMed2000

Salmonella enteritidis and aerobic mesophiles in inoculated poultry sausages manufactured with high-pressure processing.

Salmonella enteritidis-inoculated poultry sausages were pressurized at 500 MPa by combining different times (10 and 30 min) and temperatures (50, 60 and 70 degrees C) or heat treated with the same temperature-time combinations and a standard cooking (75 degrees C for 30 min). Counts of Salm. enteritidis and mesophilic bacteria were determined. Most pressure treatments generated statistically higher reductions than the corresponding heat treatments alone. Lethalities of about 7.5 and 6.5 log cfu g(-1) for Salm. enteritidis and mesophiles, respectively, were found in pressurized sausages. There was no significant difference in counts between pressurization at 60 degrees C for 30 min or at 70 degrees C and the standard cooking. High-pressure processing is a suitable alternative method in poultry sausage manufacture.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2003

Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from broiler chickens isolated at an Irish poultry processing plant.

AIMS: The antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from broiler chickens were determined in order to evaluate the level of antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter species in the Irish poultry industry. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-eight Camp. jejuni and 22 Camp. coli strains were examined for susceptibility to eight antibiotics using the disc diffusion assay. The highest level of resistance of the Camp. jejuni isolates was recorded to ampicillin (35.9%), followed by 20.5% to tetracycline, 20.5% to naladixic acid, 17.9% to ciprofloxacin, 10.2% to erythromycin, 2.5% to streptomycin and 1.2% to kanamycin. Multidrug resistance to two or more antibiotics was seen for 30.7% of Camp. jejuni strains. Resistance of the Camp. coli isolates was shown to ampicillin (9%) and tetracycline (18.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Camp. jejuni strains were susceptible to antibiotics commonly used for human therapy. Camp. coli strains showed very low resistance levels and were susceptible to six of the eight antimicrobial agents studied. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Levels of Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli antimicrobial resistance in Irish poultry production was assessed to determine the current situation in Ireland. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter strains isolated from broiler chickens was low.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Prospects for 'competitive exclusion' treatment to control salmonellas and other foodborne pathogens in poultry.

In newly hatched chicks, the rapid establishment of an adult-type intestinal microflora, via the oral route, produces almost immediate resistance to colonization by any food poisoning salmonellas that gain access to the rearing environment. Exploitation of the 'competitive exclusion' (CE) effect is now an accepted part of the overall strategy by which poultry-associated salmonellas are being controlled in some countries. This review covers practical aspects of CE treatment and factors affecting efficacy in both laboratory-scale trials and field studies. It also considers possible applications in preventing colonization of poultry with Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter jejuni. For the latter, evidence suggests that the 'protective' organisms are different from those involved in salmonella control.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Spread of an enteric 'marker' organism during evisceration of New York dressed poultry in a simulated kitchen environment.

1. Five volunteers, with experience of eviscerating poultry or game birds in the home, each eviscerated three New York dressed chicken carcases that had been artificially inoculated in the colon with a readily identifiable "marker' strain of Escherichia coli. 2. In all cases, evisceration resulted in breakage of the intestines at one or more sites, often with leakage of gut contents, or extrusion of faeces from the cloaca because of pressure on the colon during the manipulations involved. 3. The marker organism was detected in the vent region and abdominal cavity of each carcase and sometimes on the breast and back, which appeared to reflect the degree of handling during evisceration, because the hands of each individual became heavily contaminated. 4. With some individuals, the marker also spread beyond the immediate preparation area and was detected on exposure plates. 5. Results support the view that evisceration of poultry in a domestic environment could lead to cross-contamination of other foods with any food-borne human pathogens present.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Production and physical characteristics of composted poultry carcases.

1. Experiments were designed to determine whether composting could be a safe and effective method for the disposal of poultry carcases in the UK climate. Laying hen carcases (125) were composted in a wooden compost bin over autumn and winter months, using the United States Department of Agriculture method. 2. The process took 8 weeks and effectively decomposed the carcases to leave only leg and breast bones. The compost was turned once, which ensured that all the material reached the high temperatures (60 degrees to 70 degrees C) required to control pathogens. Salmonella was fully heat-inactivated, indicating that many poultry-associated bacterial pathogens would also have been inactivated. 3. It is concluded that this method is suitable for use in the UK and provides a sanitised fertiliser supplement.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of an ELISA for salinomycin and depletion kinetics of salinomycin residues in poultry.

Salinomycin is widely used as a feed additive to control coccidiosis in the broiler industry world-wide. EC legislation on veterinary drug residues will soon be extended to cover poultry. This will require the development of rapid assays to screen for the presence of residual concentrations of this and other drugs in poultry meat. This study describes the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for salinomycin that has a limit of detection of approximately 0.2 ng/g. The antibody cross-reacts with narasin, but is not subject to interference from lasalocid, maduramicin or monensin. Residual concentrations of salinomycin were measured in the tissues of broilers following feeding of medicated feed containing 60 mg/kg salinomycin. Salinomycin residues were present only at very low concentrations in liver and muscle, and fell below the limit of decision of the assay within 2 days of withdrawal of the medicated feed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Growth inhibition by nitrocompounds of selected uric acid-utilizing microorganisms isolated from poultry manure.

The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the potential ability of nitrocompounds to reduce ammonia volatilization by inhibiting uric acid-utilizing microorganisms. Experiment I was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrocompounds on the growth of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms isolated from poultry manure during six-hour incubation. There were five treatments: (1) control, (2) 50 mM nitroethane, (3) 50 mM nitroethanol, (4) 50 mM nitropropanol, and (5) 50 mM nitropropionic acid. Optical density values of nitrocompounds were significantly lower than that of control at two, four, and six hours. Plate counts of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms after six-hour incubation exhibited that nitrocompounds greatly reduced the growth of these microorganisms except for the nitroethane (P < 0.05). The nitropropanol and nitropropionic acid treatments showed significantly higher inhibitory effects compared to the nitroethanol. Experiments II and III were conducted to evaluate inhibitory effects of nitrocompounds on growth of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms compared to non-nitrocompounds such as ethanol, propanol, and propionic acid. Experiments II and III consisted of seven treatments: (1) control, (2) nitroethanol, (3) nitropropanol, (4) nitropropionic acid, (5) ethanol, (6) propanol, and (7) propionic acid. The incubation times of Experiments II and III were 6 and 24 h, respectively. The nitrocompounds were significantly more successful in inhibiting growth of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms compared to those non-nitrocompounds. These results suggest that nitrocompounds exhibit potential to reduce ammonia volatilization in poultry manure by inhibiting growth of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Characterisation and anaerobic batch degradation of materials accumulating in anaerobic digesters treating poultry slaughterhouse waste.

We characterised materials accumulating in two failed mesophilic semi-continuous anaerobic digesters treating poultry slaughterhouse waste and, for reference, materials in the two well-performing digesters, to find the anaerobic degradability of these materials and the factors affecting their degradation. We also studied materials accumulating and stratifying in various layers in one of the two well-performing digesters. The material from the most severely failed digesters produced methane sluggishly and did not improve appreciably even with 33 percent dilution suggesting that the recovery of failed process is slow. The methane production was apparently affected by the accumulated long-chain fatty acids, totalling 8.1 g l-1, which degraded slowly. However, the material produced methane in the end, which shows that the failure was reversible. In the well-performing digester, considerable amounts of long-chain fatty acids already floated on top of the digester after 20 hours without mixing, a phenomenon which may have affected their bioavailability and toxicity. However, materials from the top, middle, and bottom layers of the digester were readily and largely methanised by the microbial populations present in them and additional inocula did not markedly enhance the methanation. The results indicate that long-chain fatty acids are apparently the main factor affecting both the failure and recovery of a poultry slaughterhouse waste digester. Thus excessive feeding of lipids into the digester should be avoided.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2004

Decontamination techniques of pathogen bacteria in meat and poultry.

Means of controlling or even improving the safety of food products is to decontaminate the carcasses or products during or at the end of the production line. The decontamination of meat and poultry can help to reduce human foodborne infections. However, process hygiene to prevent contamination should never be neglected. Some techniques of decontaminating raw meat and poultry meat products are discussed in this review.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Occupational exposure to airborne endotoxins during poultry processing.

Airborne gram-negative bacterial endotoxin levels were quantified in a live chicken hanging (shackling) room of a poultry processing plant. The mean respirable dust levels at the entrance and exit of the shackling line were 1.13 +/- 0.12 and 0.72 +/- 0.06 mg/m3, respectively, or approximately 6% of the total dust. Endotoxins constituted 43.3 +/- 2.8 micrograms per gram of respirable dust. Airborne endotoxins were present in the total dust at the mean level of 918.4 +/- 159.0 ng/m3 at the room entrance and 634.0 +/- 96.9 ng/m3 at the exit, with respirable levels of 44.3 +/- 7.8 and 33.6 +/- 2.2 ng/m3. Inhalation of gram-negative bacterial endotoxins can result in respiratory and systemic pathophysiology. The potential for adverse health effects in the working environment of the live poultry processing industry is discussed. Medical studies of workers in this area are required to confirm or deny the existence of occupationally related health effects.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1987

Further results of complete replacement of fish meal by means of poultry by-products meal in feed for trout fry and fingerling (Salmo gairdneri).

By further experiment lasting 44 days trout fingerlings were fed with feed containing 50% poultry by-products meal in order to prove the possibility of using it as sole source of animal protein. Water temperature was 10-15 degrees C. The daily weight gain amounted to 2.17% with a feed conversion of 1.62 kg feed/kg gain. The control group being fed with standard feed (FB) containing 51.5% fish meal reached a daily weight gain of 2.33% with a feed conversion of 1.39 kg feed/kg gain. Due to higher lipid content of test diet the test group reached a higher fat content than the control group (10% compared to 5.9%). Suggested recipe makes it possible to use poultry by-products meal in pelleted feed for trout fingerlings.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Decreased incidence of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from poultry meat and from fecal samples of humans in the community after discontinuation of avoparcin usage in animal husbandry.

The use of the glycopeptide antibiotic avoparcin (AVO) as a feed additive in animal husbandry of many European countries led in 1994-1995 to frequent isolation of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from commercially produced animal foodstuffs as well as from fecal samples of nonhospitalized persons in Germany (Saxony-Anhalt state). However, at the end of 1997, a decreasing number of such VRE was detected in frozen and fresh poultry meat (chickens and turkeys) from German producers. At this point in time, AVO had been discontinued in animal husbandry for more than 2 and one-half years in Denmark/Norway, nearly 2 years in Germany, and about 8-9 months in all countries of the European Community and Switzerland, respectively. VRE were then only detected in very low concentrations in one-quarter of the poultry meat samples (eight of 31, originating from 18 distinct German producers and bought in 12 different supermarkets). A decline of VRE prevalence was also observed in the gut flora of healthy persons (VRE carriers) in the same region (Saxony-Anhalt state, Germany), having fallen from 12% (12/100) in 1994 when AVO was being used to 6% (6/100) in 1996 and 3% (13/400) in 1997 after it was discontinued. These results likely indicate the importance of antibiotic selective pressure by glycopeptides such as AVO for the presence of VRE in animal meat products from commercial animal husbandry. Additionally, it underlines the role of animal products for the spread of resistant bacteria and transferable resistance genes to humans in the community.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Incomplete cross resistance against ionophores in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains from pigs and poultry.

Thirty-two Enterococcus faecium strains and 33 Enterococcus faecalis strains were tested for their susceptibility to the ionophore antibiotics salinomycin, narasin, monensin, and lasalocid. Enterococcal strains originated from poultry in which these products are in use as coccidiostats, and from pigs in which these products are allowed as growth promoters. Resistance against salinomycin and narasin in enterococci was frequent among poultry strains, whereas in pig strains, resistance was less common. No resistance was found against monensin and lasalocid. Full cross resistance between salinomycin and narasin was evident. There was no cross resistance between these two ionophores and monensin and lasalocid.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Serum lipids in humans fed diets containing beef or fish and poultry.

One half of a group of 129 men and women (74 men and 55 women), in a cross-over design at, within a self-selected diet, one egg and at least 5 oz of beef daily for 3 months while the other half at one egg and at least 5 oz of poultry and fish daily. Then they reversed their diets for 3 months. Blood samples were drawn by venipuncture before the study started and at the end of the 3 and 6 months, for analyses of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. No statistically significant changes were found in serum lipids in men. In women serum triglycerides but not other serum lipids were significantly higher when poultry and fish had been ingested.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Mortality from cancer and other diseases in poultry slaughtering/processing plants.

BACKGROUND: Healthy chickens or turkeys and their eggs destined for human consumption are commonly infected with viruses which cause cancer in these animals. Some of the viruses can infect and transform human cells in vitro, and human sera show serological evidence of infection with these viruses. It is not known whether the viruses cause cancer in humans. METHODS: We conducted a mortality study of a subcohort of 2639 workers in poultry slaughtering plants who have one of the highest human exposures to these viruses, and 6081 unexposed workers from non-meat companies (controls). All were members of a local meatcutters' union in Baltimore. RESULTS: Statistically significant increased risks were observed for cancer of the oesophagus, liver cancer, tumours of the haemopoietic lymphatic system, and motor vehicle accidents, in the group of poultry workers as a whole or in particular race/sex subgroups. The results for other causes of death showed consistently elevated risks in most race/sex subgroups, but these were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The cohort is young, and because the number of deaths is small, the results though suggestive of increased risks for some causes, are inconclusive. However they indicate that this cohort is of interest, and that further follow-up might reveal a much clearer and consistent picture.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in German Escherichia coli isolates from cattle, swine and poultry.

OBJECTIVE: Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the antimicrobial resistance of German Escherichia coli strains isolated during 1999-2001 from cattle, swine and poultry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred and seventeen isolates were tested for their resistance to 17 antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution. Resistant strains were screened by molecular methods for resistance genes, integrons and mutations in quinolone-resistance determining regions. RESULTS: Resistance was found in 40% and multiresistance in 32% of the strains. The resistance was significantly higher in isolates from poultry (61%) and swine (60%) than from cattle (25%) (P < 0.01). The most prevalent resistances were to sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin and spectinomycin (30-15%). For each antibiotic, the predominant resistance genes were: ampicillin, blaTEM1-like (92%); chloramphenicol, catA (68%) and cmlA1-like (36%); gentamicin, aac(3)-IV (60%); kanamycin, aphA1 (100%); streptomycin, aadA1-like (61%) and strA/B (59%); sulfamethoxazole, sul2 (66%), sul1 (42%) and sul3 (14%); tetracycline, tet(A) (66%) and tet(B) (42%); and trimethoprim, dfrA1-like (77%), dfrA17 (13%) and dfrA12 (7%). Class 1 integrons were found in 30% of the strains. They carried dfrA1-aadA1a (40%), aadA1a (29%), sat1-aadA1a (16%), dfrA17-aadA5 (11%), oxa1-aadA1a (5%) and dfrA12-aadA2 (3%). Eleven percent of the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid. Of these, 61% presented a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC = 0.12-2 mg/L) and single mutations in gyrA or gyrA and parC genes, and 39%, full resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC > or = 4 mg/L) and double and single mutations in gyrA and parC, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study gives baseline information on the magnitude of the resistance problem and its genetic background in contemporary German E. coli from food-producing animals.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed1999

Spatio-temporal dynamics of resident and immigrating populations of Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in high-rise poultry facilities.

The histerid beetle Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) is an important natural predator of the house fly, Musca domestica L., in accumulated poultry house manure. We examined the spatio-temporal dynamics of establishing adult C. pumilio in high-rise poultry facilities using conventional and geostatistical approaches. The growth curves of resident and immigrating populations followed logistic and exponential equations, respectively, and their rates of establishment were statistically the same. Frequency distributions for both populations were strongly positively skewed, and approximately 53% of sampling intervals were significantly modeled by the negative binomial. Taylor's power law indicated both populations to be aggregated, and gave excellent least squares regression fits to both populations. Correlograms, a geostatistical tool, suggested little local spatial structure (e.g., 2nd order effects) for either population. The resident population was 'randomly' aggregated: beetles were clustered around randomly distributed aggregations of house fly immatures. The immigrating population exhibited significant spatial trends (e.g., 1st order effects) consistently seen at all sampling intervals. C. pumilio spatial structure was represented primarily by this spatial trend; thus, immigration of C. pumilio may have been either a singular event in time, or initiating at 1 or multiple times from a singular location.

Animal Husbandry↗