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The political nature of the hospital budgetary process and the pharmacist's participation in that process are discussed. Among the political factors discussed are personal considerations, development of confidence among other officials, institutional-philosophical considerations, demographic pressures and information.
The levels of political knowledge of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded adults were compared with fifth- and eight-grade children and nonretarded CA-matched low SES adults. On all four knowledge indices, the retarded adults' performance closely resembled that of nonretarded fifth-grade children. The retarded subjects performed better on indices that dealt with particular leaders and state and local government information than on the more complex regime and national government indices. Results indicated that in both retarded group subjects had acquired minimal political knowledge, even though none had been exposed to any voter education.
Emotional stress is often based on defective social conditions like social isolation or the urge for maximal efficiency in production and consumption. The improvement of these social conditions and the elimination of the resulting pathogenic stress is a political task. There is a curious and unrealistic separation of responsibilities which is justified by tradition only: the social part of the therapy is abandoned to political institutions and groups whereas the psychiatrist whose therapy should be comprehensive concerns himself with individual problems only. As he neglects the noxious social circumstances and aims entirely at the social adaptation of the patient the psychiatrist denies the defectiveness of the social conditions as they are and corroborates a system which is the true cause of numerous psychiatric disturbances.
The feature reports the results of research studies on political representation of interests of the aged. It's focus is an empirical research project of objects, constituting procedures, members, working fields and restrictions of municipal senior councils in the FRG. The feature finishes with a discussion of the democratic legitimation of these councils as representatives of the political interests of the aged.
The administrative role in both nursing service and education demands many political interfaces that encompass conflicts, negotiations, power struggles and on-going competition for scare resources. However, the skill required to deal effectively with those situations is a function of both career and organizational experiences. The model presented in this article is intended to provide nurse administrators with a framework for politically astute planning and decision making and avoidance of judgment faux pas.
Doctors have always been involved in politics, as individuals or on a national or international level. Some have deserted medicine in order to pursue a full-time political career. A selection of doctor-politicians who have appeared on stamps is presented.
Scientists' explanations of group differences are based as much on their political values and unconscious needs as on objective data. It is argued that explanations of black-white differences on intelligence tests, deviant patterns of emotional and social behavior, sex differences, and attitudes toward social change and political action as primary prevention, all are influenced by underlying ideologies.
A primary care system was established at Zuni-Ramah Indian Health Service Hospital and clinic in New Mexico. Continuity and coordination of care were added to a health care system that was already accountable, accessible, and comprehensive. The new system offered each patient a personal health care provider who worked as a member of a multidisciplinary team. In changing the health care system, special attention was given to its cultural and political setting, the village of Zuni. After thorough discussion with community and staff, community members' concerns about patients' privacy and free choice were better understood, and special efforts were made to safeguard them. Ongoing evaluation is essential to maintain continuity. Eight months after the primary care system was begun, 64 percent of patients who came for care had established a personal relationship with a health care provider. For 59 percent of the visits during the 1-month evaluation period, patients saw their regular provider and, for 82 percent, patients saw their provider or one of his or her team colleagues. These percentages include night and walk-in visits. The system required no extra funding or staff. The political process of planning and consultation helped anticipate and alleviate the community's concerns, but resistance from physician's assistants and some physicians was unexpected. A flexible approach has led to a gradual acceptance of this voluntary system. This experience with the people of Zuni village shows that a primary care system can be started in a rural Indian Health Service facility with minimal outside help. Apparent improvements in quality of care make the continuity of primary care worthy of further consideration in the IHS and similar health services systems.
In this article the Author considers the modern-day and historical situation as regards the administration of justice in Spain, pausing to make a particularly careful analysis of those crimes whose rate of increase, over the past few years, has been the greatest. He runs back over the various stages of Spain's recent history: from the period preceding Franco's regime, during which a multiplicity of criminological theories were developed by Spanish authors, leading to the creation of a school of jurisprudence, in which theory and practice tended toward seeking a balance between freedom and security; through the period of the dictatorship, in which there was a tightening-up of the preceding trend, with a definite predisposition towards security, whether within the State or external to it (to be noted--the Author observes--is that this security in reality is not a guarantee of the lives and liberties of the citizens, but rather only a safeguarding of the State from attacks on its supremacy and power); to the successive period of the democracy, which came about without cruel and revolutionary upsets, but nonetheless has felt for many years the effects of the preceding political climate; criminality is increasing considerably, but the administration of justice is not able to soundly and accurately evaluate it, it having functioned at only 45% efficiency--or so says the Author--up until 1978: the imbalances in the society that can be seen in its passage through the various political regimes are, therefore, present too in the field of criminality; this, in fact, is apparently decreasing (since crimes against the external and internal security of the State are decreasing, as the number of convictions are decreasing); but in reality this criminality is undergoing a strong evolutionary movement, due more than anything else to the fact that the tendency is to give priority to liberty, and no longer to security, as is true in fact of every democratic regime. Even in 1978, when the new regime was by now consolidated and stabilized, the administration of justice had found too stability and balance; the consequences of this are, on the one hand, a decrease in crimes against the state as such, and on the other hand, an increase in the crimes peculiar to a democratic country (such as terrorism, drug-pushing, robbery) committed by ever-younger criminals.
Understanding the legislative process is the right of every citizen. Being concerned, knowledgeable, and committed to political activity is the responsibility of each citizen. Over two million American citizens are registered nurses. Nursing's responsibility is to prepare nurses to be politically knowledgeable, correct and active in the establishment of health care policy which affects the nation's citizens. One opportunity to achieve this in nursing practice is to use the knowledge shared at the Nurse in Washington Internship (NIWI).
With the aim of answering the question whether Polish forensic psychiatry was misused for political purposes the authors formulate several discussion question and try to describe the conditions protecting human rights of the person who is of interest to psychiatry and the law. The difficulties with formulating the concepts which define "misuse" are a result of the lack of more in-depth empirical research into this issue, the danger of using judgmental arguments and the need to retain an emotional distance in relation to the problem. While avoiding an unequivocal answer to this question several specific questions were selected, which may be helpful in formulating a more general assessment. The complexity and the polymorphous nature of the conditions which must be fulfilled before one may speak of the realization of the guarantee of human rights within the field of forensic psychiatry makes it possible to accept the notion that simply the existence of exterior laws regulating this legal issue is not enough to guard against the misuse of psychiatry. Nevertheless, the moral standards of psychiatrists, the legal functioning of the country and the adequacy of current laws in relation to medical knowledge are no less important. Final and unequivocal assessment of the role played by forensic psychiatry in the socio-political life of Poland in the past several decades may not be conducted without unbiased and scientific empirical research.
Sometimes, the "games being played" in our job settings cripple our ability to be powerful, effective participants in the world of work. Power, which is the ability to obtain, retain and move resources, requires two sets of attributes: competence and political savoir-faire. Much attention is given to improving competence but little time is spent in learning the intricacies of political behavior. The most important strategy is to learn to "read the environment" through observation, listening, reading, detachment and analysis.
Politics encompasses personal behaviors that dominate much of day-to-day decision-making in organizations. Conflict arises when various groups with different goals, interests, values and perceptions attempt to influence policy or decision making to meet their own interests, needs, goals or values. In this paper, Baldridge's political model is used to analyze the conflict experienced in development of a hospital-based discharge planning program.
Interviews with 150 Palestinian mothers and their children living amidst the Intifada in the West Bank were conducted to assess exposure to political violence and family negativity as risk factors associated with behavioral problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of risks present in the child's life was significantly correlated with the number of behavioral problems the child exhibited (R = .53, p < .001). The analysis further examined the role of gender, age, and community context in moderating the impact of high levels of accumulated risk on children's behavioral problems. Under conditions of high accumulated risk, boys evidenced more problems than girls, and younger children exhibited more problems than older children. Community context (as indicated by a high or low level of political violence) was a significant factor for girls but not for boys.
In recent years, the question of national styles in science has received increasing attention. The different forms of Darwinism that emerged in the nineteenth century provide an impressive example of the role of non-scientific factors in the development of scientific ideas. Although the reception of Darwinian theory has been acknowledged to differ according to distinct national traditions even in Darwin's time, there have been few systematic efforts to understand the underlying causal factors. Usually these explanations have conceived of the relationship of science to its social and political context as a distortion of science by ideology. In contrast to this picture, I attempt to demonstrate here how a scientific research program was situated in a concrete historical context. The German tradition of Darwinism in the nineteenth century will be described as a coalition of political liberalism, materialism, and morphology. Whereas the liberals used Darwinism to give their anti-religious and progressive program a naturalistic foundation, the morphologists appreciated that Darwinian theory allowed them to dispense with the idealistic origins of their research program, and the materialist were provided with a naturalistic explanation of the origin of organic form.
The XI International Conference on AIDS, held in Vancouver from July 7 to 12, 1996, produced encouraging signs of significant progress in basic, clinical and preventive science in the field of HIV infection and AIDS. The largest conference ever held on the global AIDS epidemic, it featured political and media highlights that served to focus the attention of participants and the public on controversial issues. Such political activity has become an expected part of international AIDS conferences and serves to remind participants and observers of the urgent need to continue the fight against AIDS.
Massey's presidential address correctly points to growing economic inequality as one of the pressing issues of our day, but his analysis gives short shift to the political institutions that underlie the economic trends. We supplement his analysis with a review of some of those institutions. In particular we point out how politics mediates between computerized production and inequality, between the segregation of education and inequality, and (drawing directly from American Apartheid) between housing markets and residential segregation.
A battle to introduce new antitobacco legislation in Canada has caused political battles within the Liberal Party. While one side is worried about the need to protect people's health, another is worried about the potential loss of jobs within the tobacco industry--many of which are located in politically volatile Quebec. Charlotte Gray writes about the machinations that led to the introduction of new smoking legislation in the House of Commons in November.