Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PAPAIN”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

N-terminal domain unfolds first in the sequential unfolding of papain.

Temperature and Guanidine hydrochloride induced unfolding transitions of papain at pH 2.0 are biphasic implying independent and sequential unfolding of its two domains. To determine the order of unfolding, the active site located in the interface of the domains was labeled with an environment specific fluorescent probe (1,8-IAEDANS). Unfolding of this complex relative to the free protein followed by intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence measurements suggests that the N domain unfolds initially in the sequential unfolding of domains.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2005

New non-peptidic inhibitors of papain derived from etacrynic acid.

Cysteine proteases are connected to various viral and parasitic infections, as well as to other severe diseases like arthritis, stroke and cancer. Due to its alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl moiety etacrynic acid, a well known diuretic, can inhibit cysteine proteases in a Michael-type reaction by reaction with the nucleophilic cysteine residue of the active site. For first structure-activity-relationship studies modifications at various positions of the etacrynic acid structure have been investigated concerning inhibition potency against the CAC1 protease papain: length of the side chain, substitution pattern of the aromatic ring as well as influence and necessity of acidic groups, esters or amides. Additionally, the effect of the aromatic ring was evaluated by replacement with a cyclohexyl moiety.

Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1999

Interaction of cystatin C variants with papain and human cathepsins B, H and L.

Recombinant human cystatin C and two of its mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant inhibitor was found to be identical to authentic cystatin C as judged by isoelectric focusing (pI 9.2) and kinetics of inhibition of papain and human cathepsins B, H and L. N-terminal truncation of 8 residues resulted in a decrease of isoelectric point (pI 7.8), but the inhibitory properties were similar to those of recombinant cystatin C, suggesting that Leu9 is a critical residue for the inhibition. The mutation of Trp106 to Ser, however, resulted in a decreased affinity of the inhibitor for the enzymes tested, with the largest effect on cathepsin B inhibition (approximately 100-fold increase in Ki).

Cathepsin B↗
PubMed1977

Papain-induced changes in the knee joints of adult rabbits.

Rapidly progressing joint disease can be produced in the rabbit by intra-articular injection of concentrated papain. With the use of radioactive thymidine it is possible to demonstrate that the cartilage cells recover their ability to divide by mitosis at the same time as degenerative changes appear in the cartilage. Clusters of chondrocytes arise by mitosis of chondrocytes and not by a floating together of cartilage cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Papain-hydrolyzed pork meat reduces serum cholesterol level and premature atherosclerosis in dietary-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

The effects of the low-molecular-weight fraction of papain-hydrolyzed pork meat (LMF) on the plasma cholesterol level and the generation of atherosclerosis were studied in rabbits fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. In LMF-fed rabbits, the plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations were both significantly lower (p<0.0 1) than in rabbits fed untreated pork meat (PM). Similarly, the cholesterol concentrations of the chylomicron and VLDL fractions were significantly lower in LMF-fed rabbits than in rabbits fed PM. Deposition of lipid in transverse sections of the aortic arch was significantly less in rabbits fed LMF than in those fed PM. Electron microscopic studies revealed preventive effects against premature atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of rabbits fed LME These results indicate that LMF has a hypocholesterolemic action and preventive effects against premature atherosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Papain-solubilized Ag-B antigens. I. Isolated and characterization of two components composing Ag-B antigens.

Ag-B antigen molecules of about 59,000 daltons were partially purified from papain digests of liver cell membranes of Fischer and ACI rats. These preparations were radioiodinated and the labeled Ag-B antigen molecultes were isolated as specific immune complexes with alloantibodies directed to Ag-B1 or Ag-B4. These specifically purified Ag-B antigen molecules were found to give two fragments of 37,000 and 11,000 daltons on sodium sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two fragments (or very similar ones) were isolated from the radioiodinated partially purified Ag-B antigen preparations by acid dissociation and subsequent gel filtration. The 37,000-dalton fragment retained the same Ag-B alloantigenic specificity as the parental 59,000-dalton Ag-B antigen molecules, whereas the 11,000-dalton fragment did not carry any detectable Ag-B alloantigenic activity. In the reaction with rabbit antisera raised against rat cell membranes, each fragment was shown to be antigenically distinctive.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Purification of papain-solubilized histocompatibility antigens from a cultured human lymphoblastoid line, RPMI 4265.

HL-A antigens having specificities HL-A2, HL-A7, HL-A12 have been solubilized by papain treatment of membrane preparations from the cultured human lymphoblastoid cell line RPMI 4265 and purified about 80-fold by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose, Sephadex G-150, and diethylaminoethylcellulose columns. Separation of HL-A2 from a mixture of HL-A7 and HL-A12 was achieved on the final DEAE-cellulose column. The yield was about 1 mg of protein of each antigen preparation per 100 g of packed, frozen cells. On sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis both preparations showed two polypeptide bands. The smaller subunit of 12,000 daltons is common to all HL-A preparations and has been shown to be identical with beta2-microglobulin. The larger subunit is a glycopeptide and in the HL-A7, 12 preparation was resolved into a duplex of 34,000 and 37,000 daltons. The HL-A2 preparation showed a single band at 34,000 daltons. On isoelectric focusing under nondenaturing conditions, the preparation showed multiple bands, all of which contained both subunits and retained antigenic activity. On isoelectric focusing in the presence of 6 M urea a single band for beta2-microglobulin and multiple bands for the larger subunit were seen. This charge heterogeneity of the larger subunit has been shown to be due to variable amounts of sialic acid. When HL-A antigen preparations were subjected to Sephadex G-100 chromatography in the presence of 3 M KCl, no separation of the two subunits was observed.

Cell Line↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Product development studies for stabilization of oral liquid enzyme preparations containing diastase and papain.

A product development study was undertaken with a view to stabilize acid sensitive amylolytic enzyme diastase and alkali sensitive proteolytic enzyme papain. An unique high technology method was adopted for both enzymes with enteric coating and non-enteric film forming materials respectively to achieve site specificity of action, better stability and to protect diastase from the adverse acid pH of the stomach. Feasibility of incorporating various excipients like thickening agents, surfactants, preservatives, etc., to produce stable elegant oral liquid suspension was also studied. Release studies of the enzymes both in simulated gastric and simulated intestinal juices showed steady and consistent release. The proteolytic and amylolytic activities were assessed by standard pharmacopoeial methods. The stability of the product during the studies was satisfactory. Reduction in addition of overages of costly enzymes met the project technically feasible and economically viable.

Amylases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modification of red cell membranes with perftoran in papaine emphysema in rats].

Papaine emphysema model on 75 mongrel mature white male rats (10 intact rats were control) was used to study the size, form, surface architechtonics, deformability and state of membrane-receptor erythrocyte complex before and after perftoran intraperitoneal administration. Perftoran emulsion produced a membrane-modulating effect with recovery of hormonal reception sensitivity, PHA-, cAMP-receptor systems as well as restoration of erythrocytic normocytosis and diskocytosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nucleophile specificity in papain-catalyzed acyl transfer reactions.

The ratio of hydrolysis to aminolysis product in papain-catalyzed acyl transfer reactions using various nucleophiles was determined. The data are interpreted in terms of binding specificity. The acyl transfer reactions were performed using the acyl donor Mal-Phe-Ala-OEtCl. The analysis of the structure-activity relationships of the hydrophobic S1'-P1' contact indicates that the S1' subsite can accommodate maximally three methyl(ene) groups. Hydrophilic amino acid side chains are better bound to S1' than can be explained by their hydrophobicities. The S2' as well as the S3' binding subsite exhibits a preference for space-filling hydrophobic amino acid residues.

Acylation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two-stage papain-indirect antiglobulin test and LISS direct agglutination are not appropriate for pretransfusion screening for unexpected antibodies.

BACKGROUND: The screening for unexpected antibodies has proved to be a suitable pretransfusion compatibility method, but controversy still remains regarding the most appropriate serologic techniques to use in such a screening and, in particular, whether or not to use enzyme-based methods. METHODS: Over a period of three years, 27,149 patient sera submitted to pretransfusion testing were screened for unexpected antibodies. Serologic techniques included LISS-direct agglutination (DAG) reading plus indirect antiglobulin test (IAT), and two-stage papain (2SP)-IAT. RESULTS: In all, 592 (2.18%) serum samples yielded a positive result. Further studies of these specimens disclosed 466 alloantibodies in 371 cases, and 221 unwanted positive reactivities. 2SP-IAT and LISS-DAG allowed the detection of 124 alloantibodies missed by LISS-IAT (78 anti-Lewis, 33 anti-E, 7 anti-P1, 2 anti-K1, 2 anti-K3, 1 anti-M, 1 anti-Cw), but were responsible for 81% of the unwanted positive reactivities. CONCLUSIONS: Since most alloantibodies detected only by 2SP-IAT or LISS-DAG were of doubtful clinical significance, and these techniques produced a high number of unwanted positive reactivities, we conclude that 2SP-IAT and LISS-DAG are not appropriate for the pretransfusion screening for unexpected antibodies.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevention of peritoneal adhesion formation with a combination of carboxymethyl-cellulose and papain: experimental study].

The inhibitory action of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and papain (PP) in peritoneal adhesions formation, were studied in Wistar rats. After ether anesthesia and a midline laparotomy incision, the right parietal peritoneum was pinched with a fine hemostat and the pinched peritoneal fold was then ligated. This maneuver was repeated thrice creating four point as if they were little "polyps" with a standardized size. Before closing the incision, it was deposited on the four points of each animal the following substances: group A--saline solution; group B--CMC 2%; group C--PP 0.4% in distilled water; group D--CMC 2% + PP 0.2%; group E--CMC 2% + PP 0.4%. After ten days, the rats were sacrificed and classified according to the number of "points" that showed adhesions with the abdominal structures. There was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of adhesions only in the group E (CMC + PP 0.4%).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dose-dependence of the carboxymethylcellulose-papain combination in the prevention of peritoneal adhesions. Study in rats].

The action of a low volume (one drop) of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-papain (PP) association gel to prevent peritoneal adhesions were studied in female Wistar rats. After ether anesthesia and a midline laparotomy incision, the right parietal peritoneum was pinched with a fine hemostat and the pinched peritoneal fold was then ligated. This maneuver was repeated thrice creating four points as if they were little "polyps" with a standardized size. Before closing the incision it was deposited on each point 0.05 ml (one drop) of CMC 2% (group A) or CMC + PP 0.4% (group B), with a total volume of 0.2 ml. These groups were compared with another similar group (group C) of a previous research, in which was used 7 ml/kg of body weight of CMC + PP 0.4% (1.5 ml by animal). Statistically significance was not noticed between groups A and B but it was noticed between these two groups (A and B) and group C (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). It was concluded that the lowest effective volume (between 0.2 and 1.5 ml/animal) which can allow the desired effect is to be determined in order to diminish the quantity of substance to be deposited in the abdominal cavity.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cartilage changes in rats induced by papain and the influence of treatment with N-acetylglucosamine.

Cartilage damage in the knee joints of rats was induced with a single intraarticular injection of 10 mg papain. Such damage was indicated by a decrease in the content of glycosaminoglycans and histologically detectable alterations in the surface of patellar cartilage. Daily treatment of the rats with N-acetylglucosamine by gavage led to an increase of the glycosaminoglycans of the cartilage and of incorporation of the radioactive precursor of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, 3H-glucosamine hydrochloride, in comparison to control animals treated with saline. The incidence of pathological alterations of the cartilage in histological samples was reduced.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1991

Gene expression by a hypovirulence-associated virus of the chestnut blight fungus involves two papain-like protease activities. Essential residues and cleavage site requirements for p48 autoproteolysis.

Proteolytic processing plays a fundamental role in gene expression of a recently characterized viral-like double-stranded RNA associated with biological control of the chestnut blight fungus. Polypeptide p29, a papain-like protease, was shown to autocatalytically release itself from the NH2 terminus of the polyprotein specified by the first of two encoded open reading frames, ORF A (Choi, G. H., Shapira, R., and Nuss, D. L. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 1167-1171; Choi, G. H., Pawlyk, D. M., and Nuss, D. L. (1991) Virology 183, 747-752). The characterization of a second autocatalytic protease, p48, which is encoded by ORF B, is the subject of this report. Deletion analysis revealed that the catalytic domain resides within the carboxyl-terminal region, while site-specific mutational analysis identified Cys-341 and His-388 as residues essential for autoproteolysis. Autoproteolytic processing by p48 was also demonstrated when expressed in Escherichia coli and microsequence analysis of the recovered COOH-terminal cleavage product indicated that cleavage occurred between Gly-418 and Ala-419. The requirements for a functional cleavage site, including confirmation of the cleavage dipeptide, were defined by amino acid substitution analysis. Similarities between p29 and p48 suggest that the respective coding domains could have arisen as a result of a gene duplication event.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of hyperlipemia by carbohydrate-rich fractions isolated from crude papain.

A hyperlipemia was obtained in rabbits injected intravenously with two carbohydrate-rich fractions isolated from crude papain dialyzate. The fractions have an approximative molecular weight of 15,000 and 5,000 daltons and contains 35% and 15% of sugars respectively. The hyperlipemia appears 20 hours after the injection and consists in a hypertriglyceridaemia as suggested by the enrichment of serum in very light lipoproteins of density about 1.006. Concomittantly a decrease of the post-heparin lipase activity (PHLA) of the plasma was observed. After a few days the hyperlipemia disappears and the PHLA returns to a normal value. It is suggested that the hypertriglyceridaemia can be due to an inhibitory effect of the injected fractions on the removal action of the lipases which are released into the blood by an heparin injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Dose-response pattern of inhaled sulfur dioxide (SO2) in rabbits pretreated with papain or sodium chloride aerosols].

The study was conducted on 29 New-Zealand female rabbits to examine the dose-response pattern of SO2 in inhaled air. A group of 14 animals was exposed to papain-aerosol (P-A) twice a week for 1 h each over 12 weeks in order to increase bronchial reactivity. A group of 9 animals received similar treatment but with saline-aerosol (NaCl-A); this group served for control. The third group of 6 animals remained untreated (K). After 12 weeks of treatment individual animals were anesthetized and the P-A and NaCl-A groups were exposed for 5 min each to different concentrations of SO2 (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 9.0 mg/m3). The animals of group K were treated similarly but they were exposed 5X to synthetic air; this group served the purpose to follow the anesthesia effect on respiration and cardio-vascular system. The recovery period was 30 min between the exposures. The K-animals showed gradual decrease of lung resistance (R1). In contrast P-A and NaCl-A animals both showed a clear increase in R1 following exposure to SO2, and R1 was considerably higher in P-A than in NaCl-A animals. The maximum change in R1 was caused by exposure to 4.0 mg/m3 SO2 and it was even greater than the response produced by 9.0 mg/m3 SO2 in P-A animals. A similar pattern of response was also observed in NaCl-A animals, but the highest increase in R1 was caused by exposure to 2.0 mg/m3 SO2. From these results it can be concluded that high concentration of SO2 could have a damaging effect on sensory receptors of the tracheobronchial system.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1990

Acid-base balance and cardiac index in SO2-bronchitic, papaine-emphysematous and paraquat-fibrotic rats after isoproterenol treatment.

SO2-bronchitis, papaine-emphysema and paraquat fibrosis were induced in Wistar rats. Blood pressure, cardiac index, total peripheral resistance, arterial blood gas values, parameters of acid-base balance were determined. Effects of 0.1 and 0.3 microgram.-1.min-1 isoproterenol iv. infusion were examined. Morphologic alterations of the lungs were verified by histopathological examinations. All the parameters investigated were found to be normal in the control rats. The treated groups differed from the normal ones: an increased blood pressure was observed in emphysema and fibrosis. A decreased cardiac index was characteristic of chronic bronchitis, high cardiac index of emphysema, high TPR of bronchitis and arterial hypoxaemy of fibrosis. The groups reacted differently to beta adrenergic stimulation: in bronchitic and fibrotic rats the cardiac index was augmented, whereas in emphysematous ones the increase proved to be smaller. The effects of isoproterenol infusion can be related to the altered beta-receptor function in the various experimental pulmonary diseases.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗