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PubMed2003

[Effects of escharectomy during shock stage on the plasma lipid and serum free fatty acid levels in scalded rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of escharectomy during shock stage on plasma lipid and free fatty acid levels in scalded rats. METHODS: Thirty-two adult Wistar rats inflicted with 30% TBSA III degree scalding were employed as the model and were divided into normal control (NC), scalding control (SC) and treatment groups (T), and the latter was further divided into three sub groups according to the time of escharectomy, i.e. 8 postburn hour (PBHs) (T8), 24 PBHs (T24) and 96 PBHs (T96) groups. The rats were sacrificed at 168 PBHs. The postburn changes in the rat plasma lipid and free fatty acid levels were determined. RESULTS: 1) There was significant increase in serum triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHO), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), apolipoprotein A (ApoA), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and all the free fatty acids (FFAs) in the total serum FFAs excluding myristic acid (P < 0.05) at 168 PBHs in rats of all the T groups. 2) The serum levels of TG, CHO, ApoB, total FFA, lauric acid, palmitic acid, zoomaric acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid in T8 and T24 groups were evidently lower than those in SC group (P < 0.05). The plasma levels of VLDL, stearic acid and arachidonic acid in T8 were obviously lower than those in SC group (P < 0.05); 3) In T96 group, the serum levels of ApoB and lauric acid were significantly lower than those in SC group (P < 0.05), but all the other indices remained higher than those before injury. CONCLUSION: There was enhanced fat mobilization after severe burn injury. Escharectomy during shock stage might decrease fat mobilization, which was beneficial to the restoration of normal lipid metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of environmental factors on the growth and fatty acid composition of five endophytic fungi from Sapium sebiferum].

Five fungi species including Rhizoctonia sp., Sclerotium sp., Acremoniell sp., Chaetomium sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. screened from the inner bark of Sapium sebiferum (Lével) Roxb. were used to study their growth under different environmental factors, with the biomass and fatty acid composition as main indexes to elucidate the relationship between plant and its endophytic fungi. Compared with that from synthesized medium, a higher biomass was harvested when the fungi were cultured on liquid potato dextrose medium; the unsaturation index of fatty acid (IUFA) was lower, and the main fatty acids in the fungi were linoleic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid. Compared with the fungi grown on the synthesized medium without Sapium sebiferum's extract, the Sclerotium sp. growth was promoted, and the others were inhibited when the extract was added to the synthesized medium. At the same time, the IUFA were increased. When 0-1.0 mol.L-1 NaCl was added in Sclerotium sp.'s culture medium, the biomass was not changed notably; IUFA in 0-0.5 mol.L-1 NaCl was not significantly different, while in the range of 0.6-1.0 mol.L-1 NaCl, the IUFA was decreased with increasing concentration of NaCl. It indicated that fungus had a stronger tolerance to salt. Sclerotium sp.'s growth was promoted, and the IUFA was increased when plant oil was added in the synthesized medium. The biomass was the highest by adding 1.5% plant oil. The results mentioned above were some way related to the symbiotic relations between the endophytic fungi and their host plant.

Biomass↗
PubMed2004

[Supercritical CO2 extraction of fatty oils from bee pollen and its GC-MS analysis].

The extraction of fatty oils from bee pollen with supercritical CO2 was studied. The effects of extraction pressure, extraction temperature and the grinding size of the bee pollen on the yields were discussed. The optimal condition of this method was: extraction pressure 30MPa,extraction temperature 55 degrees C, separator I pressure 14MPa, separator I temperature 45 degrees C, separator II pressure 6MPa, separator II temperature 40 degrees C, extraction period 2 hours. Compared with the traditional solvent extraction, this method had some virtues, such as shortening the extraction period greatly, escaping oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid, and the products from which having better quality. With a GC-MS analysis, the main composition of the fatty oil from the bee pollen was: oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoic acid, pentacosane, octacosane and so on. The contents of alpha-linolenic acid in the fatty oils from separator I and separator II were 42% and 8.8%, which differed greatly. It proved that this method succeeded in extraction, separating and enriching alpha-linolenic acid.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Altered long chain fatty acids composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy erythrocytes.

BACKGROUND: Biochemical abnormalities, increased efflux of soluble enzymes and muscle proteins, and altered permeability of muscle membranes imply the presence of a disorganized erythrocyte membrane in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The purpose of the present study was to investigate this hypothesis of a generalized membrane defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with the disease were analyzed for their erythrocyte lipid composition and for alterations in their fatty acid content compared to twenty-five healthy subjects. RESULTS: DMD patients showed a decreased concentration of total phospholipids compared to healthy volunteers, with striking fluctuations in concentrations of erythrocyte long chain fatty acids. Specifically, the unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids were significantly decreased in the disease, whereas the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid was increased in DMD patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest an abnormal fatty acid composition and disorganization of erythrocyte membrane in patients with DMD associated with possible functional alterations.

Erythrocyte Membrane↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of fatty acids from Codium iyengarii (Bryopsidophyceae).

The green seaweed Codium iyengarii Bphirg., collected from the coast of Karachi, has been studied for its fatty acid composition. The acids were converted into methyl caters and identified by GC-MS, which revealed the presence of 11 saturated, 10 monoethenoic and 2 ethinoic acids. Palmitic acid was present in the highest amount, while dodecenoic acid was in largest quantity among unsaturated fatty acids. Malonic, heptanoic, tridecynoic, hexadecynoic, tricosenoic, and heptacosanoic acids arc being reported for the first time front any species of Codium as well as any seaweed of Pakistan.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of fatty acids and organic acids in Ranunculus ternatus Thunb using GC-MS].

The determination of fatty acids and organic acids in Chinese medicinal plant Ranunculus ternatus Thunb using GC-MS was studied. The Ranunculus ternatus Thunb from Henan province was cut into less than 20 mesh pieces, then extracted by petroleum ether or ether in refluxing and esteried, and finally was determined using GC-MS. The results show that there are 23 kinds of organic compounds in the Chinese medicinal plant Ranunculus ternatus Thunb from Henan, among which 15 kinds of fatty acids were identified, including myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosanoic acid, docosanoic acid etc. The unsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid account for 58.19% and 35.68% of the total organic compounds respectively. The kinds of fatty acid in petroleum ether extract and ether extract are the same.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1991

Effects of palm oil on cardiovascular risk.

A major public health concern of affluent nations is the excessive consumption of dietary fats which are now closely linked to coronary heart disease. Against this scenario, the tropical oils and palm oil in particular, have been cast as major villains in the U.S.A., despite the fact that palm oil consumption there is negligible. The unsuspecting public may not realise that the call to avoid palm oil is nothing more than a trade ploy since in recent years palm oil has been very competitive and has gained a major share of the world's edible oils and fats market. Many also lose sight of the fact that, palm oil, like other edible oils and fats, is an important component of the diet. The allegation that palm oil consumption leads to raised blood cholesterol levels and is therefore atherogenic is without scientific foundation. Examination of the chemical and fatty acid composition of palm oil or its liquid fraction should convince most nutritionists that the oil has little cholesterol-raising potential. The rationale for these are: it is considered cholesterol free. its major saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid (16:0) has recently been shown to be neutral in its cholesterolaemic effect, particularly in situations where the LDL receptors have not been down-regulated by dietary means or through a genetic effect. palm oil contains negligible amounts (less than 1.5%) of the hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acids, namely lauric acid (12:0) and myristic acid (14:0). it has moderately rich amounts of the hypocholesterolaemic, monounsaturated oleic acid (18:1, omega-9) and adequate amounts of linoleic acid. (18:2, omega-6). It contains minor components such as the vitamin E tocotrienols which are not only powerful antioxidants but are also natural inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis. Feeding experiments in various animal species and humans also do not support the allegation that palm oil is atherogenic. On the contrary, palm oil consumption reduces blood cholesterol in comparison with the traditional sources of saturated fats such as coconut oil, dairy and animal fats. In addition, palm oil consumption may raise HDL levels and reduce platelet aggregability. As with all nutrients, there is a need to obtain a balance of different fatty acids found in fats in edible oils and other food sources. There is no single ideal source of fat that answers to the recent American Heart Association's call to reflect a 1:1:1 ratio of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats in relation to the recommended dietary fat intake of 30% of calories or less.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Brain lipid changes after ethanol exposure.

Ethanol interacts with brain cell membranes because of its lipid solubility. This perturbation alters the biophysical properties of the membranes. During chronic ethanol treatment, the cell membranes become resistant to the perturbing effects of ethanol, suggesting changes in the lipid composition. The most consistently found effect on lipid composition after chronic ethanol exposure has been an increase in oleic acid proportions of glycerophospholipids. There are also different changes in specific glycerophospholipids. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid in phosphatidylserine and arachidonic acid in phosphatidylethanolamine, were decreased. On the other hand, in phosphatidylcholine the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid was decreased after chronic ethanol exposure. Other changes found in brain after ethanol exposure are increased concentrations of acidic phospholipids and formation of abnormal phospholipids in which ethanol itself is a part of the molecule. Some of the changes found may be a result of adaptive mechanisms occurring in order to counteract the different biophysical effects of ethanol.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of specific fatty acids on cell transformation induced by an activated c-H-ras oncogene.

An increase in dietary lipid has been associated with an increase in the development of certain forms of cancer, notably breast and colon cancer, both in experimental animal studies and in human epidemiology studies. The underlying mechanisms are not, however, known with certainty. In the present studies we have examined whether certain specific fatty acids (FA) might act by enhancing the role of an activated oncogene in a model cell culture system. We found that when the rat fibroblast cell line Rat 6 was transfected with an activated human c-H-ras oncogene and the cells subsequently grown in medium supplemented with myristic acid, palmitic acid or stearic acid (20-80 microM) there was a marked enhancement of the number of transformed foci obtained. On the other hand arachidonic acid had a marked inhibitory effect in this transformation assay. However, this inhibitory effect can be partially reversed by indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase, at dose response manner. Control studies indicated that these results were not simply due to the effects of the FAs on growth of the Rat 6 cells or the process of transfection per se. Lipid analyses of cells grown in the presence of stearic acid indicated that the added FA was extensively incorporated into the major lipid classes of the cell and produced transient changes in lipid composition. This simple cell culture system may be useful for elucidating the mechanisms by which various dietary lipids and nutritional factors influence the carcinogenic process.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Studies on the chemical constituents of Arisaema fargesii Buchett].

Heptatriacontane, benzoic acid, succinic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, daucosterol, D-mannitol, D-glucose, sucrose and choline chloride were isolated from the roots of Arisaema fargesii collected from Gansu Province. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and a few chemical transformations. The twelve compounds have not been reported before as constituents of Arisaema fargesii.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed1989

[Screening of drugs and chemicals by wide-bore capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization and nitrogen phosphorus detectors].

A method is presented for forensic toxicological screening of drugs and chemicals in blood and urine by wide-bore capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detectors (FID) and nitrogen phosphorus detectors (NPD). The presence of drugs and chemicals in blood and urine specimens was confirmed by comparing these gas chromatograms with those of typical drug-free specimens. Peak components of drug-free specimens were piperidone, p-cresol, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, n-butylphthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, squalene, cholesterol and two alcohols (unidentified) on FID chromatograms and were piperidone, indole, nicotine, cotinine, hydroxycotinine, caffeine and several unknown urine constituents on NPD chromatograms. In practical cases, the presence of drugs and chemicals in postmortem specimens was easily ascertained by the present method.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Effects of bifemelane on the free fatty acid levels during ischemia].

Using the four-vessel extracranial one staged occlusion model of adult Wistar rats, we analyzed quantitatively released free fatty acids during ischemia. Also have we analyzed the effect of bifemelane to reduce free fatty acid accumulation after the onset of ischemia. Bifemelane (15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg) and saline as control were intraperitoneally administered to adult Wistar rat prior to 30 minutes of experimentally induced ischemia. The results obtained were analyzed by one or two way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Physiological variables (systemic arterial pressure, PaO2, PaCO2, pH) did not change significantly in all four experimental groups. Total free fatty acid levels (sum of 5 fatty acid) increased significantly after ischemia (30 minutes). Higher dose (30 mg/kg) of bifemelane administration significantly reduced total free fatty acid accumulation, though lower dose (15 mg/kg) did have no effect. Bifemelane (30 mg/kg) reduced significant accumulation in the amount of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid (palmitic acid [16:0], stearic acid [18:0] and oleic acid [18:1]). Arachidonic (20:4) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acid failed to show any effective reduction by bifemelane pre-treatment of lower nor higher dose. Bifemelane is supposed to have many pharmacological effects such as increase in cerebral blood flow, augmentation of glucose uptake, monoamine metabolism, cerebral vasodilatation and platelet antiaggregation. Free fatty acid accumulation is effectively suppressed by the higher dose of bifemelane administration. Although the exact mechanism are not clearly identified by the result obtained in this experiment, selective inhibition of accumulation in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids by bifemelane pretreatment may be obtained by the improvement of energy metabolism, which may help to reacylation of fatty acid into phospholipid.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Mechanism of liver mitochondrial dysfunction associated with bile duct obstruction.

To elucidate the mechanism of liver mitochondrial dysfunction induced by obstructive jaundice, the following experiments were performed. In vivo study: Using Wistar male rats, bile ducts were ligated, and serum levels of total bilirubin (T-Bil), GOT, GPT, mitochondrial GOT (mGOT) and total bile acids (TBA) were measured at 3 and 7 days after the ligation. Then, the liver was isolated to determine mitochondrial functions and to measure the content of fatty acids in mitochondrial phospholipids by high performance liquid chromatography. The levels of T-Bil, GOT, GPT, mGOT and TBA were elevated by the bile duct ligation. Mitochondrial functions were deteriorated, and contents of arachidonic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid in mitochondrial phospholipids decreased. Pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 (E-0216, CoQ10), an antidetergent agent, prevented not only the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and the decrease in mitochondrial phospholipids but also the elevation of GOT, GPT, and mGOT although CoQ10 did not prevent the elevation of T-Bil and TBA levels. In vitro study: Using intact rat liver mitochondria, the effect of taurocholic acid (TCA), one of the physiological bile salts, on the mitochondrial function and on mitochondrial phospholipids was examined. Incubation of mitochondria with TCA induced a dose-dependent deterioration of mitochondrial function and the increase in the content of solubilized phospholipids. The protective effect of CoQ10 was also observed in the in vitro study. These results indicate that degradation of mitochondrial phospholipids by bile acids is responsible for the early phase of liver dysfunction induced by obstructive jaundice.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1984

Promotion of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis by high dietary fat in the rat: possible role of intercellular communication.

The effect of high levels of dietary fat on the promotion phase of rat mammary tumorigenesis and the effect of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids on metabolic cooperation in hamster cells were examined. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given iv injections of 5 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and subsequently placed on 20% high-fat (HF) and 4.5% corn oil control (CF) diets. Rats treated with DMBA and fed HF diet for the entire duration of the experiment developed more tumors with shorter latency than rats fed CF diet for the entire experiment. Rats fed HF diet for 3 weeks at different times after DMBA treatment showed similar, enhanced mammary tumor development. Lengthening the duration of HF diet treatment (0, 3, 6, 16 wk) increased mammary tumor development, suggesting a time dose-response relationship. Removal of the HF diet treatment partially reversed its stimulatory effects on tumor development. These results indicate that dietary fat acts as a classical tumor promoter to enhance mammary tumorigenesis. The influence of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids on metabolic cooperation between 6-thioguanine-sensitive (6-TGS) and 6-thioguanine-resistant (6-TGr) Chinese hamster V79 cells was examined. Linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, and arachidonic acid significantly increased the recovery of 6-TGr cells at noncytotoxic concentrations. Stearic acid, palmitic acid, and arachadic acid had no effect on the recovery of 6-TGr cells at either cytotoxic or noncytotoxic concentrations. These results demonstrate that unsaturated fatty acids but not saturated fatty acids can inhibit metabolic cooperation between Chinese hamster V79 cells, and suggest, mechanistically, that high dietary levels of polyunsaturated fat could promote tumorigenesis by inhibition of intercellular communication.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid composition of Yersinia pestis].

The fatty acid composition of Y. pestis strains, the causative agent of plaque, has been studied. Y. pestis cells have been found to contain great amounts of palmitoleic acid, methylenehexadecanoic acid, oleic acid with elaidic acid, palmitic acid and pentadecanoic acid. Lauric acid, myristic acid, 3-oxymyristic acid and methyleneoctadecanoic acid have been detected in moderate amounts. Vaccine strains, virulent museum and newly isolated strains, while differing in their antigenic structure, have proved to be uniform in their fatty acid composition. In Y. pestis cels, grown on a solid medium for a longer period and at higher temperature, an increased proportion of saturated acids is observed.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1994

Interferon-gamma and polyunsaturated fatty acids increase the binding of lipopolysaccharide to macrophages.

We have previously shown that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) increases the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of membrane phospholipids in cells that were sensitive to endotoxin. In this study, IFN-gamma was found to stimulate the binding of endotoxin to the murine macrophage cell line J774.2 and the human monocyte cell line U937. Interferon-gamma-activated J774.2 cells showed a 66% increase in fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled LPS binding (P < 0.0005 vs control cells) and a 49% increase in tritium labelled LPS binding (P < 0.0001 vs control cells). Interferon-gamma also induced a 35% increase in binding of FITC-LPS in U937 cells (P < 0.0001 vs control cells). In contrast, pretreatment of J774.2 cells with interferon-beta (IFN-beta) had no effect on binding of FITC-LPS. Preincubation with exogenously supplied polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and arachidonic acids, resulted in increases of 74% and 69% in FITC-LPS binding, respectively (both P < 0.0005 vs control cells). On the other hand, pretreatment with the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, had no effect on FITC-LPS binding. We propose that IFN-gamma-induced changes in the membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition of macrophage-like cells influence the binding of endotoxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Differential vasoconstrictor potencies of free fatty acids in the lung vasculature: 2-versus 3-series prostanoid generation.

Pulmonary vasoconstrictor potencies of the 2- and 3-series prostanoid precursors arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were compared with each other and three reference fatty acids [palmitic acid (PAL), oleic acid (OA) and eicosatrienoic acid (ETA)]. Dose-effect curves were established from transient pulmonary artery pressor responses (approximately 5-50 mm Hg) evoked by intravascular application of nonesterified fatty acids in buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. Release of di- and trienoic prostanoids into the recirculating perfusate was quantified by a post high-performance liquid chromatography enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. EPA and the three reference fatty acids were used in concentrations up to 10 microM; the rank order of vasoconstrictor potencies was ETA < PAL < OA < EPA. In contrast, AA evoked even larger pressor responses at concentrations two orders of magnitude lower (up to 80 nM). All fatty acids induced both thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin I2 release, ranking with ETA approximately PAL approximately OA < EPA as established for 10 microM concentrations; the dienoic prostanoid release in response to 80 nM AA approximated that elicited by 10 microM EPA. The n-3 fatty acid, however, provoked the liberation of excessive quantities of thromboxane A3 and prostaglandin I3, which surpassed the respective 2-series prostanoids 15- to 20-fold; no 3-series cyclooxygenase products were detected in response to AA, ETA, PAL or OA stimulation. Cyclooxygenase (acetylsalicylic acid) and thromboxane synthetase (OKY 046, Ozagrel, (E)-p-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)cinnamic acid, C13H12N2O2, MW 228.2) inhibition largely suppressed the EPA-evoked pressor responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid↗
PubMed1995

[Effect of the active components of Ranunculus ternatus Thunb. on the inductive production of tumor necrosis factors by macrophages].

The authors set up a screening system for the detection of TNF inducers. By using this model 36 traditional Chinese medical herbs from 28 families were studied. Seven herbs from 7 families were found to be active in the TNF induction. Among them Ranunculus Ternatus (RT) is the best one. The active components of RT were isolated from the crude extract by solvent extraction and column chromatography. Eleven fractions were obtained. RT-A2, one of the active components, is a white crystal and its IR spectrum is similar to Standard Infrared Grating Spectra No. 28344K. Therefore, RT-A2 may be identified as a fatty acid (palmitic acid). Its optimum dose of inducing TNF is 50 micrograms/ml in vitro. TNF induced in the cell culture was demonstrated by monoclone antibody neutralizing test.

Animals↗