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PubMed2002

[Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese middle-aged populations: Current status and trend of development].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the current status on prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese middle-aged population, and to quantify the magnitude of the trends of development in the past two decades. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI) was measured on 15 389 middle-aged men and women from 15 natural populations all over China with different geographical, economical (urban/rural) and occupational status. Overweight was defined as BMI >/= 25 while obesity as BMI >/= 30. RESULTS: 1) The rates of prevalence on overweight and obesity varied dramatically between populations. 2) In general, the prevalence rates were higher in the northern areas, in urban areas, and in women. 3) The current problem of obesity was related to 'pre-obese' stage, with less than 10% in most populations. 4) The prevalence of overweight and obesity started to show significantly increase from early 80's to early 90's but more prominant in the late 90's. CONCLUSION: Prevention and intervention of overweight and obesity are in urgent need in the Chinese populations, especially in those economically fast developing areas.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular structure and diastolic function in patients with overweight and arterial hypertension].

The accelerated development of the left ventricular dysfunction due to increased preload and afterload is often observed in patients with systemic hypertension and concurrent overweight/obesity. Right ventricle is also influenced by systemic hypertension. The aim of the study was the echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricular structure and diastolic function in patients with systemic hypertension and overweight. The study group consisted of 31 subjects with untreated, mild to moderate systemic hypertension and overweight defined as a body mass index (BMI) above 26 kg/m2. Right ventricular diastolic diameter and right ventricular wall thickness were similar in study and control groups. In comparison with the controls patients with overweight demonstrated significantly shortened acceleration time of systolic flow in pulmonary artery, increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and decreased early to late filling wave velocity time integrals. These findings indicate that systemic hypertension associated with obesity does not cause additional morphological changes of the right ventricle compared to hypertensives with normal weight. Impaired right ventricular diastolic filling and pulmonary artery systolic flow indicate the presence of mild right ventricular dysfunction in subjects with overweight, however, diastolic and systolic parameters are within normal range both in patients with normal weight and overweight.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Medical evaluation of overweight children and adolescents: reports from pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to determine how pediatric health care providers identify overweight in children and adolescents and how they evaluate obesity-related medical complications. This information can guide development of programs to help providers improve their evaluation practices. A secondary objective was to examine the association of certain provider characteristics with recommended evaluation practices. METHODS: A random sample of pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs), and registered dietitians received a questionnaire about their evaluation of overweight children and adolescents. Results were compared with published recommendations. Associations between respondent characteristics and adherence to published recommendations were examined. RESULTS: A total 940 providers responded (response rate: 19%-33%). Among all 3 groups a majority frequently used clinical impression, weight-for-age percentile, weight-for-height percent, and weight-for-height percentile to assess degree of overweight. Nearly all pediatricians and PNPs routinely evaluated blood pressure, but a minority routinely looked for orthopedic problems, insulin resistance, and sleep disorders. Less than 10% followed all recommendations for history and physical examination. Two thirds of pediatricians and PNPs routinely tested for lipid abnormalities. Most providers asked about family history of overweight, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, but only one third asked about gallbladder disease. In general, the provider's specialty, years in practice, gender, and body mass index were not associated with adherence to recommended practices. CONCLUSIONS: Medical evaluation of overweight children and adolescents fell short of recommended practices. These results point to the need for educational efforts to increase awareness of medical risks and for tools to facilitate more complete evaluation during office visits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Are overweight and obese airmen at greater risk of discharge from the United States Air Force?

This study examined whether overweight or obesity results in greater discharge risk from basic military training (BMT) or during the first year of service in the U.S. Air Force (USAF). Participants were 32,144 male and female airmen who underwent BMT from August 1995 to August 1996 and were classified as underweight (body mass index [BMI] < 18), normal range (BMI = 18-24.9), overweight (BMI = 25-29.9), or obese (BMI > or = 30). Underweight airmen were 63% more likely and overweight airmen were 24% more likely to be medically discharged during BMT compared with individuals in the normal range. Underweight airmen were 22% more likely to be discharged within the first year of service compared with those in the normal range, whereas overweight airmen were 15% less likely to be discharged. These findings do not support overweight or obesity as being major causes for discharge from the USAF within the first year of active duty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Counseling for physical activity in overweight and obese patients.

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. More than 60 percent of U.S. adults are now overweight or obese (defined as at least 30 lb [13.6 kg] overweight), predisposing more than 97 million Americans to a host of chronic diseases and conditions. Physical activity has a positive effect on weight loss, total body fat, and body fat distribution, as well as maintenance of favorable body weight and change in body composition. Many of the protective aspects of exercise and activity appear to occur in overweight persons who gain fitness but remain overweight. Despite the well-known health and quality-of-life benefits of regular physical activity, few Americans are routinely active. Results of research studies have shown that physician intervention to discuss physical activity (including the wide array of health benefits and the potential barriers to being active) need not take more than three to five minutes during an office visit but can play a critical role in patient implementation. This article describes elements of effective counseling for physical activity and presents guidelines for developing physical activity programs for overweight and obese patients.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed1975

[Influence of overweight on the load-capacity of the supporting and locomotion system in women].

119 50-year-old women were examined with regard to connections between apparatus of locomotion and overweight. Middle-aged women with overweight compared with women with normal weight more frequently complain of podalgias and of by Schober's signs objectifyable sacrodynias. Compared with women with normal weight in them a more frequent hyperlordosis can be established. The percentage of the degenerative spondylopathies of 61% and of the densitometrically established osteoporosis of 25.4% in the total material corresponds with literary data. There are no differences between women with normal weight and overweight. In contrast to persons with normal weight persons with overweight have only somewhat more frequently the combination of hyperlordosis with degenerative processes of the lumbar vertebral column. The biconcavity index established at the lumbar vertebral bodies is in the lower region in persons with overweight as well as in persons with normal weight. Osteoporotic lumbar vertebral bodies show a decreased frequently of spondylosis. There is no correlation between the radiological parameters established at the lumbar vertebral column and the objectified by Schober's signs decrease of the function of the lumbar vertebral column. A decreased height of the plantar arch and a correlating with this bredth of the step plane of the foot in adipose persons compared with normal persons we regarded as an expression of the increased load of the foot, also in such cases where a connection with the more frequent foot-complaints could not be ascertained. Perhaps it corresponds with that fact that only the developing flat-foot causes complaints. In general a positive correlation is to be found between the frequency of sacrodynias and podalgias.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Prospective study of the influence of social factors in childhood on risk of overweight in young adulthood.

The purpose of the study was to assess prospectively the influence of social factors in childhood on risk of overweight in young adulthood, while taking into account degree of fatness in childhood. A random selection of children 9-10 years of age attending the third school grade in Copenhagen schools in 1974 was performed. Parental school education, householder's occupational status, and quality of dwellings in the rearing area were recorded. Ten years later a follow-up was carried out, and 756 (86%) of the 881 eligible individuals participated. The effect of the social factors on the risk of overweight in adulthood was analysed by logistic regression analysis, including gender and degree of fatness in childhood as covariates. The relationship between the traditional socio-demographic factors (parental education and occupational) and risk of overweight in young adulthood was insignificant, when controlling for degree of fatness in childhood and gender. However, the risk of overweight was highly increased for individuals reared in an area with poor quality of dwellings compared to those from a good area (P less than 0.001), even when controlling for the effect of parental education and occupation (P less than 0.001). In conclusion, rearing area had a much stronger influence on risk of overweight in young adulthood than parental education and occupation.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Plasma lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in overweight or obese children and adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To study the plasma lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in overweight or obese children and adolescents receiving care at the pediatric endocrinology clinic in HOSPED/UFRN, a university hospital. METHODS: Three groups were studied: overweight (n = 15), obese (n = 30) and control (n = 21) children and adolescents. To evaluate plasma lipid profile, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured. Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring malondialdehyde concentration. Data were analyzed using Student's t test, Tukey test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: Altered levels of total and LDL-cholesterol were observed mainly in overweight or obese males. HDL-cholesterol was borderline in the overweight and obese groups of both sexes. Obese females had the highest levels of triglycerides. Increased plasma lipid peroxidation was observed mainly in obese males. CONCLUSION: In the present population, the greatest alterations in lipid profile were observed in obese and overweight males. Plasma lipid peroxidation was more evident in obese males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Overweight as a risk factor in children: a focus on ethnicity.

The prevalence of overweight in youth is increasing dramatically in the United States. The intimate relationship of obesity and overweight with cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes in adults raises concern for the likelihood of subsequent disease development in children. Ethnic minorities are so disproportionately affected by overweight that a call to action is necessary. The International Society on Hypertension in Blacks convened this work group as part of a larger effort to focus on cardiovascular risk protection beginning in childhood and adolescence, entitled the "Children are Our Messengers: Changing the Health Message" initiative. This summary article reviews the data on cardiovascular risk factors and overweight in ethnic children and adolescents, and culminates in a practical algorithm for evaluating overweight children for cardiovascular risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Relative risks of becoming overweight and obese in children after 6 years in secondary school.

The authors carried out a longitudinal study of bodyweights of secondary-school children from Grade VII to Grade XII. Initial data of weight for height at Grade VII showed that the prevalences of overweight boys and girls were 13.6% and 9.9% and of obesity of boys and girls 26.8% and 13.5%, respectively. However, when these children were at Grade XII the prevalences of overweight of boys and girls were 14.0% and 10.5% and of obesity of boys and girls were 15.0% and 10.8%, respectively. The relative risks of becoming overweight of boys and girls at Grade XII who were already overweight at Grade VII were 1.5 and 4.0 respectively, and the relative risks of obesity in boys and girls at Grade XII who were already obese at Grade VII were 1.4 and 4.6, respectively. The present study showed that without any nutritional intervention those children, especially girls who were overweight and obese were more likely to maintain their bodyweights throughout the 6-year period in secondary school.

Body Height↗
PubMed2005

Health care charges associated with physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity.

INTRODUCTION: Physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of total health care charges associated with physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity among U.S. populations aged 40 years and older. METHODS: A predictive model of health care charges was developed using data from a cohort of 8000 health plan members aged 40 and older. Model cells were defined by physical activity status, body mass index, age, sex, smoking status, and selected chronic diseases. Total health care charges were estimated by multiplying the percentage of the population in each cell by the predicted charges per cell. Counterfactual estimates were computed by reclassifying all individuals as physically active and of normal weight while leaving other characteristics unchanged. Charges associated with physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity were computed as the difference between current risk profile total charges and counterfactual total charges. National population percentage estimates were derived from the National Health Interview Survey; those estimates were multiplied by the predicted charges per cell from the health plan analysis. RESULTS: Physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity were associated with 23% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-34%) of health plan health care charges and 27% (95% CI, 10%-37%) of national health care charges. Although charges associated with these risk factors were highest for the oldest group (aged 65 years and older) and for individuals with chronic conditions, nearly half of aggregate charges were generated from the group aged 40 to 64 years without chronic disease. CONCLUSION: Charges associated with physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity constitute a significant portion of total medical expenditures. The results underscore the importance of addressing these risk factors in all segments of the population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation between body mass index and blood pressure indices, handgrip strength and handgrip endurance in underweight, normal weight and overweight adolescents.

In the present study, we investigated the correlation between body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP) indices and indices of physical fitness in apparently healthy subjects aged 14-18 years. We obtained data from 145 (105 males and 40 females) and assessed the correlation between BMI, and heart rate, systolic pressure (SP), diastolic pressure (DP), pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MP), rate-pressure product, endurance in the 40 mm Hg test, handgrip strength (HGS), and handgrip endurance. Subjects with BMI <18.5 kg/m2, 18.5-25 kg/m2 and >25 kg/m2 were classed as underweight (65 males and 9 females), normal weight (27 males and 20 females), and overweight (13 males and 11 females) respectively. In view of gender differences in autonomic regulation, data of male and female subjects were analyzed separately. We used analysis of variance to compare differences between the three groups. Correlation between BMI and other indices was tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant Both SP and DP were highest in overweight and least in underweight male subjects (P<0.05 for both), whereas in females, differences in DP alone were statistically significant (P<0.05). In underweight male subjects, there was a positive correlation between BMI and SP, DP, PP, MP and HGS (P<0.05 for all). There was a positive correlation between BMI and SP in overweight male subjects (r = 0.5 P = 0.07, n = 13). A positive correlation was observed between BMI and rate-pressure product (r = 0.5, P = 0.45, n = 11) and BMI and HGS (r = 0.6, P = 0.05, n = 11) in overweight females. Our observations indicate that there are gender differences in the correlation between BMI and BP indices especially in underweight and overweight subjects. The observed differences between the three groups and gender differences in correlation between BMI and BP indices may be due to differences in autonomic function and or energy metabolism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Overweight in children and youths--a 40-year follow-up study].

In 504 overweight children followed for 40 years, the degree of overweight in the family and in puberty were found to be determinants of the adult weight level. The level of persistent overweight in adulthood was 35 per cent (range, 20-60 per cent). Weight was above normal even in cases where food intake was within recommended norms. Excessive overweight in puberty was found to be associated with greater adult morbidity and mortality. Weight reducing measures should be instituted in cases of childhood overweight exceeding +3SD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The 10-year incidence of overweight and major weight gain in US adults.

We estimated the 10-year incidence of major weight gain (a gain in body mass index of greater than or equal to 5 kg/m2 and overweight (a body mass index of greater than or equal to 27.8 for men and greater than or equal to 27.3 for women) in US adults using data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Persons aged 25 to 74 years at baseline were reweighed a decade after their initial examination (men, 3727; women, 6135). The incidence of major weight gain was twice as high in women and was highest in persons aged 25 to 34 years (men, 3.9%; women, 8.4%). Initially overweight women aged 25 to 44 years had the highest incidence of major weight gain of any subgroup (14.2%). For person not overweight at baseline (men, 2760; women, 4295), the incidence of becoming overweight was similar in both sexes and was highest in those aged 35 to 44 years (men, 16.3%; women, 13.5%). We conclude that obesity prevention should begin among adults in their early 20s and that special emphasis is needed for young women who are already overweight.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Follow-up study of severely overweight adolescents 4 years following inpatient weight loss with a low calorie protein-carbohydrate diet].

Very low calorie protein/carbohydrate diets have proved to be efficient and safe in the treatment of obesity in childhood and early adolescence. The follow-up study at issue shows that subsequent to short-term therapy no further reduction in weight is to be expected without adequate care following the diet. Between 1980 and 1983, 27 adolescent patients were treated for severe obesity (78.12% +/- 18.3% overweight, mean +/- s.e.m.) at the metabolic ward of the department of pediatrics, University of Vienna. The administration of a very low calorie protein/carbohydrate diet (VLCD) for 26 (+/- 7) days led to a considerable reduction in overweight (8.1 +/- 2.9 kg). On dismission the percentual overweight had decreased to 59.4 (+/- 24)%. After 4.4 (+/- 0.7) years the weight of 11 of the 27 patients could be controlled, 10 patients refused further cooperation and the remaining 6 could not be addressed. The body mass index (weight/height) had risen from 29.4 (+/- 1.2) to 43.0 (+/- 6.0) with 10 of 11 patients, corresponding to a percentual overweight of 88.2 (+/- 18.1)% at the follow-up date. Only one girl had reduced overweight by 45%, the BMI had fallen from 33.9 to 27.1. Furthermore, our data suggest that obesity induces a significant increase in blood pressure in adolescents. This rise is apparently independent of the age related increase in blood pressure and revertible by weight loss. The results we have to hand show that long-term weight reduction has only been achieved in 1 of 11 cases, with none of the adolescents having participated regularly in an outpatient after-care program.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Urinary catecholamines in normal-weight and overweight diabetics].

The 24-h urine excretion of free, conjugated and total fraction of Dopa, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline was studied in diabetics with normal weight and overweight. A tendency to lower excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine was established in diabetics with overweight as well as a tendency to reverse correlation between overweight and urine excretion of catecholamines. On the base of the so called synthesis and degradation coefficients, the possibility the changes established in the diabetics with overweight to be due to reduced synthesis of dopamine and noradrenaline is discussed. A presumption is presented about the possible causative relation between the reduction of catecholamine excretion and overweight in diabetics.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1995

Attitudes about overweight and dating among secondary school students.

OBJECTIVE: To understand social preferences for thinness and the stigmatization of obesity, this study examined attitudes of adolescents towards dating (courtship) of overweight people. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was performed in upper class high school students at a public and private school. MEASUREMENTS: A written questionnaire that included questions assessing attitudes about dating overweight individuals, including a Guttman Dating Overweight Partners Scale (DOPS), was completed by 786 students. RESULTS: Women were more concerned than men about their own body weights, while men emphasized thinness in partners more than did women. The DOPS scale revealed low comfort in engaging, in dating activities with very overweight partners, moreso by men than by women. CONCLUSION: Stigmatization of overweight students in dating activities may be an important influence on desires of adolescents to be thin to be attractive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of overweight among adolescents--United States, 1988-91.

Among adults, overweight is associated with increased risk for death, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, joint disease, and certain cancers (1), and overweight during adolescence is associated with increased risk for overweight as an adult (2). CDC's third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) provides data to monitor changes in the dietary, nutritional, and health status of the U.S. population (3) and to track progress toward achieving the year 2000 national health objectives, including those related to prevalence of overweight (4). This report presents findings from NHANES III, Phase 1 (1988-91), on the prevalence of overweight among U.S. adolescents (ages 12-19 years).

Adolescent↗